{{Short description|Sound made by horses, hinnies, and other equines}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}} {{About|the sound made by horses|other uses}} thumb|A horse neighing A '''''neigh''''' ({{Audio|Mares-Prefer-the-Voices-of-Highly-Fertile-Stallions-pone.0118468.s004.oga|listen|help=no}}) is the sound made by horses, horse hybrids such as the hinny, and other equines, such as the zebra. It consists of a succession of jerky sounds, initially high-pitched and gradually lower. Produced on exhalation by the larynx and modulated, it enables the animal to express its emotions (such as fear or satisfaction) and to inform other animals through the sound produced. The main function of neighing is to alert other equines to its presence in the absence of visual communication. However, horses rarely neigh.
Buffon established a classification of neighs into five categories, according to the emotion expressed by the horse, which has been widely used in subsequent works. Today, we only speak of neighing when the horse is vocalizing, and of squeaking or whinnying in other cases.
In literary works, the horse neigh is often the means by which it makes itself known to its rider and communicates with them. In divination practices, examination of the sound produced and the horse's attitude has given rise to hippomancy. Horse neigh plays a particularly important role in Tibetan Buddhist beliefs.
== Etymology and terminology == In English and other Germanic languages, the Middle High German ''nēgen'' gave rise to the Old English ''hnǣgan'' and Middle English ''neyen'', then the modern English verb 'to neigh'. As in French, its use is attested before the 11th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neigh |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neigh |access-date=25 December 2012 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> In the Tibetan language, ''gsaṅs'' refers to voice in a general sense, and ''skad-gsaṅs'' to neigh, i.e., literally, "the horse's voice". Tibetan dictionaries distinguish between two types of neighing, the one that resounds and the other one that becomes faint.<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Blondeau|Pelliot|1972|p=75}}</ref> In English, a similar distinction exists between nickering, whinnying and neighing, which designate three types of neighing.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Becker|2010}}</ref> This terminological distinction does not exist in French.
In French, '<nowiki/>''hennissement'<nowiki/>'' is a masculine noun<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Hennissement |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/hennissement |access-date=8 January 2017 |website=Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Informations lexicographiques et étymologiques de hennissement |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/hennissement/0 |access-date=8 January 2017 |website=Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hennissement |url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/_hennissement/39571 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=Larousse}}</ref> that, according to the ''Trésor de la langue Française'' informatisé, was attested in the 13th century and it is in the ''Histoire de l'empereur Henri de Constantinopled'' by Henry of Valenciennes (a text dated around 1220<ref name=":8" />). '<nowiki/>''Hennissement''<nowiki/>' is derived from the verb '<nowiki/>''hennir'<nowiki/>'', attested in 1100 for human beings, and 30 years later for the "cry of a horse", in Philippe de Thaon's ''Bestiaire''. Moreover, '<nowiki/>''hennir'<nowiki/>'' is a borrowing<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Hennir |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/hennir |access-date=8 January 2017 |website=Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Informations lexicographiques et étymologiques de hennir |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/hennir/0 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales}}</ref> from the Latin '<nowiki/>''hinnire'<nowiki/>''<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hennir |url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/_hennir/39569 |access-date=8 January 2017 |website=Larousse}}</ref> which, as Quintilian notes in his ''Institutio