Guizotia abyssinica

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Speciesbox |image = Guizotia abyssinica niger.jpg |image_caption = ''Guizotia abyssinica'' flower |genus = Guizotia |species = abyssinica |authority = (L.f.) Cass. |synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-51338 The Plant List, ''Guizotia abyssinica'' (L.f.) Cass. ]</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=Synonymy |''Anthemis mysorensis'' herb.madr. ex DC. |''Bidens ramtilla'' Wall. ex DC. |''Buphthalmum ramtilla'' Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. |''Guizotia oleifera'' (DC.) DC. |''Jaegeria abyssinica'' (L.f.) Spreng. |''Polymnia abyssinica'' L.f. 1782 |''Ramtilla oleifera'' DC. |''Tetragonotheca abyssinica'' Ledeb. |''Verbesina sativa'' Roxb. ex Sims |}}}} {{Redirect-distinguish|Nyger|Niger}} '''''Guizotia abyssinica''''' is an erect, stout, branched annual herb, grown for its edible oil and seed. Its cultivation originated in the Eritrean and Ethiopian Highlands, and has spread to other parts of Ethiopia. Common names include '''noog/nug''' (Ethio-Semitic and Eritrean ኑግ ''nūg'' or ኒህዩግ ''nihyug''); '''ramtil''' or '''ramtilla'''; '''niger''' or '''nyger seed''' (all pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}}, {{respell|NY|jər}});<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lansingwbu.blogspot.com/2016/10/how-to-pronounce-nyjer.html|title=How to pronounce Nyjer®|first=Wild Birds Unlimited|last=Mid-michigan|date=10 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2011/11/30/winegar|title=When did Niger become Nyjer?|website=www.mprnews.org|date=30 November 2011 }}</ref> '''inga seed'''; and '''blackseed'''. Noug has been described as semi-domesticated, self-incompatible crop with yellow flowering heads and seeds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dempewolf|first1=Hannes|last2=Kane|first2=Nolan C.|last3=Ostevik|first3=Katherine L.|last4=Geleta|first4=Mulatu|last5=Barker|first5=Michael S.|last6=Lai|first6=Zhao|last7=Stewart|first7=Megan L.|last8=Bekele|first8=Endashaw|last9=Engels|first9=Johannes M. M.|last10=Cronk|first10=Quentin C. B.|last11=Rieseberg|first11=Loren H.|date=November 2010|title=Establishing genomic tools and resources for Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.-the development of a library of expressed sequence tags, microsatellite loci, and the sequencing of its chloroplast genome: PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES ARTICLE|journal=Molecular Ecology Resources|language=en|volume=10|issue=6|pages=1048–1058|doi=10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02859.x|pmid=21565115|s2cid=28931341|doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent studies have revealed the regional genetic diversity of some noug populations grown in Ethiopia based on RAPD and AFLP markers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Geleta|first1=Mulatu|last2=Bryngelsson|first2=Tomas|last3=Bekele|first3=Endashaw|last4=Dagne|first4=Kifle|date=2007-05-03|title=Genetic diversity of Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass. (Asteraceae) from Ethiopia as revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10722-006-0018-0|journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|language=en|volume=54|issue=3|pages=601–614|doi=10.1007/s10722-006-0018-0|bibcode=2007GRCEv..54..601G |s2cid=29426035|issn=0925-9864|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{Technical inline|date=July 2024}}

==Seed== Native to Ethiopia, Eritrea and Malawi, niger seeds are also grown in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-174.html|title=Nigerseed: Specialty Grain Opportunity for Midwestern US|website=hort.purdue.edu}}</ref> Niger seeds resemble sunflower seeds in shape, but are smaller in size and black. It bears a fairly thick, adherent seed coat and can be stored for up to a year without deterioration. Niger seed contains proteins, oil and soluble sugars. Niger seeds are used as bird feed worldwide. Commercial niger seed is grown in Africa, India and other areas of southeast Asia, and the seed is imported around the world as a popular type of birdseed. Before it is imported, however, niger seed is sterilized by intense heat to prevent germination of any additional seeds that may be part of the mix. Treated niger seed may germinate but would typically be stunted, limiting its spread and offering less of a threat to native plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thespruce.com/nyger-seeds-for-finches-386574|title=What Is Thistle Seed, Really? - Nyjer for Finches|website=The Spruce}}</ref> thumb|Niger seed '''Basic nutritional components of niger seeds''' {| class="wikitable" ! Component !! Percentage |- |Oil||30%–40% |- |Proteins||10%–25% |- |Soluble sugars||12%–18% |- |Crude fiber||10%–20% |- |Moisture||10%–11% |}

