{{Short description|Christian Eucharistic practice}} {{redirect|Open table|the Restaurant Reservation System|OpenTable|the Christian LGBT+ network|Open Table Network}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}} {{Eucharist|expanded=Practices and customs}} '''Open communion''', also known as '''open table''', '''eucharistic hospitality''', or '''eucharistic sharing''', is a practice of some Christian Churches of allowing both members of their denomination, as well as non-members, to receive the Eucharist.<ref name="AT2022">{{cite web |title=Aunty, can I take communion at another Christian church? |url=https://atoday.org/76038-2/ |publisher=Adventist Today |access-date=26 July 2025 |date=25 January 2022 |quote=Many faith communities, including ours, practice open communion, meaning that if you are a baptized Christian of any “brand” you can take the Lord’s Supper with us. Our theology is that sharing the bread and wine is a mark of fellowship in Jesus, not of a denominational identity, so should be available to everyone.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Strangeness of Open Communion: Introduction |url=https://steadfastlutherans.org/blog/2018/07/the-strangeness-of-open-communion/ |publisher=Steadfast Lutherans |access-date=26 July 2025 |date=5 July 2018 |quote=Open Communion is the practice of allowing individuals from different denominations commune together. This means, for example, that Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Lutherans are all communed together in the same church, even though each one holds a different belief about the Lord’s Supper (and Original Sin, Baptism, Justification, Good Works, etc.).}}</ref> Most churches that practice open communion require that the communicant be a baptized believer, and other requirements may apply as well. Christian denominations that practice open communion include Old Catholics, Moravians, Anglicans, Methodists, Community of Christ, and Pentecostals, as well as certain Lutherans, Reformed Christians (including some in the Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Continental Reformed churches), Baptists and Plymouth Brethren. Those Christian denominations that practice open communion hold that the Eucharist is Christ’s Supper and therefore, all are welcome to commune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Communion |url=https://www.forrestburdette.com/holy-communion |publisher=Forrest Burdette United Methodist Church |access-date=26 July 2025 |language=en |date=2025}}</ref>
Open communion is the opposite of closed communion, in which the sacrament is reserved for members of the particular church or others with which it is in a relationship of full communion or fellowship, or has otherwise recognized for that purpose. Closed communion may refer to either a particular denomination or an individual congregation serving Communion only to its own members.
== Affirmation == {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}} Generally, churches that offer open communion to other Christians do not require an explicit affirmation of Christianity from the communicant before distributing the elements; the act of receiving is an implicit affirmation. Some churches make an announcement before communion begins such as "We invite all who have professed a faith in Christ to join us at the table."
Open communion is generally practiced in churches where the elements are passed through the congregation (also called self-communication). However, it is also practiced in some churches that have a communion procession, where the congregation comes forward to receive communion in front of the altar; such is the case in the United Methodist Church, the Episcopal Church, most Anglican churches, and some Lutheran churches.
== Supporting belief == {{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}} Those practising open communion generally believe that the invitation to receive communion is an invitation to Christ's table, and that it is not the province of human beings to interfere between an individual and Christ. Some traditions maintain that there are certain circumstances under which individuals should not present themselves for (and should voluntarily refrain from receiving) communion. However, if those individuals were to present themselves for communion, they would not be denied. In other traditions, the concept of being "unfit to receive" is unknown, and the actual refusal to distribute the elements to an individual would be considered scandalous.
== Practitioners == === Old Catholic === The Old Catholic Church practices open communion.
Some Independent Catholic Churches, such as the American Catholic Church in the United States,<ref name=ross>{{cite news|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/critical-mass/ |title=Critical Mass: An Austin church remakes Catholicism without the Pope, celibate priests, or most of the other rules |first=Robyn |last=Ross |access-date=4 May 2018 |newspaper=Texas Monthly |date=June 2017}}</ref> American National Catholic Church,<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://americannationalcatholicchurch.org/faq/ |website=American National Catholic Church |access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> and Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Edward Jarvis (author) |last=Jarvis |first=Edward |title=God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB |publisher=Apocryphile Press |location=Berkeley CA |date=2018 |pages=69–70}}</ref> practice open communion.<ref name=ross/>
All bodies in the Liberal Catholic Movement practise open communion as a matter of policy.
