{{Italic title}} {{Short description|South American rock music genre}} {{Infobox music genre |name = ''Nueva ola'' |image = Jóvenes nueva ola 1960.png |caption = Photograph used on the cover of a ''nueva ola'' record released in Argentina in 1960. An example of the "Americanization" that characterized the new youth mass culture, it depicts young people dancing rock and roll, drinking Coca-Cola, wearing blue jeans and admiring American singers. |stylistic_origins = *Pop music *rock and roll * twist * ''canción melódica'' * doo-wop * surf rock * romantic ballad * Latin American music * garage rock |cultural_origins = Late 1950s to early 1960s, Hispanic America |regional_scenes = |instruments = {{hlist|Electric guitar|double bass|bass guitar|drums|vocals}} |derivatives = |other_topics = {{hlist|''Jovem Guarda''|yé-yé}} }} The '''''nueva ola''''' (Spanish for "new wave") was a cultural phenomenon that took place in several Hispanic American countries between the late 1950s and the mid-to-late 1960s, linked to the spread of new musical styles aimed at young people—such as pop, rock and roll and the twist—which "constituted the fundamental channels for the transformation of consumption, leisure, and youth fashions" of the time.<ref name="manzano">{{cite book|language=es|url=https://www.perio.unlp.edu.ar/catedras/hdelconocimiento/wp-content/uploads/sites/135/2020/05/manzano._ha_llegado_la_nueva_ola.pdf|accessdate=6 May 2023|chapter=Ha llegado la "nueva ola": Música, consumo y juventud en la Argentina, 1956-1966|last=Manzano|first=Valeria|pages=19–60|location=Buenos Aires|year=2010|title=Los '60 de otra manera. Vida cotidiana, género y sexualidades en la Argentina|publisher=Prometeo|editor-first=Isabella|editor-last=Cosse|editor-first2=Karina|editor-last2=Felitti|editor-first3=Valeria|editor-last3=Manzano|via=Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata|isbn=9789875744103}}</ref> It was a regional manifestation of a phenomenon occurring in much of the Western world: the emergence of a new market segment made up of young people with their own habits and shared codes that set them apart from their parents' generation.{{sfn|Manzano|2017|p=116}}<ref name="montserock">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/buenos-aires/cuaderno_7_montserrat/page/207|accessdate=6 May 2023|chapter=Montserrock|last=González Losada|first=José María|pages=207–224|via=Internet Archive|language=es|title=Montserrat: barrio fundacional de Buenos Aires|year=2012|location=Buenos Aires|isbn=9789871642168|publisher=Dirección General Patrimonio e Instituto Histórico|editor-first=Lidia|editor-last=González}}</ref> In countries such as Argentina, young people were introduced to rock and roll music through films like ''Blackboard Jungle'' (1955) and ''Rock Around the Clock'' (1956)—both featuring music by Bill Haley & His Comets—and quickly adopted it as one of the traits identifying them as an independent social group, along with the use of blue jeans (locally "''vaqueros''").<ref name="manzano"/>{{sfn|Manzano|2017|p=142}}<ref name="karush">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT160|chapter=El son de América Latina: Sandro y la invención de la balada|accessdate=7 May 2023|via=Google Books|first=Matthew B.|last=Karush|location=Buenos Aires|publisher=Siglo XXI Editores|type=eBook|isbn=9789876299602|year=2019|title=Músicos en tránsito}}</ref> The ''nueva ola'' was not a homogeneous musical style but encompassed a wide range of genres, including rock and roll, pop, surf rock, romantic ballads and even Latin American music such as bolero and cumbia, constituting a musical scene in which artists, record buyers, record labels, and mass media interacted.<ref name="pujol"/><ref name="peru">{{cite journal|url=https://revistas.unm.edu.pe/index.php/Antec/article/view/94/569|accessdate=8 May 2023|title=La oposición entre el rock y la nueva ola: un constructo de autenticidad en la historiografía del rock peruano|first=José Fancisco|last=Melgar Wong|work=Antec: Revista Peruana De Investigación Musical|volume=4|issue=2|pages=48–61|issn=2616-681X|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Música|language=es|year=2020|location=Lima}}</ref>
Noticing the growing popularity of American rock and roll and pop among young audiences and the commercial potential of adapting them into Spanish, multinational labels—mainly RCA Victor and Columbia Records—promoted the ''nueva ola'' in countries such as Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Peru, creating a new set of teen idols while relying on the expansion of mass media, especially radio and television.<ref name="karush"/><ref name="peru"/> The figure of these new youth idols followed an international pattern, analogous to the yé-yé phenomenon in France,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiehoy.com/noticias/francoise-hardy-y-los-50-anos-de-la-question-su-obra-maestra-de-culto/|title=Françoise Hardy y los 50 años de La question, su obra maestra de culto|last=Allermann|first=Juan Ignacio|date=15 October 2021|publisher=Indie Hoy|accessdate=8 May 2023|language=es}}</ref> as well as the cases of Rita Pavone in Italy, Petula Clark in England, the Dúo Dinámico in Spain and Roberto Carlos with the ''Jovem Guarda'' in Brazil, among others.<ref name="pujol">{{cite journal|url=https://revistamusimid.com.br/index.php/MusiMid/article/view/18/25|accessdate=7 May 2023|title=De la Nueva Ola a la Contestación: Memoria e historia de la música joven argentina entre 1963 y 1973|last=Pujol|first=Sergio|work=MusiMid: Revista Brasileira de Estudos em Música e Mídia|volume=1|issue=2|pages=66–83|year=2020|publisher=Letra e Voz|issn=2675-3944|location=São Paulo|language=es}}</ref> In fact, much of the repertoire of ''nueva ola'' performers consisted of versions of American and European hits.<ref name="pujol"/> Although presented as a phenomenon of cultural modernization for youth, the ''nueva ola'' promoted family values and traditional gender roles, omitting the rebellious potential of rock and roll and creating a "softened" version, something similar to what had also occurred in the United States and Europe.{{sfn|Manzano|2017|pp=130–131}}<ref name="recepcion">{{cite journal|url=https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-27902017000200069&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en#B20|accessdate=9 May 2023|title=La recepción de la música juvenil en Chile en los años 60: ¿americanización de la juventud?|location=Santiago|issn=0716-2790|work=Revista musical chilena|year=2017|volume=71|issue=228|first=Silvia|last=Lamadrid Álvarez|first2=Andrea|last2=Baeza Reyes|via=SciELO|publisher=Facultad de Artes, Universidad de Chile|language=es}}</ref>
In Argentina—the main promoter of the ''nueva ola'' in South America and the country where the term was coined—the epitome of the phenomenon was ''El Club del Clan'' (1962–1964),<ref name="karush"/>{{sfn|Manzano|2017|p=141}} a successful television program that launched the country's first teen idols, including Violeta Rivas, Johnny Tedesco, Raúl Lavié, Jolly Land, Chico Novarro, and especially Palito Ortega, the most popular of the group.<ref name="pujol"/> The ''nueva ola'' also had an important presence in Chile, with performers such as Buddy Richard, Danny Chilean, Los Red Juniors, Luis Dimas, José Alfredo Fuentes, Fresia Soto and Cecilia, who in 1965 won the Viña del Mar Festival.<ref name="memoriachilena">{{cite web|url=http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3529.html#presentacion|title=La Nueva Ola (1958-1970)|accessdate=7 May 2023|publisher=Memoria Chilena. Biblioteca Nacional de Chile|location=Santiago de Chile|others=Published under Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 License|language=es}}</ref> In Colombia, the movement was also known as "go-gó" and "ye-yé," promoted by producers Carlos Pinzón and Alfonso Lizarazo, and reinforced through a local version of ''El Club del Clan''.<ref name="colombia">{{cite journal|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/1050/105069133006/html/#B71|title=La canción protesta y los discursos de contracultura y resistencia durante la década de los sesenta en Colombia|first=Joshua|last=Katz-Rosene|accessdate=7 May 2023|volume=57|issue=2|year=2021|pages=113–142|work=Revista Colombiana de Antropología|publisher=Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia|via=Redalyc|location=Bogotá|issn=2539-472X|language=es}}</ref> In Peru, some of the best-known idols included Pepe Miranda, Gustavo "Hit" Moreno, Pepe Cipolla and Joe Danova, although the label ''nueva ola'' also encompassed groups that would later be considered by Peruvian rock historians as outside the phenomenon, such as Los Saicos and Los Shain's.<ref name="peru"/>
==Chile== {{Main article|Chilean rock#Early rock and roll and Nueva Ola (1955–1965)}} ==Argentina== [[File:El Club del Clan.jpg|thumb|300px|The cast of ''El Club del Clan'', {{circa|1962–1964}}. From left to right: Raúl Lavié, Galo Cárdenas, Nicky Jones, Palito Ortega, Violeta Rivas, Cachita Galán, Dolores De Cicco, Lalo Fransen, Paco Amor, Raúl Cobián, Perico Gómez and Johny Tedesco.]]