Oratoria'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fögen |first=Thorsten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzdkWn-xRWkC |title=Regards croisés sur les mots non simples |publisher=ENS Éditions |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84788-136-3 |edition=1st |series=Langages |location=Lyon |pages=65–84 |language=fr |chapter=La formation des mots et l'enrichissement de la langue vu par quelques auteurs latins |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> is formed on an onomatopoeia of the "horse cry":<ref name=":9" /> the repetition of the vowel "i" evokes the sound of neighing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rossi |first=Mario |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIJ3c_9DZTsC |title=Dictionnaire étymologique et ethnologique des parlers brionnais : Bourgogne du sud |publisher=Éditions Publibook université (ÉPU) |year=2004 |isbn=2-7483-0533-7 |edition=1st |series=Cour / Lettres & Langues / Linguistique |volume=1 |pages=253 |language=fr |chapter=Hennir |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> Other Romance verbs, such as the Italian '<nowiki/>''nitrire'<nowiki/>'', derive from it. An influence from Frankish '<nowiki/>''kinni'<nowiki/>'', meaning jaw, is also possible. The hinny neighs like a horse, while the mule bray like a donkey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Homéric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJlDdCfM9cAC |title=Dictionnaire amoureux du cheval |publisher=Plon |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-259-21197-0 |edition=1st |location=Paris |pages=794 |language=fr |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> In French, ''<nowiki/>'hennissement'<nowiki/>'' and ''<nowiki/>'hennir''' are also used for the zebra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zèbre |url=http://dico-sciences-animales.cirad.fr/liste-mots.php?fiche=29362&def=zèbres+1 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=Dictionnaire des sciences animales |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cri de zèbre |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/sons/Cri_de_zèbre/1100871 |access-date=9 January 2017 |website=Larousse}}</ref>
== History ==
In Western Europe, Buffon's study of horses, in which he follows Cardan,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cardanus |first=Hieronymus |title=De Rerum varietate libri XVII |pages=7–32 |language=la}}</ref> describes five types of neighs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buffon |first=Georges-Louis |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97493f |title=Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière : avec la description du cabinet du roi |publisher=Imprimerie royale |edition=4th |location=Paris |pages=16–554 |language=fr}}</ref> This study has been an authority for centuries, and it is included in ''Encyclopédie, ou dicctionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et de métiers'', among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Diderot |first1=Denis |title=Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers |last2=Le Rond d'Alembert |first2=Jean |publisher=Chez Briasson |edition=3rd |pages=307 |language=fr}}</ref> According to him, these five horse neighs are used to express joy, desire, anger, fear, and pain, respectively.<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Cardini|1845|p=347}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Vallon|1863|p=108}}</ref> The five types of neighs are as follows:
* the neigh of joy, in which the voice is heard for quite a long time, rising and ending on higher notes. The horse kicks at the same time, but lightly, and does not try to strike; * the neigh of desire, love, and affection, in which the horse doesn't kick. It is heard for a long time, and the voice ends with lower, faster sounds; * the neigh of anger, during which the horse kicks and strikes dangerously, very short and high-pitched; * the neigh of fear, during which he also kicks, is hardly longer than that of anger. The voice is low, hoarse and seems to come entirely from the nostrils. This neigh is quite similar to the lion's roar; and * the neigh of pain, less a neigh than a whinny, which is low-pitched and follows breathing.
This classification, very popular and widely used, is no longer valid today.