=== Lutheran === The Churches of Denmark, Norway and Sweden are open communion churches.
Most churches in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America practise their own form of open communion, offering the Eucharist to adults without receiving catechetical instruction, provided they are baptized and believe in the Real Presence.<ref name= ELCA>{{cite web|url=http://www.elca.org/Growing-In-Faith/Worship/Learning-Center/FAQs/Communion-Age.aspx |title=At what age do ELCA congregations allow members their first Communion? |website=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America |access-date=17 January 2010}}</ref>
=== Moravian/Hussite === The Moravian Church practices open communion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moravian.org/faith-a-congregations/rites-and-sacraments/the-sacrament-of-holy-communion.html |title=The Sacrament of Holy Communion |publisher=Moravian.org |access-date=11 October 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
=== Reformed === The Presbyterian Church (USA), Presbyterian - ECO, the Presbyterian Church in America, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and the United Church of Christ practice eucharistic hospitality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcahistory.org/pca/2-294.pdf |title=PCA Report of the Ad Interim Committee on Fencing the Lord's Table |website=Presbyterian Church in America |access-date=6 September 2009 |archive-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128004340/http://pcahistory.org/pca/2-294.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Anglican === Open communion subject to baptism is an official policy of the Church of England<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/more/policy-and-thinking/canons-church-england/section-b#b28 |title=Canon B28 of the Church of England |website=Church of England}}</ref> and churches in the Anglican Communion.
The official policy of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America is to only invite baptized persons to receive communion. However, many parishes do not insist on this and practise open communion.
In the Anglican Communion, as well as in many other traditional Christian denominations, those who are not baptized may come forward in the communion line with their arms crossed over their chest, in order to receive a blessing from the priest, in lieu of Holy Communion.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_s5hetFBYoC&q=Anglican+Cross+Arms+over+Chest+communion&pg=PA24 |title=The Episcopal Handbook |date=1 September 2008 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc |isbn=9780819223296 |quote=Pastoral blessings are often available for children or adults who are not communing. Simply cross your arms over your chest if you wish to receive a blessing. |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> This practice is also used in the Roman Catholic church at funeral masses, where attendees frequently include non-Catholics.
=== Methodist === The Methodist Church prefers to use the term "open table" to emphasize that all may approach the Communion table.<ref>{{cite report|title=Holy Communion in the Methodist Church |url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-holy-communion-in-methodist-church-2003.pdf |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |access-date=9 September 2017 |pages=20, 28 |date=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=An open table: How United Methodists understand communion – The United Methodist Church |url=http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/an-open-table-how-united-methodists-understand-communion |publisher=United Methodist Church |access-date=9 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref> The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection, United Methodist Church, Free Methodist Church, Global Methodist Church, and African Methodist Episcopal Church have an open table.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stpetersame.com/3/miscellaneous6.htm |title=St. Peter's AME Church |publisher=Stpetersame.com |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=11 October 2013}}</ref>
Wesleyans practice open communion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kenschenck.com/communion.html |title=The Wesleyan View of Communion |publisher=Kenschenck.com |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012034345/http://kenschenck.com/communion.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Keswickian=== The Christian and Missionary Alliance holds to open communion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livingrockchurch.com/livingrock/faqs |title=FAQs |publisher=Living Rock Church |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060055/http://www.livingrockchurch.com/livingrock/faqs |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Baptist === The Free Will Baptists practice open communion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fwbhistory.com/?page_id=113 |title=What Free Will Baptists Believe and Why – Free Will Baptist History}}</ref> Most churches in the Southern Baptist Convention (where ultimately the decision is made by each local church) practice open communion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baptiststandard.com/news/baptists/closed-communion-not-in-most-southern-baptist-churches/ |title=Closed communion? Not in most Southern Baptist churches |date=12 September 2012 |website=Baptist Standard}}</ref>