==Cultivation== Requiring moderate rainfall between {{convert|1000|to|1250|mm|in}} annually, niger seed needs moist soil to grow properly. Niger should be grown in light black soils or brownish loam with sufficient depth but it also can be grown on well drained heavy soils or rocky laterite soils. It can grow in semi-shade or full sun. The yield of seeds will average {{convert|300|-|400|kg/ha}} under favorable conditions but can produce up to {{convert|600|kg/ha}}. It gives a dependable yield even under unfavorable climatic conditions.<ref name="SEA_2009">SEA Hand Book-2009 by Solvent Extractors' Association Of India</ref>

The seed, technically a fruit called an achene, is often sold as birdseed as it is a favourite of finches, especially the goldfinch and the greenfinch (''Chloris''). In the birdseed market, niger is often sold or referred to as thistle seed. This is a misnomer resulting from early marketing of the seed as "thistle" to take advantage of the finches' preference for thistle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=What's the Deal With Nyjer? {{!}} Audubon |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/whats-deal-nyjer |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}}</ref>

The Wild Bird Feeding Industry (WBFI) has trademarked the name Nyjer "... to eliminate product confusion and the offensive mispronunciation of Niger as well as to promote a positive image for the use of 'Guizotia abyssinica' as a wild bird feed."<ref>{{cite web|title=Nyjer® Seed: A Big Name for a Small Black Seed|url=http://www.ectownusa.net/wbfi/docs/Nyjer-Guidelines-2008.pdf|access-date=July 14, 2018}}</ref>

250px|thumb|left|Niger seed In 1982, the USDA ordered that imported niger seed must be heat sterilized to kill the contaminant dodder seed. This treatment, however, was insufficient to kill seeds of other Federal noxious weeds, including ''Asphodelus fistulosus'' (onion weed), ''Digitaria'' spp. (includes African couchgrass), ''Oryza'' spp. (red rice), ''Paspalum scrobiculatum'' (kodo millet), ''Prosopis'' spp. (includes mesquites), ''Solanum viarum'' (tropical soda apple), ''Striga'' spp. (witchweed), and ''Urochloa panicoides'' (liver-seed grass). In 2001 a new treatment required that imported niger seed must be heat treated at {{convert|120|C|F}} for 15 minutes.

In 2002, the 'EarlyBird' variety of ''Guizotia abyssinica'' with a crop maturity of 65 days was developed and adapted to grow in the United States. The 'EarlyBird' variety of ''Guizotia abyssinica'' is protected by U.S.D.A. Plant Variety Protection Certificate Number [https://web.archive.org/web/20131119222959/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/pvp4.pl?Thistle%209900412%20200500140 9900412]. A second variety of ''Guizotia abyssinica'' submitted to the U.S.D.A. for Plant Variety Protection (Application Number [https://web.archive.org/web/20131119222959/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/pvp4.pl?Thistle%209900412%20200500140 200500140]) called 'Earlybird 50' has a crop maturity of 50 days and is a shorter, more dense plant with a higher yield and is less susceptible to lodging than the 'EarlyBird' variety. Both varieties have short enough maturities to make production feasible in many U.S. growing regions. ''Guizotia abyssinica'' is not a Federal noxious weed and is now in commercial agricultural production in the United States often grown as a first or second crop before or after wheat, maize, soybeans, and cucurbits. Niger is self-sterile and requires bees for cross pollination.

==Oil== {{Main|Ramtil oil}} [[File:Beautiful Eastern Ghats 04.jpg|thumb|A field soon to be harvested for oil production in Araku Valley, India]] Niger seed yields about 30–35% of its weight in oil which is clear, slow-drying, and edible. Niger seed oil is a polyunsaturated semi-drying oil. It has a pale yellow or orange color with a nutty taste and sweet odor. The raw oil has a low acidity and can be used directly for cooking. Normally, it has a poor shelf life and will become rancid when stored for a long period. Its fatty acid composition is similar to sunflower oil and has high content of linoleic acid. It is used as a substitute for olive oil and can be mixed with linseed oil. The presence of linoleic acid varies from 45.0 to 65.0% depending on harvested soil conditions and seed variety. The physical character of oil and its fatty acid composition is furnished in the following tables.<ref name=purdue>{{cite web|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Guizotia_abyssinica.html|title=Guizotia abyssinica|website=hort.purdue.edu}}</ref>