According to some 19th-century encyclopedias, in some countries, particularly Hungary, it was customary to split the horse's nostrils to prevent neighing, particularly in times of war. This information is modified by the fact that neighing is modulated in the larynx.<ref name=":2" /> The splitting of a donkey's nostril to prevent braying is, however, well attested during the World War I.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bruneau |first=Roland |date=2005 |title=Les équidés dans la Grande Guerre |url=http://sfhmsv.free.fr/SFHMSV_files/Textes/Activites/Bulletin/Txts_Bull/B5/Bruneau.pdf |journal=Bulletin de la Société française d'histoire de la médecine vétérinaire |language=fr |pages=20–33}}</ref>
== Description == alt=Head in profile of a horse with half-open mouth|thumb|A horse neighing The neigh is a succession of jerky sounds, first high-pitched, then gradually lower, producing a sort of long "Hiiiihiiiihiii". Intensity and pitch can vary considerably. It can be so loud that it can be heard by the human ear from a distance of several kilometres (few miles), which means that horses, whose hearing is better developed, can hear it from an even greater distance.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Faron |first=Nathalie |title=Le Cheval |publisher=Jean-Paul Gisserot |year=2002 |isbn=2877471896 |pages=26 |language=fr}}</ref> When a horse neighs, it opens its mouth, and its jaw and nostrils move. Neighing is more frequent in the entire horse than in the mare and gelding, and the timbre of their voices is not as strong.<ref name=":3" /> From birth, the male has a louder voice than the female. By the age of two or two-and-a-half, when puberty sets in, the voice of all horses becomes louder.<ref name=":2" /> The horse's vocalizations have complex sounds, a wide bandwidth and varied frequencies, making them richer than those of most domestic animals.<ref name=":1" /> Although the name "neigh" is generally applied to the horse's call, the hinny, a hybrid of stallion and donkey, readily neighs like a horse, while the mule, a hybrid of donkey and mare, is more likely to bray.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Homéric |title=Dictionnaire amoureux du Cheval |publisher=Plon |year=2012 |isbn=978-2259218597}}</ref>
=== Mechanism === The horse neighs by inhaling to fill its lungs and then expelling the air that passes through its larynx. Neighing occurs in the larynx during exhalation, which is why horses with an open esophagus are unable to neigh, as the air no longer passes through it. The other parts of the respiratory system contribute to neighing in a secondary way. The lungs expel air into the larynx via the trachea. The pharynx and nasal cavities add power to the vocalization and modify it. The air expelled from the lungs pushes the lips away from the glottis, until the vocal cords return on themselves and momentarily close the respiratory tract, only to spread apart again, producing vibratory movements fast enough to give rise to sounds, much as happens when you blow into the reed of an oboe.<ref name=":3" /> The horse's throat, mouth and lips modify the nature of the sound emitted, while the power of the neigh is determined by the force with which air is expelled from the lungs.
=== Special features === The Haflinger breed, originally from the Tyrol in the Alps, is said by its breeders to have a wider range of neighs than other horses. This may be due to the fact that, in mountainous environments, horses have difficulty seeing each other and rely more on auditory communication.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hubrecht |first=Emmanuelle |title=Les plus beaux chevaux du monde |publisher=Éditions Atlas |year=2005 |isbn=9782723451406 |series=Atlas nature |pages=72 |language=fr}}</ref>
=== Function and emotions === [[File:Stallion meets Appalossa Mare.jpg|alt=Separated by a fence, a young girl holds a very calm spotted mare, while on the other side of the fence a bay stallion gets excited.|thumb|A stallion neighing with excitement at a mare]] Neighing is one of the horse's means of communication, but far from the most widely used. Not resorting to neighing is a precaution against possible predators of this large herbivore, who might spot potential prey by the sound. Horses mainly use body language. They only resort to neighing in very specific cases, notably when they can't see other horses to decipher their movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lengelé |first=Alain |title=L'équitation réfléchie : Pensez cheval |isbn=2960069617 |edition=1st |pages=128 |publisher=Alain Lengelé |language=fr}}</ref> The primary function of neighing is to allow the animal to call other horses it can't see.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deutsch |first=Julie |title=Le Comportement du cheval |publisher=Éditions Artémis |year=2006 |isbn=2844166407 |series=Les Équiguides |pages=19 |language=fr}}</ref>
Horses use neighing a lot during their infancy. When Przewalski's foals wake up, they neigh and receive a response from their mother, more rarely from another horse. They may try to locate the source of adult horses' neighing. The mare calls its foal by neighing if it wanders too far away, and the foal who is looking for its mother calls it in the same way: each probably recognizes the other's neigh very clearly.
