Obstruction of justice in the United States

{{Short description|Crime consisting of obstructing prosecutors, investigators, or other officials}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2012}} {{Criminal law}} {{globalize|date=December 2025}} In United States jurisdictions, '''obstruction of justice''' refers to a number of offenses that involve unduly influencing, impeding, or otherwise interfering with the justice system, especially the legal and procedural tasks of prosecutors, investigators, or other government officials. Common law jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of perverting the course of justice.

Obstruction is a broad crime that may include acts such as perjury, making false statements to officials, witness tampering, jury tampering, destruction of evidence, and many others. Obstruction also applies to overt coercion of court or government officials via the means of threats or actual physical harm, and to deliberate sedition against a court official to undermine the appearance of legitimate authority.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Legal overview== Obstruction of justice is an umbrella term covering a variety of specific crimes.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton |first=Richard A. |last=Posner |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFRi1TQgVmQC&pg=PA37 |isbn=9780674042322}}</ref> ''Black's Law Dictionary'' defines it as any "interference with the orderly administration of law and justice".<ref>{{cite report |title=Obstruction of Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities |publisher=Congressional Research Service |first=Charles |last=Doyle |date=April 17, 2014 |page=1 |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL34303 |access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> Obstruction has been categorized by various sources as a process crime,<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Crime Factory: Process, Pretext, and Criminal Justice |journal=Georgetown Law Journal |first=Erin |last=Murphy |volume=97 |page=1437 |url=https://its.law.nyu.edu/faculty/profiles/representiveFiles/Erin%20Murphy%20-%20Manufacturing%20Crime%20-%20Process%20Pretext%20and%20Criminal%20Justice_AE4D3270-D95B-BAE7-CB8313F135FF73B2.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> a public-order crime,<ref>{{cite book |title=Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach |first1=James |last1=Burfeind |first2=Dawn Jeglum |last2=Bartusch |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |year=2011 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4L1nmmcfwhcC&pg=PA62 |isbn=9781449654337}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=All Terms & Definitions |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics |url=https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tda |access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> or a white-collar crime.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Sorting Out White-Collar Crime |journal=Texas Law Review |first=Miriam H. |last=Baer |volume=97 |issue=2 |page=227 |url=https://texaslawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Baer.V97.2.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2019}}</ref>

Obstruction can include crimes committed by judges, prosecutors, attorneys general, and elected officials in general.

===Federal law=== In federal law, crimes constituting obstruction of justice are defined primarily in Chapter 73 of Title 18 of the United States Code.<ref name=riley>{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Tina M. |title=Tampering with Witness Tampering: Resolving the Quandary Surrounding 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1512 |journal=Washington University Law Review |date=1 January 1999 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=249–275 |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol77/iss1/7/}}</ref><ref>{{usc-title-chap|18|73}}</ref> This chapter contains provisions covering various specific crimes such as witness tampering and retaliation, jury tampering, destruction of evidence, assault on a process server, and theft of court records.<ref name=decker65>{{cite journal |last1=Decker |first1=John |title=The Varying Parameters of Obstruction of Justice in American Criminal Law |journal=Louisiana Law Review |date=1 November 2004 |volume=65 |issue=1 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol65/iss1/5/}}</ref> It also includes more general sections covering obstruction of proceedings in federal courts, Congress,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/877/294/270426/ |title=United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Michael B. Mitchell; Clarence M. Mitchell, Iii, defendants-appellants, 877 F.2d 294 (4th Cir. 1989) |quote=In sum, we affirm appellants' convictions of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1505 because the evidence at trial supported the jury's verdict that they corruptly endeavored to influence a House investigation}}</ref> and federal executive agencies.<ref name=decker65 /> One of the broadest provisions in the chapter, known as the Omnibus Clause, states that anyone who "corruptly... endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice" in connection with a pending court proceeding is subject to punishment.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Obstruction of Justice |journal=American Criminal Law Review |volume=55 |issue=3 |year=2018 |first1=Mark |last1=Hsen |first2=Nicholas |last2=Evert |first3=Rien |last3=Susca |first4=Bailey |last4=Wendzel |pages=1499–1501}}</ref>