=== United Protestant === The Uniting Church in Australia practises open communion, inviting all attending to participate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucaqld.com.au/new-here/what-to-expect-in-church/ |title=What to Expect in the Uniting Church |website=Uniting Church in Australia, Queensland |access-date=26 April 2018}}</ref>
=== Plymouth Brethren === The Plymouth Brethren were founded on the basis of an open communion with any baptized Christian: today, following John Nelson Darby, Exclusive Brethren practise closed communion, and Open Brethren practise open communion on the basis of "receiving to the Lord's table those whom He has received, time being allowed for confidence to be established in our minds that those who we receive are the Lord's."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brookstreetchapel.com/2010/11/04/brook-street-chapel-history-presentation/ |title=Brook Street Chapel History |website=Brook Street Chapel, Tottenham}}</ref>
=== Pentecostal and Charismatic === The Calvary Chapel practices open communion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calvaryftl.org/about/history-beliefs/our-beliefs/statement-of-faith/ |title=Calvary Chapel Fort Lauderdale | Our Beliefs: Statement of Faith |publisher=Calvaryftl.org |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013705/http://www.calvaryftl.org/about/history-beliefs/our-beliefs/statement-of-faith/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Nondenominational === Churches of Christ, though holding to a closed communion view, in practice do not prohibit visitors from taking communion, on the view that per 1 Corinthians 11:28 the visitor must "examine himself" and decide to partake or decline (i.e. it is not for the minister, elders/deacons, or members to decide who may or may not partake);<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Waddley |editor1-first=John |title=Introducing the Church of Christ |date=2008 |publisher=Star Bible Publications |location=Fort Worth, TX |isbn=0-933672-72-1 |page=58 |edition=Ninth Printing}}</ref> thus, the practice is more akin to open communion.
=== Mormon === Within the Latter Day Saint movement, the Community of Christ practices open communion. The LDS Church, on the other hand, views its corresponding ceremony (known as the Sacrament) as having meaning only for those baptized in the church. However, the church does not forbid other people from participating, unless they have been excommunicated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 20: The Sacrament, a Memorial Ordinance |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/eng/manual/doctrines-of-the-gospel-student-manual/20-sacrament |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org |language=en}}</ref>
=== Gnosticism === Among Gnostic churches, both the Ecclesia Gnostica and the Apostolic Johannite Church practise open communion.
=== Nontrinitarian Restorationist === Within the Nontrinitarian groups, the Church of God General Conference practices open communion, as well as many Unitarian and Universalist Christian churches such as King's Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cggc.org/about/what-we-believe/about-the-lords-supper/ |title=About the Lord's Supper {{!}} CGGC |website=cggc.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207055141/http://www.cggc.org/about/what-we-believe/about-the-lords-supper/ |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref>
== Position of the Catholic Church == The Catholic Church does not practise or recognise open communion.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 842 §1] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 675 §2]</ref> In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to baptized Catholics.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §1] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §1]</ref> Catholics can only receive Holy Communion if they are in a state of grace, this is without any mortal sin: "A person who is conscious of grave sin (mortal sin) is not to celebrate Mass or receive the body of the Lord without previous sacramental confession unless there is a grave reason and there is no opportunity to confess; in this case the person is to remember the obligation to make an act of perfect contrition which includes the resolution of confessing as soon as possible."<ref>Code of Canon Law, canon [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P39.HTM 916] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182123/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P39.HTM |date=28 June 2011 }}</ref>
In lieu of Holy Communion, some parishes invite non-Catholics to come forward in the line, with their arms crossed over their chest, and receive a blessing from the priest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flader |first=John |title=Questions and Answers on the Catholic Faith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7kcK5YGvWkC&q=cross+arms+over+chest+communion&pg=PA133 |access-date=25 June 2012 |date=16 June 2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781589795945}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mass & Communion Etiquette |url=http://www.holyfamilylawton.org/HFCC39.html |access-date=25 June 2012 |date=6 January 2012 |publisher=Holy Family Catholic Church}}</ref> However, Canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church and the parallel canon 671 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches also recognizes that in certain circumstances, by way of exception, and under certain conditions, access to these sacraments may be permitted, or even commended, for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities.
Thus it permits Eastern Christians who are not in full communion with the Catholic Church (Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and Assyrian Church of the East) to receive Communion from Catholic ministers, if they request it of their own accord and are properly disposed, and it applies the same rule also to some Western Churches that the Holy See judges to be in a situation similar to that of Eastern Christians with regard to the sacraments.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §3] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §3]</ref>
On 15 November 2015, while at Christuskirche in Rome Pope Francis answered a Lutheran woman wishing to be able to participate in Holy Communion with her Catholic husband: "It is a question that each person must answer for themselves … there is one baptism, one faith, one Lord, so talk to the Lord and move forward".<ref name="Heneghan2016">{{cite web |last1=Heneghan |first1=Tom |title=Catholics and Lutherans to worship together at Reformation anniversary |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/catholics-and-lutherans-reuniting-reformation-anniversary |publisher=America Magazine |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=en |date=14 January 2016|quote=When a Lutheran woman married to a Catholic asked Pope Francis about this during his visit to her church in Rome last November, he said he couldn’t decide the question but hinted strongly that he supported it. “It is a question that each person must answer for themselves … there is one baptism, one faith, one Lord, so talk to the Lord and move forward,” he told the congregation, which broke out in applause.}}</ref><ref name="Magister2016">{{cite web |last1=Magister |first1=Sandro |title=Communion For All, Even For Protestants |url=https://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1351332bdc4.html?eng=y |publisher=GEDI Gruppo Editoriale |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=1 July 2016|quote=Pope Francis is now also encouraging Protestants and Catholics to receive communion together at their respective Masses. He is doing so, as always, in a discursive, allusive way, not definitional, leaving the ultimate decision to the individual conscience. Still emblematic is the answer he gave on November 15, 2015, on a visit to the Christuskirche, the church of the Lutherans in Rome (see photo), to a Protestant who asked him if she could receive communion together with her Catholic husband. The answer from Francis was a stupefying pinwheel of yes, no, I don’t know, you figure it out. ... Of course, however, by speaking in such a “liquid” form Pope Francis has brought everything into question again, concerning intercommunion between Catholics and Protestants. He has made any position thinkable, and therefore practicable. In fact, in the Lutheran camp the pope’s words were immediately taken as a go-ahead for intercommunion. But now in the Catholic camp as well an analogous position statement has come, which presents itself above all as the authentic interpretation of the words Francis said at the Lutheran church of Rome. Acting as the pope’s authorized interpreter is the Jesuit Giancarlo Pani, in the latest issue of “La Civiltà Cattolica,” the magazine directed by Fr. Antonio Spadaro that has now become the official voice of Casa Santa Marta, meaning of Jorge Mario Bergoglio himself, who reviews and adjusts the articles that most interest him before their publication. Taking his cue from a recent joint declaration of the Catholic episcopal conference of the United States and of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Fr. Pani dedicates the entire second part of his article to the exegesis of the words of Francis at the Christuskirche in Rome, carefully selected from among those most useful for the purpose. And he draws the conclusion from them that they marked “a change” and “a progress in pastoral practice,” analogous to the one produced by “Amoris Laetitia” for the divorced and remarried. They are only “small steps forward,” Pani writes in the final paragraph. But the direction is set.}}</ref><ref name="Montagna2015">{{cite web |last1=Montagna |first1=Diane |title=Pope Francis Stirs Communion Controversy at Lutheran Gathering in Rome |url=https://aleteia.org/2015/11/16/pope-francis-stirs-communion-controversy-at-lutheran-gathering-in-rome/ |publisher=Aleteia |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=en |date=16 November 2015 |quote=On Sunday, speaking to Evangelical Lutherans in Rome, the pope responded to a question posed to him by a non-Italian Lutheran woman married to an Italian Catholic man. The Holy Father’s response suggests that while he was unprepared to pronounce with clarity on the issue, he considered the topic one that theologians such as Cardinal Walter Kasper, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (who was in attendance) might openly discuss.}}</ref> In the following year at Lund Cathedral, in a joint Lutheran-Catholic service commemorating the Reformation, Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan (the head of the Lutheran World Federation) "jointly pledged to remove the obstacles to full unity between their Churches, leading eventually to shared Eucharist."<ref name="Ivereigh2016">{{cite web |last1=Ivereigh |first1=Austen |title=Catholic and Lutheran Churches pledge to work for shared Eucharist |url=https://cruxnow.com/papal-visit/2016/10/31/catholic-lutheran-churches-pledge-work-shared-eucharist/ |publisher=Crux Now |access-date=7 January 2024 |language=English |date=31 October 2016|archivedate=30 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630020035/https://cruxnow.com/papal-visit/2016/10/31/catholic-lutheran-churches-pledge-work-shared-eucharist/}}</ref>