In 1960, RCA Victor general manager Ricardo Mejía discovered through a market research that there were almost no popular music stars among the youth.<ref name="ArgentinaBeat">{{cite AV media|people=Gaffet, Hernán (Director)|year=2006|title=Argentina Beat|medium=Documentary film|language=es|location=Buenos Aires, Argentina|publisher=Produced by Poleri-Foligna-Gaffet. Published on YouTube by Claudio Gabis' Gabispace|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ErFopbKwbk|access-date=April 16, 2018}}</ref> As a result, the company began the selection of new singers, initiating the phenomenon of the nueva ola in Argentina.<ref name="ArgentinaBeat"/> Led by Mejía, RCA executives partnered with future journalist Leo Vanes and musicians Ray Nolan and Jimmy Lerman to create the TV show ''El club del clan''.<ref name="clubclan">{{cite web |url=http://www.magicasruinas.com.ar/reducciones/corrientes-musicales-club-clan-beat-02.htm|last1=Colao|first1=Daniel|last2=Abud|first2=Rafael|title=El club del clan, el beat y esas cosas|language=es|publisher=Mágicas Ruinas|access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> Based on foreign music shows, each episode showed a group of friends that got together to perform various styles of music including rock 'n' roll (and the accompanying twist), bolero and cumbia.<ref name="ArgentinaBeat"/> The personality of each interpreter was modeled taking into account the type of music they would sing.<ref name="clubclan"/> The show aired on Canal 13 on Saturdays at 8:30 pm,<ref name="clubclan"/> and proved to be extremely successful for RCA.<ref name="ArgentinaBeat"/> It turned its young cast—which included Palito Ortega, Billy Caffaro, Violeta Rivas, Lalo Fransen, Nicky Jones and Cachita Galán—into the first national teen idols.<ref name="ArgentinaBeat"/><ref name="clubclan"/> Journalist Miguel Grinberg described ''El club del clan'' in 2006 as "a kind of juvenile ebullition that, impelled by television, established a basic difference, that was young people who did not reproduce the music of their parents."<ref name="ArgentinaBeat"/>
In 1964, after The Beatles' performances in the United States, Beatlemania also reached Argentina, generating the appearance of several bands that imitated their sound and fashion.<ref>{{cite book |last=González|first=Yanko|year=2013|title=La construcción histórica de la juventud en América Latina: Bohemios, Rockanroleros y Revolucionarios|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fngCQAAQBAJ|language=es|publisher=Cuarto Propio|isbn=978-9562606400}}</ref> The nueva ola was overshadowed by the popularity of British Invasion bands, while at the same time a feeling nonconformity grew among the youth, which saw the phenomenon as too carefree and compliant.<ref name="ArgentinaBeat"/><ref name="clubclan"/><ref name="MinutoUno">{{cite web |url=https://www.minutouno.com/notas/46643-leyendas-ayer-el-alegre-e-inocente-club-del-clan|last=Arena|first=María Fernanda|title=Leyendas de ayer: el alegre e inocente "Club del Clan"|language=es|date=September 3, 2007|publisher=MinutoUno|access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref> Before the dissolution of the group and "as a farewell," an ''El club del clan'' film directed by Enrique Carreras was released on March 12, 1964.<ref name="MinutoUno"/>
==References== {{reflist}} {{Pop music}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nueva Ola}} Category:Music of Argentina Category:Music of Peru Category:Music of Latin America Category:Rock music genres Category:1960s in music