Horse neighs are also a way for them to express their intentions, concerns and satisfactions,<ref name=":3" /> generally when these give rise to strong emotions, such as those experienced by two stallions fighting,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hennissements de cheval |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/sons/Hennissements_de_cheval/1100765 |access-date=25 December 2012 |website=Larousse}}</ref> or a stallion who senses and approaches a mare. There are differences depending on the sensations the animal feels and communicates.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Is That Horse Happy or Sad? His Whinny Will Tell |url=https://thehorse.com/112963/is-that-horse-happy-or-sad-his-whinny-will-tell/ |access-date=6 September 2015 |website=TheHorse.com|date=3 September 2015 }}</ref> Researchers have studied the emotions that horses communicate to other horses when they neigh: while the tone is constant, the harmonics are varied and increase in proportion to anxiety. Frequency plays a role in communication.<ref name=":1" />
==== Neigh of satisfaction ==== This neigh is rather low-pitched and soft. It's a sign of friendship, emitted mainly at mealtimes, and also by the mare to reassure its foal.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Elwyn |title=Les chevaux |publisher=De Borée |year=2006 |isbn=9782844944498 |pages=272 |language=fr}}</ref> According to English-speaking authors, this type of neighing is divided into two quite distinct types. Whinnying refers to the neigh of satisfaction, a form of recognition that expresses the horse's joy. Nickering is the mare's neigh to reassure its foal, but can also be emitted by horses in the presence of people they particularly like: the animal then expresses its satisfaction at being at the person's side. The first type of neigh is louder and higher-pitched than the second.<ref name=":1" />
==== Neigh of worry and for calling ==== [[File:Calling for Rocket.jpg|alt=Head of a chestnut mare, in its paddock, head turned away, neighing.|thumb|A mare neighing to call one of its fellow horses, a short distance away]] This neigh is much louder and higher-pitched, and can be heard from a great distance. It can be heard by a worried animal preparing to flee, or by a horse separated from its companions, looking for signs of other horses in the vicinity. The animal is waiting for a response that will provide the information it is seeking.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> This cry is easily recognizable, deafening a person standing next to the horse at the same time.<ref name=":1" /> The animal emitting it generally adopts a very specific position, raising its head to clear its throat, which increases the power of the sound produced. Brood mares often neigh to call their foals close to them when they stray too far.
==== Other sounds ==== Other sounds produced by the horse are not neighs, but squeaks of mirth or pain, or whinnies of suffering.<ref name=":5" /> The loudest squeak is also a threat: it indicates that the horse is about to express its anger physically, for example during a group feeding or when a mare pushes a stallion away.<ref name=":4" />
== In culture ==
As with all animals in human contact, the horse neigh can take on a variety of symbolic meanings. It plays a role in hippomancy, myths, tales, legends and popular texts. According to dream interpretations, neighing heralds news of a friend or a happy event to be celebrated among friends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hennissement |url=https://www.dictionnaire-reve.com/interpretation-reve/H/2557/reve-de-hennissement.html |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> In the visual arts, the rendering of a horse's neighing is particularly elaborate in Picasso's ''Guernica'', in which the horse neigh is intended to convey the pain of an entire people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oriol |first=Antonio |title=Guernica |publisher=Société française du livre |year=1979 |pages=28–29 |language=fr}}</ref> Films, especially westerns, frequently add recorded neighs to scenes with horses, which can give the false impression that the animal makes extensive use of this mode of communication.
=== Music === A frequent theme in modern Greek folk songs is that of the woman who hears a horse neigh and recognizes the cry of her husband's mount, but not the man she has just spent the night with, whom she believes to be her lover. The neighing acts as a catalyst, preceding the punishment of the adulterous wife. In other songs, the neighing may be a decoy, a love code, an instrument of recognition to identify the horse rider, or a tribute from the equine to its departed master. All these meanings testify to the deep relationship between man and horse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karagiannis-Moser |first=Emmanuelle |title=Le Bestiaire de La Chanson Populaire Grecque Moderne |publisher=Presses Paris Sorbonne |year=1997 |isbn=2840500906 |location=Paris |pages=60–62 |language=fr |chapter=Le hennissement du cheval}}</ref>
=== Literature === {{Quote frame|[...] as we trudged along, I thought I heard a horse neighing from a group of black fir trees. Is that the wind blowing through those branches? No, it isn't! Here comes a troop of cavalry from the forest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lord Byron |title=Œuvres complètes |publisher=Charpentier |year=1838 |edition=3rd |pages=309 |language=fr}}</ref>|Lord Byron|Mazeppa|align=left}}
In the ''Roman d'Alexandre'', the fifteen-year-old future king passes the place where the terrible Bucephalus is confined one day and hears a loud neigh. When he asks which animal it belongs to, one of his father's men replies that Bucephalus is locked up there because it feeds on human flesh, making it very dangerous. When he hears Alexander's voice, Bucéphale lets out another neigh, this time very soft, and leans towards the young man he recognizes as his master.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Polet |first=Jean-Claude |title=Patrimoine littéraire européen : Le Moyen Âge, de l'Oural à l'Atlantique. Littératures d'Europe orientale |publisher=De Boeck Université |year=1993 |isbn=9782804115906 |edition=4th |pages=47–48 |language=fr}}</ref>
One of the impressives of the Japanese language is that of a group of horses neighing to greet the departure or arrival of a person they recognize.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tsuji |first=Sanae |title=Les impressifs japonais : Analyse des gitaigo et inventaire des impressifs japonais |publisher=Presses Universitaires Lyon |year=2003 |isbn=2729707387 |location=Lyon |pages=322 |language=fr}}</ref> In Ronsard's poem ''L'Ombre du cheval'', the neighing gives a form of reality to an imaginary painting horse seen in a dream: the neighing awakens its master, becoming a clue to the animal's possible reality.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Pouey-Mounou |first=Anne-Pascale |title=L'imaginaire cosmologique de Ronsard |publisher=Travaux d'humanisme et Renaissance, Librairie Droz |year=2002 |isbn=2600006184 |edition=357th |pages=579 |language=fr}}</ref> ''Le vent du Nord set come le hennissement d'un Cheval noir'' is a 40-page story from the manga series Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae (1966-1972) by Shōtarō Ishinomori.
=== Beliefs, legends and divination === Neighing can be an indicator in hippomancy, divination using horses. As with coat characteristics and white markings, various popular beliefs attribute qualities to the horse's neighing. According to French belief in the mid-nineteenth century, horses that neigh most often, especially with joy and desire, are the best and most generous.<ref name=":2" />
==== Buddhism and Hinduism ==== [[File:Tibet, Hayagriva, guardiano della dottrina dharmapala, e la sua consorte, 1490-1510 ca..JPG|thumb|Hayagriva, deity surmounted by the head of a neighing horse]] The horse neigh is a symbol of the wrathful Buddhist deity Hayagriva, whose head is surmounted by one to three green-necked neighing horses. This frightens Māra, Gautama buddha's tempting demon (as well as his avatars), and restores his faith in attaining enlightenment. Ash-Vagosha, whose name means "horse neigh", was a renowned Indian Buddhist of the 1st century, who wrote a biography of the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beér |first=Robert |title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols |publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc. |year=2003 |isbn=1932476032 |pages=67}}</ref> In Hinduism, thunder is created when Indra's chariot passes by, by the neighing of his horses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cotton |first=Gérard |date=1931 |title=Orientalia |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1931_num_10_3_6798 |journal=Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire |language=fr |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=582|doi=10.3406/rbph.1931.6798 }}</ref>
