{{short description|Philosophical concept of biosphere successor via humankind's rational activities}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} The '''noosphere''' (alternate spelling '''noösphere''') is a philosophical concept developed and popularized by the biogeochemist Vladimir Vernadsky and philosopher and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the new state of the biosphere,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pitt |first1=David |url=https://archive.org/details/biospherenoosphe00sams |title=The Biosphere and Noosphere Reader: Global Environment, Society and Change |last2=Samson |first2=Paul R. |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415166447 |location=Oxon |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biospherenoosphe00sams/page/n22 6] |url-access=limited}}</ref> and described it as the planetary "sphere of reason".<ref>Yanshin, A. L.; Yanshina, F.T.: Preface; in Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich: Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon, Moscow, Nongovernmental Ecological V.I.Vernadsky Foundation, 1997, (Original: Научная мысль как планетное явление, translated by B.A.Starostin) p. 6.</ref><ref>See: Моисеев, Никита Николаевич: Человек и ноосфера, Молодая гвардия, 1990. (Translation of Russian Title: Moiseyev, Nikita Nikolaievich: Man and the Noosphere) 26 с.</ref> The noosphere represents the highest stage of biospheric development, that of humankind's rational activities.<ref>Петрашов В.В. Начала нооценологии: наука о восстановлении экосистем и создании нооценозов. - М., 1998. (Translation of Russian Title: Petrashov, V.V.: The Beginning of Noocenology: Science of Ecosystem Restoration and the Creation of Nocenoses) 6 c.</ref>
The word is derived from the Greek νόος ("nous, mind, reason") and σφαῖρα ("sphere"), in lexical analogy to "atmosphere" and "biosphere".<ref>"[...]he defined noosphere as the 'thinking envelope of the biosphere' and the 'conscious unity of souls'" David H. Lane, 1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QrwityQkdxkC "The phenomenon of Teilhard: prophet for a new age" p. 4]</ref> The concept cannot be accredited to a single author. The founding authors Vernadsky and de Chardin developed two related but starkly different concepts, the former grounded in the geological sciences, and the latter in theology. Both conceptions of the noosphere share the common thesis that together human reason and scientific thought have created, and will continue to create, the next evolutionary geological layer. This geological layer is part of the evolutionary chain.<ref>See Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich: Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon, Moscow, Nongovernmental Ecological V.I.’Vernadsky Foundation, 1997, (Original: Научная мысль как планетное явление, translated by B.A.Starostin) 1997.</ref><ref>See Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre: Der Mensch im Kosmos, München, C.H Beck, 1959, (Original: Le Phénomène humain, 1955. English Title: The Phenomenon of Man, 1961).</ref> Second-generation authors, predominantly of Russian origin, have further developed the Vernadskian concept, creating the related concepts: noocenosis and noocenology.<ref>Петрашов, 1998. 6 c.</ref>
==Concept==
In the theory of Vernadsky, the noosphere is the third in a succession of phases of development of the Earth, after the geosphere (inanimate matter) and the biosphere (biological life). Just as the emergence of life fundamentally transformed the geosphere, the emergence of human cognition fundamentally transforms the biosphere. In contrast to the conceptions of the Gaia theorists, or the promoters of cyberspace, Vernadsky's noosphere emerges at the point where humankind, through the mastery of nuclear processes, begins to create resources through the transmutation of elements. It is a study area of the Global Consciousness Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Consciousness Project—consciousness, group consciousness, mind |url=http://noosphere.princeton.edu/ |access-date=24 July 2012 |website=Noosphere.princeton.edu}}</ref>
For de Chardin, the noosphere emerges through and is constituted by the interaction of human minds. The noosphere has grown in step with the organization of the human mass in relation to itself as it populates the Earth. As mankind organizes itself in more complex social networks, the higher the noosphere will grow in awareness. This concept extends Teilhard's Law of Complexity/Consciousness, the law describing the nature of evolution in the universe. Teilhard argued the noosphere is growing towards an even greater integration and unification, culminating in the Omega Point - an apex of thought/consciousness - which he saw as the goal of history.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
==Founding authors== The term noosphere was first used in the publications of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in 1922<ref>In 1922, Teilhard wrote in an essay with the title 'Hominization': "And this amounts to imagining, in one way or another, above the animal biosphere a human sphere, a sphere of reflection, of conscious invention, of conscious souls (the noosphere, if you will)" (1966, p. 63)It was a neologism employing the Greek word noos for "mind". (Teilhard de Chardin, "Hominization" (1923), "[https://archive.org/details/visionofpast0000teil The Vision of the Past]" pages 71, 230, 261)</ref> in his ''Cosmogenesis''.<ref>Tambov State Technical University: [http://www.tstu.ru/win/kultur/nauka/vernad/uchver.htm The Prominent Russian Scientist V. I. Vernadsky] (Russian)</ref> Vernadsky was most likely introduced to the term by a common acquaintance, Édouard Le Roy, during a stay in Paris.<ref>See: Fuchs-Kittowski, K.; Krüger, P.: The Noosphere Vision of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Vladimir I. Vernadsky in the Perspective of Information and of World Wide Communication; in World Futures: Vol. 50, No. 1-4, 1997. p. 768.</ref> Some sources claim Édouard Le Roy actually first proposed the term.<ref>Моисеев, 1990. 24 c.</ref> Vernadsky himself wrote that he was first introduced to the concept by Le Roy in his 1927 lectures at the College of France, and that Le Roy had emphasized a mutual exploration of the concept with Teilhard de Chardin.