{{Short description|Species of tree}} {{speciesbox |image = Celtis reticulata 2.jpg |genus = Celtis |species = reticulata |authority = Torr.<ref name=trop>&nbsp;''C.&nbsp;reticulata'' was first described and published in ''Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York'' 1: 247. 1824. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33300078 |title=Name - ''Celtis reticulata'' Torr. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=August 25, 2010}}</ref> |range_map = Celtis reticulata range map 3.png |range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Celtis reticulata'' }}

'''''Celtis reticulata''''', with common names including '''netleaf hackberry''',<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate = January 12, 2018}}</ref> '''western hackberry''', '''Douglas hackberry''',<ref name="USFS-1">DeBolt, Ann M. (2002) [http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Celtis%20reticulata.pdf "''Celtis reticulata'' Torr. netleaf hackberry"] United States Forest Service</ref> '''netleaf sugar hackberry''', '''palo blanco''', and '''acibuche''',<ref>[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CELAR Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower database]</ref> is a small- to medium-sized deciduous tree native to western North America.<ref name="TreeNM">[http://www.treenm.com/education/hackberry.shtml "Netleaf Hackberry"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628164347/http://www.treenm.com/education/hackberry.shtml |date=June 28, 2011 }} Tree New Mexico</ref><ref name="usda-profile">{{Cite PLANTS |symbol=CELAR |taxon=Celtis reticulata |access-date= }}</ref>

==Description== ''Celtis reticulata'' usually grows to a small-sized tree, {{Convert|20 to 30|ft|abbr=off|order=flip|sigfig=1}} in height and mature at {{Convert|15 to 35|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} in diameter, although some individuals are known up to {{Convert|70|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} high and {{Convert|60|cm|abbr=on}} thick.<ref name=":arno">{{Cite book |last1=Arno |first1=Stephen F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDD4DwAAQBAJ |title=Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees |last2=Hammerly |first2=Ramona P. |publisher=Mountaineers Books |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-68051-329-5 |edition=field guide |location=Seattle |pages=249–251 |language=en |oclc=1141235469 |orig-date=1977}}</ref> It is often scraggly, stunted or even a large bush.<ref name="USFS-2">[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/celret/all.html "Index of Species Information: Celtis reticulata"] United States Forest Service</ref> It grows at altitudes of {{convert|500|–|1700|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="jepson">http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7729,7730,7731 Jepson</ref>

Hackberry bark is gray to brownish gray with the trunk bark forming vertical corky ridges that are checkered between the furrows. The young twigs are puberulent, or covered with very fine hairs. The blade of the leaves can be {{Convert|2–8|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long, usually about {{Convert|5–6|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}}. They are lanceolate to ovate, disproportionate at the base, leathery, entire to serrate (tending toward serrate), clearly net-veined, base obtuse to more or less cordate, tip obtuse to acuminate, and scabrous, with a dark green upper surface and a yellowish-green lower surface. The small stalks attaching the leaf blade to the stem (the petioles) are generally about {{Convert|5 to 6|mm|frac=16}} long.

The flowers are very small, averaging 2&nbsp;mm across. They form singly, or in cymose clusters<ref name="Benson-Trees">Benson, Lyman D. and Darrow, Robert A. (1981) "Celtis: Hackberry, Palo Blanco" ''Trees and Shrubs of the Southwestern Deserts'' (3rd edition) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, pages 154-155 {{ISBN|0-8165-0591-8}}</ref> pedicel in fr 4–15&nbsp;mm.{{Clarify|date=March 2022}} The fruit is a rigid, brownish to purple berry, 5 to 12&nbsp;mm in diameter, with thin, sweet pulp.<ref>Jepson, Willis Linn (1993) ''The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California'' (edited by James C. Hickman) University of California Press, Berkeley, California, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_sTR5_CQ-yAC&pg=PA1081 p. 1081], {{ISBN|0-520-08255-9}}</ref><ref name="usda-profile"/> If uneaten, they can stay on the plant through early winter.<ref name=":arno" />

=== Similar species === ''C. reticulata'' is often confused with the related species ''Celtis pallida'', the spiny hackberry or desert hackberry, ''Celtis occidentalis'', the common hackberry, and ''Celtis laevigata'', the sugarberry or southern hackberry.