Statistics regarding the frequency of obstruction of justice prosecutions are unclear.<ref name=hill>{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Dana |title=Anticipatory Obstruction of Justice: Pre-Emptive Document Destruction under the Sarbanes-Oxley Anti-Shredding Statute, 18 U.S.C. 1519 |journal=Cornell Law Review |date=1 January 2004 |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=1519 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol89/iss6/4/}}</ref> In 2004, federal agencies arrested 446 people for obstruction, representing 0.3 percent of all federal arrests.<ref>{{cite report |title=Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2004 |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics |date=December 2006 |page=17 |url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cfjs0401.pdf |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> This does not include, however, people who were charged with obstruction in addition to a more serious underlying crime.<ref name=hill /> ====Sentencing enhancement==== Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, a defendant convicted of any crime is subject to a more severe sentence if they are found to have obstructed justice by impeding the investigation or prosecution of their crimes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Guidelines Manual |publisher=United States Sentencing Commission |year=2018 |url=https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/guidelines-manual/2018/GLMFull.pdf |pages=359–361 |access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Perjured Statements as a Basis for Sentencing Enhancement |journal=New York Law Review |volume=251 |number=103 |date=May 30, 2014 |first1=Martin |last1=Flumenbaum |first2=Brad S. |last2=Karp |url=https://www.law.com/newyorklawjournal/almID/1202657200189/}}</ref> While a separate conviction for the crime of obstruction would require proof beyond a reasonable doubt, a finding of obstruction for sentencing purposes only needs to meet the looser standard of "a preponderance of the evidence" (unless the enhanced sentence would exceed the statutory maximum sentence for the underlying crime).<ref>{{cite report |title=Judicial Fact-Finding and Criminal Sentencing: Current Practice and Potential Change |first=Michael A. |last=Foster |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=August 24, 2018 |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10191 |access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref>

An obstruction finding adds two levels to the offender's sentence, which can result in as much as an additional 68 months of prison.<ref>{{cite report |title=Obstruction of Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities |publisher=Congressional Research Service |first=Charles |last=Doyle |date=April 17, 2014 |page=79 |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL34303 |access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref> In 2017, the obstruction enhancement was applied in 1,319 cases, representing 2.1 percent of all sentences issued in federal courts.<ref>{{cite report |title=Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics |publisher=U. S. Sentencing Commission |year=2017 |at=Table 18 |url=https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-reports-and-sourcebooks/2017/Table18.pdf |access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>

===State law=== State laws regarding obstruction of justice vary widely. A 2004 survey found that 24 states and the District of Columbia had a general statute criminalizing obstruction of justice or obstruction of government functions in broad terms, similar to those found in federal law.<ref name="decker65"/> All states have laws prohibiting some specific types of obstruction, such as witness tampering, jury tampering, or destruction of evidence.<ref name="decker65"/>

==History== From the creation of the federal courts by the Judiciary Act of 1789, judges had the power to summarily punish those who obstructed justice by holding them in contempt of court.<ref name=venue>{{cite journal |title=Criminal Venue in the Federal Courts: The Obstruction of Justice Puzzle |journal=Michigan Law Review |volume=82 |issue=1 |year=1983 |pages=98–99 |doi=10.2307/1288587 |jstor=1288587 |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol82/iss1/4|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=fitzpatrick>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=James |title=The Supreme Court's Bipolar Approach to the Interpretation of 18 U.S.C. 1503 and 18 U.S.C. 2232(c) |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |date=1 January 1996 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=1383 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol86/iss4/7/ |doi=10.2307/1144062 |jstor=1144062|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A scandal in 1830 led to reform of the contempt law and the creation of obstruction of justice as a separate offense. Federal judge James H. Peck imprisoned a lawyer for contempt for publishing a letter criticizing one of Peck's opinions. In an effort to prevent such abuses, Congress passed a law in 1831 limiting the application of the summary contempt procedures to offenses committed in or near the court. A new section, which survives today as the Omnibus Clause, was added to punish contempt committed outside of the court, but only after indictment and trial by jury.<ref name=venue /><ref name=fitzpatrick />

In 1982, in response to concerns that the obstruction law did not provide adequate protection to crime victims and other witnesses, Congress broadened the law against witness tampering and criminalized retaliation against witnesses, as part of the Victim and Witness Protection Act.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riley |first1=Tina M. |title=Tampering with Witness Tampering: Resolving the Quandary Surrounding 18 U.S.C. §§ 1503, 1512 |journal=Washington University Law Review |date=1 January 1999 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=249–275 |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol77/iss1/7/}}</ref>