'''Physical characteristics of oil'''<ref name=cftri>{{cite journal|url=http://ir.cftri.com/6768/|title=Studies on niger (Guizotia abyssinica) seed oil.|first1=Dr|last1=Nasirullah|first2=T.|last2=Mallika|first3=S.|last3=Rajalakshmi|first4=K. S.|last4=Pashupathi|first5=K. N.|last5=Ankaiah|first6=S.|last6=Vibhakar|first7=M. N.|last7=Krishnamurthy|first8=K. V.|last8=Nagaraja|first9=O. P.|last9=Kapur|date=15 December 1982|journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology|volume=19|pages=147–149, 12 ref|via=ir.cftri.com|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225100112/http://ir.cftri.com/6768/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Characteristic !! Range |- | Refractive index 40{{nbsp}}°C || 1.4655–1.4673 |- | Saponification value || 187–195 |- | Iodine value || 112–129.0 |- | Unsaponifiable matter || 0.5–1.0% |- | Moisture || 0.5–0.75% |- |Bellier turbidity temperature || 24.5–27.8{{nbsp}}°C |- | Free fatty acid ||0.2–2.0% |}

'''Fatty acid composition of niger seed oil'''<ref name=cftri/> {| class="wikitable" ! Fatty acid !! Percentage |- |Myristic acid (C14:0)||1.7%–3.4% |- |Palmitic acid (C16:0)||5.8%–13.0% |- |Stearic acid (C18:0)||5.0%–7.5% |- |Oleic acid (C18:1)||13.4%–39.3% |- |Linoleic acid (C18:2)||45.5%–65.8% |}

==Culinary and medicinal uses== Niger seeds are used for human consumption in the southern parts of India. In Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, niger seeds (called ''valisalu''/''valasulu'' in Telugu, ''uchellu''/''gurellu'' in Kannada, and ''karale'' in Marathi) are used to make a dry chutney, which is used as an accompaniment with breads such as chapati. They are also used as a spice in some curries. In Ethiopia, an infusion made from roasted and ground niger seeds, sugar and water is used in treating common colds.

==Other uses== A paste or gruel made from slightly roasted and ground niger seed, mixed with roasted and ground flaxseeds (Amharic: ''telbah'') and hot water, is traditionally used in Ethiopia in treating leather.

The seed's oil is widely used for industrial purposes such as soap making, paints preparations and preparation of different types of emulsions.<ref>[http://www.dmlgroup.in/niger-seeds.html welcome to THE DML Group | Exporters of Indian Cotton, Spices, Pulses, Grains & Oil Seeds] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605034036/http://www.dmlgroup.in/niger-seeds.html |date=2013-06-05 }}</ref>

The seed is used as bird food. As the seeds are so small, specialized bird feeders are manufactured for niger seed. In the United Kingdom the seeds attract finches and siskins.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK garden bird feeding guide|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/17754543|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610061418/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/17754543|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2012|website=BBC Nature|access-date=26 October 2016}}</ref>

Niger oil cake, which consists of the residues obtained after processing of the seeds to make oil, is rich in protein and is used to feed livestock, particularly in Ethiopia.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Niger (Guizotia abyssinica). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/41</ref>

Due to its concentration of caffeic acid and other phenolic compounds, the seed extract of Guizotia abyssinica can be incorporated into culture media to be used in differentiating colonies of Cryptococcus sp. from other yeast colonies, given that the former will produce melanic pigments and be darker colored, and the latter won't.<ref>Strachan AA, Yu RJ, Blank F. (1971). Pigment Production of Cryptococcus neoformans Grown with Extracts of Guizotia abyssinica. Applied Microbiology, 22(3):478–479.</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Contains special characters|Ethiopic}} * {{AfricanPlants|Guizotia scabra}} * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Guizotia_abyssinica.html James A. Duke. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops (unpublished)] {{unimelb|Guizotia.html}} * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-174.html Nigerseed: Specialty Grain Opportunity for Midwestern US] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Guizotia+abyssinica&CAN=COMIND Plants for a Future database] *{{cite book |last=Seegeler |first=C.J.P. |title=Oil plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural significance |publisher=Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation |location=Wageningen |year=1983|pages=122–146 |language=en|url=https://edepot.wur.nl/200245 |isbn=90-220-0815-0 }}

Category:Millerieae Category:Flora of Ethiopia Category:Bird food plants Category:Edible nuts and seeds Category:Ethiopian cuisine Category:Crops originating from Ethiopia Category:Plants described in 1782