==Distribution and habitat== ===Prehistoric=== ''Celtis reticulata'' was one of the species analyzed in a pollen core sampling study in northern Arizona, in which the early to late Holocene flora association was reconstructed; this study in the Waterman Mountains (Pima County, Arizona) demonstrated that ''C.&nbsp;reticulata'' was found to be present after the Wisconsinan glaciation, but is not a current taxon of this former Pinyon–juniper woodland area which is now in central and northern Arizona.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref>

===Current=== At its western edge, the tree's natural range includes the Columbia River Basin of Oregon, Washington, and western Idaho.<ref name="Little" /> It can also be found in Southern California in the southwestern Sierra Nevada foothills, the Peninsular Ranges and eastern Transverse Ranges, and the Mojave Desert sky islands.<ref name="jepson" />

Its central range includes the Rio Grande watershed and the Chihuahuan Desert in southern Arizona and New Mexico, western Texas, and northern Sonora-Chihuahua-Coahuila. It is also found in the Madrean Sky Islands of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northern Sonora, and in the White Mountains and along the Mogollon Rim in Arizona. The banks of the Colorado River also provide suitable habitat, from the Grand Canyon northeast through Utah to western Colorado.<ref name="usda-profile" />

Its easternmost natural range is in the hills of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Louisiana.<ref name="Little">{{cite book |last=Little Jr. |first=Elbert L. |title=Atlas of United States Trees |publisher=US Government Printing Office |year=1976 |volume=3 (Minor Western Hardwoods) |entry=Map 33, ''Celtis reticulata'' |lccn=79-653298 |oclc=4053799 |entry-url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofunitedsta1314litt/page/n77/mode/2up}}</ref>

The species grows in alluvial soils and rocky sites far above the water line. It is very drought tolerant, accepting sites with only {{Convert|18|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} in annual precipitation.<ref name=":arno" />

==Ecology== The leaves are eaten by a number of insects, particularly certain moth caterpillars. The berries are eaten by wildlife,<ref>{{cite book |last=Little |first=Elbert L. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region |publisher=Knopf |year=1994 |isbn=0394507614 |edition=Chanticleer Press |page=416 |orig-date=1980}}</ref> including birds. Mule deer and bighorn sheep eat the fresh twigs. Beavers feed on the plant as well.<ref name=":arno" />

==Cultivation== ''Celtis reticulata'' is cultivated by plant nurseries and available as an ornamental plant for native plant, drought-tolerant, natural landscape, and habitat gardens, and for ecological restoration projects.<ref name="usda-profile"/>

==Uses== The berries and seeds have long been used as a food source by Native Americans of the Southwestern United States, including the Apache (Chiricahua and Mescalero), both fresh and preserved,<ref>http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Rhus+microphylla U.Michigan: Ethnobotany</ref> and the Navajo, who eat them both fresh and ground.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peattie |first=Donald Culross |authorlink=Donald C. Peattie |title=A Natural History of Western Trees |year=1953 |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York |page=470}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons}} {{commons category}} *[https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=18532 Jepson Manual treatment for ''Celtis reticulata''] *[http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5858&flora_id=1 Celtis reticulata Range Map] *[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RHMI3 Lady Bird Johnson database & gallery: Celtis reticulata] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Rhus+microphylla Univ. of Wash. Burke Museum: photo gallery] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Celtis+reticulata ''Celtis reticulata'' - CalPhotos gallery]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4215121}}

reticulata Category:Trees of Northern America Category:Flora of Arizona Category:Flora of California Category:Flora of New Mexico Category:Flora of the Cascade Range Category:Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert Category:Flora of the Rocky Mountains Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States) Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Category:Natural history of the Mojave Desert Category:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges Category:Plants described in 1824 Category:Taxa named by John Torrey Category:Bird food plants Category:Butterfly food plants Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Drought-tolerant trees Category:Ornamental trees Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status