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 strengthened the obstruction laws regarding destruction of evidence before an investigation or proceeding has begun, in response to accounting firm Arthur Andersen's widely reported shredding of documents related to the Enron scandal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=Dana |title=Anticipatory Obstruction of Justice: Pre-Emptive Document Destruction under the Sarbanes-Oxley Anti-Shredding Statute, 18 U.S.C. 1519 |journal=Cornell Law Review |date=1 January 2004 |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=1519 |url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol89/iss6/4/}}</ref>

==Notable examples== *The impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon in 1974 included charges of obstruction of justice for impeding the investigation of the Watergate burglary. Nixon's acts of obstruction, as alleged by the House Judiciary Committee, included lying to investigators and withholding evidence, influencing witnesses (including through payments of hush money), and making false statements to the public about the investigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Judiciary Committee approves article to impeach President Nixon, 27 to 11 |newspaper=Washington Post |first1=Richard |last1=Lyons |first2=William |last2=Chapman |date=July 28, 1974 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/072874-1.htm |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=For the purpose of deceiving the people |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=November 13, 1998 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB91091123545073500 |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Nixon resigned before the full House of Representatives could consider impeachment, and President Gerald Ford preemptively pardoned him before any criminal investigation could occur.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/08/us/politics/nixon-ford-pardon-watergate.html |title='No One Could Believe It': When Ford Pardoned Nixon Four Decades Ago |last=Holson |first=Laura M. |date=2018-09-08 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-06-11 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> *In the wake of the Iran–Contra affair, several members of the Reagan Administration were charged with obstruction of justice for alleged actions including lying to the Congressional committees investigating the matter and concealing evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bush pardons 6 in Iran affair, aborting a Weinberger trial; prosecutor assails 'cover-up' |newspaper=The New York Times |first=David |last=Johnston |date=December 24, 1992 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> *The impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998 included allegations that Clinton obstructed justice by trying to influence the testimony of witnesses, including Monica Lewinsky, in the sexual harassment lawsuit filed against him by Paula Jones, and by encouraging Lewinsky to conceal evidence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explanation of Article III |newspaper=Washington Post |first=Ruth |last=Marcus |date=December 20, 1998 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/explainthree122098.htm |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Clinton was acquitted of all charges by the Senate. *Accounting firm Arthur Andersen was charged with obstruction of justice in 2002 for allegedly destroying and altering documents in anticipation of an investigation of the Enron scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arthur Andersen is convicted on obstruction-of-justice count |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |first1=Jonathan |last1=Weil |first2=Alexei |last2=Barrionuevo |date=June 16, 2002 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1023469305374958120 |access-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref> The company was convicted and effectively destroyed, though the conviction was later overturned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arthur Andersen conviction overturned |newspaper=CNN |first=Bill |last=Mears |date=May 31, 2005 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/05/31/scotus.arthur.andersen/ |access-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref> *Martha Stewart was convicted of obstruction of justice in 2004 for lying to investigators in the ImClone stock trading case about the reasons for a stock sale that was being investigated as potential insider trading.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seigel |first1=Michael |last2=Slobogin |first2=Christopher |title=Prosecuting Martha: Federal Prosecutorial Power and the Need for a Law of Counts |journal=Penn State Law Review |date=2005 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=1107–1131 |url=https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/72/ |issn=1545-7877}}</ref> *In ''United States v. Binion'', malingering (feigning illness) during a competency evaluation was held to be obstruction of justice and led to an enhanced sentence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darani |first1=Shaheen |title=Behavior of the Defendant in a Competency-to-Stand-Trial Evaluation Becomes an Issue in Sentencing |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online |date=1 January 2006 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=126–128 |url=https://jaapl.org/content/34/1/126}}</ref> *Scooter Libby, advisor to Vice President Dick Cheney, was charged with obstruction of justice in 2007 for allegedly lying to a grand jury investigating the Plame affair about conversations that he had with reporters about Valerie Plame's identity as a CIA agent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Highlights from Libby indictment |work=CNN |date=October 28, 2005 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/10/28/indictment.highlights/ |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Libby guilty of lying in C.I.A. leak case |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Neil A. |last=Lewis |date=March 7, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/washington/07libby.html |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Libby was convicted of obstruction and related crimes, but his 30-month prison sentence was commuted by George W. Bush, and he was pardoned by Donald Trump in 2018 after a key witness recanted her testimony.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/us/politics/trump-pardon-scooter-libby.html |title=Trump Pardons Scooter Libby in a Case That Mirrors His Own |last=Baker |first=Peter |date=2018-04-13 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-06-11 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Belated justice for Scooter Libby |first=Judith |last=Miller |date=April 14, 2018 |url=https://www.city-journal.org/html/belated-justice-scooter-libby-15848.html |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> *Conrad Black was convicted of obstruction of justice in July 2007<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/14/business/13cnd-black.html |title=Conrad Black Found Guilty in Fraud Trial |last=Siklos |first=Richard |date=2007-07-14 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref> for removing 13 boxes containing financial records from his office in Toronto after they had been sealed by a court order, returning the boxes a few days later. Black was pardoned by Donald Trump in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pardons-billionaire-friend-conrad-black-who-wrote-book-about-him/2019/05/15/b494b208-7771-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html |title=Trump pardons billionaire friend Conrad Black, who wrote a book about him |date=May 15, 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> *Barry Bonds was charged with obstruction of justice in 2011 for allegedly lying to a grand jury investigating the BALCO steroid scandal about whether his personal trainer had given him steroids.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/04/barry-bonds-verdict-.html |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Barry Bonds convicted of obstruction of justice in performance-enhancing-drugs case |date=April 13, 2011 |access-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref> Bonds was convicted and served 30 days of house arrest, but the conviction was later overturned on appeal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Appeals court overturns Barry Bonds' obstruction conviction |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |first=Bob |last=Egelko |date=April 23, 2015 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Appeals-court-overturns-Barry-Bonds-6217365.php |access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> *Efforts to impeach Donald Trump have involved allegations that he obstructed justice by impeding the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election and the investigation of the Trump–Ukraine scandal. The Mueller report described ten alleged instances of potential obstruction, including Trump's dismissal of FBI director James Comey, attempts to influence witnesses, attempts to influence the Justice Department's oversight of Special Counsel Robert Mueller, and an attempt to have Mueller fired.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 10 instances of possible obstruction in Mueller report |newspaper=Associated Press |first=Mark |last=Sherman |date=April 18, 2019 |url=https://www.apnews.com/e0d125d737be4a21a81bec3d9f1dffd8 |access-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref> The House Judiciary Committee opened an investigation of the allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/us/politics/special-counsel-trump-obstruction.html |title=Mueller Rejects View That Presidents Can't Obstruct Justice |last1=Schmidt |first1=Michael S. |date=2019-04-18 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2019-06-03 |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://judiciary.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-judiciary-committee-unveils-investigation-threats-against-rule-law |title=House Judiciary Committee Unveils Investigation into Threats Against the Rule of Law |date=2019-03-04 |website=Committee on the Judiciary - Democrats |language=en |access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref> *Many of the participants in the January 6 United States Capitol attack were charged with Obstruction of Justice/Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=Feds arrest Spring Hill woman for alleged role in 1/6 Capitol attack |url=https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/local-news/feds-arrest-spring-hill-woman-for-alleged-role-in-1-6-capitol-attack |access-date=2021-06-13 |website=WFTS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Man Called His Ex A 'Moron' By Text While Storming The Capitol. She Turned Him In |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/25/971350325/a-man-called-his-ex-a-moron-by-text-while-storming-the-capitol-she-turned-him-in |access-date=2021-06-13 |website=NPR.org |date=February 25, 2021 |language=en |last1=Treisman |first1=Rachel}}</ref> *Trevor Jacob, a YouTuber and light aircraft pilot, pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice in 2023 after having illegally disposed of the wreckage of an aircraft he had filmed himself deliberately crashing as a publicity stunt in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Trevor Jacob admits to intentional crash for clicks |url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2023/may/12/trevor-jacob-admits-to-intentional-crash-for-clicks |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.aopa.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Footnotes== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== *Ohlin. "Obstruction of Justice". Criminal Law: Doctrine, Application, and Practice. Aspen Casebook Series. Third Edition. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TAVDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT536 Page 462] et seq. *Ellen S Podgor, "Obstruction of Justice: Redesigning the Shortcut" (2020-2021) 46 Brigham Young University Law Review [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/byulr46&div=21&id=&page= 657] *Joseph V De Marco, "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Courthouse: Mens Rea, Document Destruction, and the Federal Obstruction of Justice Statute" (1992) 67 New York University Law Review [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/nylr67&div=23&id=&page= 570]

Category:Obstruction of justice Category:Crimes Category:Deception Category:Criminal procedure Category:Abuse of the legal system

Obstruction of justice in the United States

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