Recognizing that "that everyone in a marriage that binds denominations," the Catholic Church in Germany in 2018 produced a pastoral handout allowing Lutheran spouses of Catholics to receive Communion from Catholic ministers in certain cases, 'provided they "affirm the Catholic faith in the Eucharist".'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/02/22/german-bishops-discuss-intercommunion-lutheran-catholic-spouses/ |title=German bishops discuss intercommunion of Lutheran, Catholic spouses |last=Wimmer |first=Anian Christoph |date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Crux |language=en |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407053725/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/02/22/german-bishops-discuss-intercommunion-lutheran-catholic-spouses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/37817/german-bishops-discuss-intercommunion-of-lutheran-catholic-spouses |title=German bishops discuss intercommunion of Lutheran, Catholic spouses |date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Catholic News Agency |language=en |access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/german-bishops-allow-protestant-spouses-to-partake-in-communion/7020 |title=German bishops allow Protestant spouses to partake in communion |date=26 February 2018 |work=La Croix |location=France |language=en |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054411/https://international.la-croix.com/news/german-bishops-allow-protestant-spouses-to-partake-in-communion/7020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lutheranworld.org/news/hopeful-step-lutheran-catholic-couples |title=A hopeful step for Lutheran-Catholic couples |date=23 February 2018 |publisher=The Lutheran World Federation |language=en |access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> Thus far, Archbishop Hans-Josef Becker (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paderborn), Archbishop Stefan Heße (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg), Archbishop Ludwig Schick (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and Bishop Franz Jung (Roman Catholic Diocese of Würzburg) have implemented the pastoral document, in addition to Bishops Gerhard Feige of Magdeburg and Franz-Josef Bode of Osnabrück declaring their intention to implement the pastoral document well.<ref name="Wimmer2018">{{cite web |last1=Wimmer |first1=Anian Christoph |title=German bishop issues open invitation to Protestant spouses at Communion |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/38814/german-bishop-issues-open-invitation-to-protestant-spouses-at-communion |publisher=Catholic News Agency |language=en |date=6 July 2018}}</ref> Bishop Franz Jung, while celebrating a Jubilee Mass on 5 July 2018 at Würzburg Cathedral, called inter-denominational marriages "denomination-uniting" and thus "especially invited" couples in which one spouse is Protestant to receive the Eucharist during his sermon.<ref name="Wimmer2018"/>
For other baptized Christians (such as Anglicans, Methodists and other Protestants) under the jurisdiction of other episcopal conferences, the conditions are more severe. Only in danger of death or if, in the judgment of the local bishop, there is a grave and pressing need, may members of these Churches who cannot approach a minister of their own Church be invited to receive the Eucharist, if they spontaneously ask for it, demonstrate that they have the catholic<!-- not a typo: the source renders "catholic" in lowercase." --> faith in the Eucharist, and are properly disposed.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §4] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §4]</ref>
Catholic priests have sometimes not observed these rules, giving Holy Communion to non-Catholics sometimes unknowingly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscatholic.org/glad-you-asked/2008/11/can-a-non-catholic-receive-communion |title=Can a non-Catholic receive Communion? |website=US Catholic|date=25 November 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2011-12/table-manners |title=Table Manners: Unexpected Grace at Communion |last=Packman |first=Andrew |publisher=The Christian Century |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> Notably, Pope John Paul II gave Holy Communion to Brother Roger, a Reformed pastor and founder of the Taizé Community, several times; in addition Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) also gave Brother Roger the Eucharist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americamagazine.org/content/all-things/brother-roger-taize-catholic-protestant-what |title=Brother Roger of Taize -- Catholic, Protestant, what? |last=Ivereigh |first=Austen |date=26 August 2008 |publisher=America Magazine |language=en |access-date=24 July 2015 |quote=Brother Roger also received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church. In this sense, there was nothing secret or hidden in the attitude of the Catholic Church, neither at Taizé or in Rome. During the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Ratzinger only repeated what had already been done before him in Saint Peter’s Basilica, at the time of the late Pope.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Catholic World Report, Volume 15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPEtAAAAYAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Ignatius Press |language=en |quote=During the funeral for Pope John Paul II, Brother Roger himself received Communion directly from then-Cardinal Ratzinger.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/another-tribute-taiz%C3%A8-vatican |title=Another tribute for Taizé from the Vatican |author=John L. Allen Jr. |date=11 August 2010 |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |language=en |access-date=24 July 2015 |quote=Brother Roger received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council, and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church. |archive-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724160338/http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/another-tribute-taiz%C3%A8-vatican |url-status=dead }}</ref> Moreover, after Brother Roger's death, at the Mass celebrated for him in France, "communion wafers were given to the faithful indiscriminately, regardless of denomination".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/world/europe/at-his-funeral-brother-roger-has-an-ecumenical-dream-fulfilled.html?_r=0 |title=At His Funeral, Brother Roger Has an Ecumenical Dream Fulfilled |last=Tagliabue |first=John |date=24 August 2005 |work=The New York Times |language=en |access-date=24 July 2015}}</ref>
The Catholic Church does not allow its own faithful to receive Communion from non-catholic ministers in whose churches these sacraments are valid, apart from in extreme cases, such as danger of death, and only if it recognizes the validity of the sacraments of that Church. Other conditions are that it be physically or morally impossible for the Catholic to approach a Catholic minister, that it be a case of real need or spiritual benefit, and that the danger of error or indifferentism be avoided.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2S.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §2] and [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PIN.HTM Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §2]</ref>
== Position of the Lutheran Church == The Lutheran Church has a variety of practices, depending on denominational polity. Some branches of Lutheranism, such as the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, do not practice open communion; they exclude non-members whose denominations are not in fellowship and require catechetical instructions for all people before receiving the Eucharist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lcms.org/faqs/doctrine#partake |title=Doctrine – Frequently Asked Questions – the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod}}</ref> This generally stems from an understanding that sharing communion is a sign of Christian unity; where that unity is not present, neither should Eucharistic sharing be present. Some Lutheran church bodies use the term "altar and pulpit fellowship" to refer to their specific practices.
Other parts of the Lutheran Church, including the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, and many members of the Lutheran World Federation, practice open communion and welcome all Baptized Christians to commune while ensuring that Lutheran belief on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist is declared orally or in writing.<ref name="ELCA1997">{{cite book |title=The Use of the Means of Grace: A Statement on the Practice of Word and Sacrament |date=1997 |publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America |page=52 |url=https://download.elca.org/ELCA%20Resource%20Repository/The_Use_Of_The_Means_Of_Grace.pdf}}</ref> Guests are then left to decide whether they should or should not receive the Eucharist.<ref name="ELCA1997"/> The ELCA has specific communion sharing agreements with a number of other Christian denominations, encouraging the sharing of the sacrament across belief system boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/Our-Three-Expressions/Churchwide-Organization/Office-of-the-Presiding-Bishop/Ecumenical-and-Inter-Religious-Relations/Full-Communion-Partners.aspx |title= Full Communion Partners – Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|website=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321033132/http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/Our-Three-Expressions/Churchwide-Organization/Office-of-the-Presiding-Bishop/Ecumenical-and-Inter-Religious-Relations/Full-Communion-Partners.aspx |archive-date=21 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The understanding that lies behind this practice is that Communion is both a foretaste of eschatological Christian unity as well as an effective means of fostering that unity.
The Evangelical Church in Germany, which is a federation of Lutheran and Reformed churches, has an open communion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Übertritt in die Evangelische Kirche |trans-title=Going over to the Evangelical Church |language=de |access-date=10 November 2014 |publisher=Evangelical Church in Germany |url=http://www.ekd.de/einsteiger/einsteiger_uebertritt.html}}</ref>
== See also == * Excommunication *Feeneyism
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Open Communion}} Category:Eucharist Category:Protestant worship and liturgy