<ref>Original Citation in: Вернадский, Владимир:Несколько слов о ноосфере,Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing, 2018. (Translation of Russian Title: Vernadsky, Vladimir: Some Words on the Noosphere) Aphorism 11. (Original Published 1944. Citation from Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing, 2018 [https://books.google.com/books?id=REJKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP16 here.]</ref> According to Vernadsky's own letters, he took Le Roy's ideas on the noosphere from Le Roy's article "Les origines humaines et l’évolution de l’intelligence", part III: "La noosphère et l’hominisation", before reworking the concept within his own field, biogeochemistry.<ref>Fuchs-Kittowski, K.; Krüger, P.: The Noosphere Vision of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Vladimir I. Vernadsky in the Perspective of Information and of World Wide Communication; in World Futures: Vol. 50, No. 1-4, 1997. p. 769.</ref> The historian Bailes concludes that Vernadsky and Teilhard de Chardin were mutual influences on each other, as Teilhard de Chardin also attended Vernadsky's lectures on biogeochemistry, before creating the concept of the noosphere.<ref>Bailes, Kendall E.: Science and Russian Culture in an Age of Revolutions - V.I. Vernadsky and His Scientific School, 1863-1945, Bloomigton, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990. p. 162.</ref>
An account stated that Le Roy and Teilhard were not aware of the concept of biosphere in their noosphere concept and that it was Vernadsky who introduced them to this notion, which gave their conceptualization a grounding on natural sciences.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Danilov-Danil'yan |first1=Victor I. |title=Sustainable Development and the Limitation of Growth: Future Prospects for World Civilization |last2=Losev |first2=K. S. |last3=Reyf |first3=Igor E. |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9783540752493 |location=Berlin |pages=181}}</ref> Both Teilhard de Chardin and Vernadsky base their conceptions of the noosphere on the term 'biosphere', developed by Eduard Suess in 1875.<ref name="auto">Levit, Georgy S.: The Biosphere and the Noosphere Theories of V.I. Vernadsky and P. Teilhard de Chardin: A Methodological Essay, International Archives on the History of Science/Archives Internationales D'Histoire des Sciences", 2000. p. 161.</ref> Despite the differing backgrounds, approaches and focuses of Teilhard and Vernadsky, they have a few fundamental themes in common. Both scientists overstepped the boundaries of the natural sciences and attempted to create all-embracing theoretical constructions founded in philosophy, the social sciences and authorized interpretations of the evolutionary theory.<ref name="auto" /> Moreover, both thinkers were convinced of the teleological character of evolution. They also argued that human activity becomes a geological power and that the manner by which it is directed can influence the environment.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lavrenova |first=Olga |title=Spaces and Meanings: Semantics of the Cultural Landscape |date=25 March 2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783030151676 |location=Cham |pages=16}}</ref> There are fundamental differences in the two conceptions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}
== See also == {{columns-list|colwidth=17em| * Anthropocene * Anthropogenic metabolism * Anthroposphere (technosphere) * Collective consciousness * Culture of health * Global brain * Global Consciousness Project * Human ecology * Hylozoism * Ideosphere * Knowledge ecosystem * Nous * Presence (telepresence) * Scale (analytical tool) * Social organism * Technoetics * World Brain }}
== Notes == {{Reflist|30em}}
== References == * Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari, ''A Thousand Plateaus'', Continuum, 2004, p. 77. * Hödl, Elisabeth, "Die Noosphäre als Bezugsrahmen für das Recht" ("The noosphere as a framework for the conception of law") in: Schweighofer/Kummer/Hötzendorfer (ed.): ''Transformation juristischer Sprachen'', Tagungsband des 15. Internationalen Rechtsinformatik Symposions, 2012, pp. 639–648. * Oliver Krüger: ''Gaia, God, and the Internet - revisited. The History of Evolution and the Utopia of Community in Media Society.'' In: Online – Heidelberg Journal for Religions on the Internet 8 (2015), [http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/20324/14118 online Text]. * Norgaard, R. B. (1994). ''Development betrayed: the end of progress and a coevolutionary revisioning of the future''. London; New York, Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-06862-2}} * Raymond, Eric (2000), "Homesteading the Noosphere", [http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/homesteading/ available online.] * Samson, Paul R.; Pitt, David (eds.) (1999), ''The Biosphere and Noosphere Reader: Global Environment, Society and Change''. {{ISBN|0-415-16644-6}} * Various authors (1997). "The Quest for a Unified Theory of Information", ''World Futures'', Volumes [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/gwof20/49/3-4 "49 (3-4)"] and [http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/gwof20/50/1-4 "50 (1-4)"], Special Issue
== External links == {{Wiktionary}} * [http://noosphere.princeton.edu/ Global Consciousness project at Princeton] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060827231319/http://www.noosfera.udelmar.cl/ Unidad de Ciencia Noosféricas de la Universidad del Mar en Chile] * [http://humanityplus.org/philosophy/transhumanist-declaration/ Transhumanist Declaration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013031342/http://humanityplus.org/philosophy/transhumanist-declaration/ |date=13 October 2017 }} * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715200956/http://odeo.com/channel/105280 "Just Say Yes to the Noosphere"]}}, a Podcast from Stanford Law School * [http://omegapoint.org Omega Point Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301153827/http://omegapoint.org/ |date=1 March 2021 }} Noosphere, Global Thought, Future Studies
{{DEFAULTSORT:Noosphere}} Category:Concepts in metaphysics Category:Concepts in the philosophy of mind Category:Cyberspace Category:Holism Category:Information Age Category:Metaphysics of mind Category:Thought Category:Transhumanism Category:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin