Oenochoe

{{Short description|Wine jug and a key form of ancient Greek pottery}} {{Infobox artifact | name = Oenochoe | native_name = οἰνοχόη | native_name_lang = Ancient Greek | image = Oinoche Camiros fantastic Louvre A318.jpg | image_size = | alt = A terracotta trefoil ''oenochoe'' | image2 = Oinochoe 103.1.jpg | image2_size = | alt2 = A Bronze trefoil-mouthed oenochoe | image_caption = Terracotta trefoil oenochoe, Wild Goat style, {{circa|625}} BC – 600 BC, in the Louvre. Below: bronze trefoil-mouthed oenochoe with Dionysus head on handle attachment, 330–320 BC, part of the Vassil Bojkov collection, Sofia, Bulgaria. | material = Mainly terracotta, rarely metals, stone, and later glass | size = Typically {{convert|25|cm|in}} or less in height | height =  | width =  | weight =  | long =  | writing = None in the Bronze Age, illustration names of depicted scenes in classical times | symbols = | created = | discovered_place = | discovered_coords = | discovered_date = | discovered_by = | location = | classification = Oenochoe, "wine pourer" | culture = Cross-cultural in Mediterranean civilizations | id = | map = | website = }}

An '''oenochoe''', also spelled '''''oinochoe''''' ({{langx|grc|οἰνοχόη}}; from {{langx|grc|οἶνος}}, ''oînos'', "wine", and {{langx|grc|χέω}}, ''khéō'', {{lit|I pour}}, sense "wine pourer"; {{plural form}}: ''oinochoai''; Neo-Latin: ''oenochoë'', {{plural form}}: ''oenochoae''; English {{plural form}}: oenochoes or oinochoes), is a wine jug and a key form of ancient Greek pottery.

Intermediate between a pithos (large storage vessel) or amphora (transport vessel), and individual cups or bowls, it held fluid for several persons temporarily until it could be poured. The term ''oinos'' (Linear B: "wo-no") appears in Mycenaean Greek, but not the compound. The characteristic form was popular throughout the Bronze Age, especially at prehistoric Troy. In classical times for the most part the term ''oinochoe'' implied the distribution of wine. As the word began to diversify in meaning, the shape became a more important identifier than the word. The ''oinochoe'' could pour any fluid, not just wine. The American-English word, pitcher, is perhaps the closest in function.

==Beazley's ten types== There are many different forms of {{lang|grc-Latn|oenochoae}}; Sir John Beazley distinguished ten types. The earliest is the '''''olpe''''' ({{langx|grc|ὀλπή|olpḗ}}), with no distinct shoulder and usually a handle rising above the lip. The "type 8 oenochoe" is what one would call a mug, with no single pouring point and a slightly curved profile. The '''''chous''''' ({{lang|grc|χοῦς}}; {{plural form}}: {{lang|grc|χόες}}, ''choes'') was a squat rounded form, with trefoil mouth. Small examples with scenes of children, as in the example illustrated, were placed in the graves of children.<ref>[https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/carc/resources/Introduction-to-Greek-Pottery/Shapes/Pouring-vessels Beazley Archive] Oxford University, "Pouring Vessels"</ref>

==Characteristics of ''oenochoae''== ''Oenochoae'' may be decorated or undecorated.<ref>Woodford, S. (1986). ''An Introduction to Greek Art''. London: Duckworth, p. 12. {{ISBN|0-7156-2095-9}}</ref> They typically have only one handle, which may be opposite a trefoil mouth and pouring spout. At its most distinct development, the trefoil mouth offers three alternative directions of pouring, one opposite the handle, and two to the side, an advantage at a crowded table not afforded by English pitchers. Their size also varies considerably; most, at up to {{convert|25|cm|in}} tall, could be comfortably held and poured with one hand, but there are much larger examples.

Most Greek ''oenochoae'' were in terracotta, but ''oenochoae'' of precious metals were not unknown, presumably among elements of society that could afford them, though but few have survived.<ref>[http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/HellenicMacedonia/en/img_B12711a.html Silver 'oinochoe'] from the "Tomb of Philip" at Vergina, accessdate=2015-06-24</ref> Large versions in stone were sometimes used as grave markers, often carved with reliefs. In pottery, some ''oinochoai'' are "plastic", with the body formed as sculpture, usually one or more human heads.

Prehistoric ''oenochoae'' were at first hand-made, unpolished, and undecorated. Low-economy ''oenochoae'' remained so, but gradually incised bands with simple motifs such as zig-zags and spirals, or burnished, monochrome surfaces, became common. In the Late Bronze Age the incised bands were painted for a more striking surface, and from then on the Greek ''oinochoai'' followed the traditional course of development for Greek decoration. Among the higher-quality pots, quite a few masterpieces have survived.

==Gallery of ''oenochoae''== <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> Image:Tithonos_Eos_Louvre_G438.jpg|''Oinochoe'' Shape 1, H. {{convert|22|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, diam. {{convert|13.5|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}, Eos (Dawn) pursuing Tithonus. Attic red-figure, 470–460 BC. Image:Lampadedromia Louvre N3357.jpg|''Oinochoe'' Shape 2, H. {{convert|23.5|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}, diam. {{convert|14.3|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, Attic, 4th century Image:Oinoche_Anthesteria_Louvre_L71.jpg|''Oinochoe'' Shape 3, H. {{convert|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, diam. {{convert|8.1|cm|in|abbr=on}} Image:Javelin thrower Louvre G243.jpg|''Oinochoe'' Shape 7, H. {{convert|21|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}, diam. {{convert|12.8|cm|in|abbr=on}}, Javelin thrower. Attic red-figured, {{circa|450 BC}}. File:Geometric jug Antikensammlung Kiel B 21.jpg|''Oinochoe'' Shape 8, 8th century BC Image:Olpe riders Louvre E647.jpg|''Oinochoe'' Olpe, Corinthian, {{circa|575}} – {{circa|550}} BC, H. {{convert|25.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}, diam. {{convert|13.1|cm|in|abbr=on}} File:Greek - Wine Jug with Boy Riding Goat - Walters 4895.jpg|''Oinochoe'' Chous, last decade of the 5th century BC, {{convert|9.1|×|7|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Probably used in a child's grave. File:Attic vase in the shape of female head.jpg|Plastic version with woman's head File:7248 - Piraeus Arch. Museum, Athens - Funerary oinochoe - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 14 2009.jpg|Funerary ''oinochoe'', with "farewell" scene with a deceased woman, third quarter of the 4th century BC File:Nova-Zagora-history-museum-oinochoe-1.jpg|Bronze oenochoe, Nova Zagora, Bulgaria, with a trefoil spout File:LMM - Oinochoe.jpg|Archaic period, 750–600 BC File:Berlín oinochoe erótico 01.JPG|''Oinochoe'' by the Shuvalov Painter (Berlin F2414) with famous erotic scene File:Dipylon Inscription.JPG|The Dipylon inscription, {{circa|740}} BC, perhaps the earliest datable Greek writing File:Oinochoe, ibex lions, Otterlo Painter, late 7th c BC, Prague Kinsky, NM-H10 4794, 140818.jpg|Squat ''oinochoe'', with ibex and lions, Otterlo Painter, late 7th c. BC File:Apulian red-figure Oinochoe by the White Saccos Workshop Antikensammlung Kiel B 904.jpg|Apulian red-figure ''oinochoe'' by the White Saccos Workshop File:Oinochoe Odysseus Ajax Louvre F340.jpg|Dispute between Ajax and Odysseus for Achilles' armour. Attic black-figure ''oinochoe'', {{circa|520 BC}}. Kalos inscription. H. {{convert|20|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}, diam. {{convert|13.7|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}. Oinochoe iberico cartagena.jpg|Iberian ''oinochoe'' with vegetal decoration, Cartagena, Spain </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Oinochoes}}

Category:Storage vessels Category:Ancient Greek pot shapes Category:Wine packaging and storage