==== Tibet ==== Various beliefs relating to neighs are particularly well documented in Tibet. According to the Tibetan hippologists who wrote the Touen-houang manuscripts (800-1035), a horse neigh sound comes from the wind, the force of life, from the base of its navel to its mouth. Depending on the sound and position of the horse when it neighs, it can be a good or bad omen for its master. Neighs that imitate the sound of a conch shell, large drum, lion, tiger, chariot roll, flute, bull, thunder or river; are signs of good fortune, especially if the animal lowers its head or turns it to the left when neighing.<ref name=":0" /> Similarly, a horse that neighs a lot when accompanying others, or makes others neigh, is a good sign. Conversely, if a horse neighs a lot while looking around, or if its cry resembles a donkey's bray, then it's a bad omen.<ref name=":7">{{Harvtxt|Blondeau|Pelliot|1972|p=76}}</ref> A bad horse is one that imitates the cry of a camel, vulture, cat, jackal, dog, crow, monkey or owl.<ref name=":0" /> A horse that neighs when looking to the right or when touched, and is ridden by a king, promises its rider to rule the whole Earth.<ref name=":7" /> A sick horse, on the other hand, will soon die if it neighs while looking and breathing sideways.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Blondeau|Pelliot|1972|p=104}}</ref> Finally, Tibetan hippologists recommend not to draw omens from very young, very old, sick, hungry or thirsty horses,<ref name=":7" /> but to pay close attention to neighing in all other cases.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Blondeau|Pelliot|1972|p=154}}</ref>
==== Hippomancy in the West ====
Divination by means of neighing is also practiced in the West, but is less well documented. In his ''Dictionnaire Infernal'', Collin de Plancy speaks of Celtic hippomancy, thanks to the neighing and movement of white horses fed and kept in consecrated forests, considered to be the guardians of divine secrets.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Plancy |first=Collin |title=Dictionnaire infernal |publisher=Édition Slatkine |year=1993 |pages=336 |language=fr}}</ref> In his ''Morales sur le livre de Job'', Pope Gregory I describes the horse as a true preacher, and its neigh as the voice of preaching.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grégorie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4ebBdSxFlIC&pg=PA408 |title=Les Morales de S. Grégoire Pape, sur le livre de Job… Traduites en François (par le duc de Luynes) |last2=Luynes | date=1692 |publisher=Chez Hilaire Baritel |pages=408 |language=fr}}</ref> The myth of Balius and Xanthus, the horses of Achilles, one of which speaks and predicts the death of its master, provides some evidence of hippomancy through neighing.<ref name=":6" />
==== Darius' horse ==== According to a legend recounted by Herodotus, the neighing of a horse plays a major role in the choice of government in ancient Persia. As seven conspirators were unable to agree on the preferable form of government, it was decided that they would all ride to the same place the next morning before sunrise, and that whoever's horse was first to neigh in greeting to the sun would be made King of the Persians. Darius' squire learns of this, and cheats by leading his master's stallion to a mare placed where he will be the next morning. When Darius' horse arrives before sunrise, the smell and memory of the previous day's mare cause him to neigh with joy, and the kingdom falls to his master. The six other conspirators dismount and proclaim Darius I king of the Persians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hérodote |title=Histoires |edition=3rd |pages=80–83 |language=fr}}</ref> In reality, Darius was probably chosen by consensus among the conspirators, but this legend illustrates the importance of the horse's neigh in defining the future king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Daniel |title=Civilisations disparues : l'empire perse |year=2010 |language=fr}}</ref>
== See also ==
== References == {{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Cardini |first=Joseph |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsI9AAAAcAAJ&dq=Hennissement&pg=PA347 |title=Dictionnaire d'hippiatrique et d'équitation |publisher=Bouchard-Huzard |year=1845 |language=fr |chapter=Hennissement}} * {{Cite book |last=Vallon |first=Alexandre-Bernard |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiRCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA108 |title=Cours d'hippologie à l'usage de MM. les officiers de l'armée |publisher=Javaud |year=1863 |language=fr |chapter=Voix}} * {{Cite book |last1=Blondeau |first1=Anne Marie |title=Matériaux pour l'étude de l'hippologie et de l'hippiatrie tibétaines : à partir des manuscrits de Touen-houang |last2=Pelliot |first2=Paul |publisher=Centre de recherche d'histoire et de philologie de la Section de l'École pratique des hautes études, Librairie Droz |year=1972 |isbn=2600033025 |language=fr |chapter=Examen du hennissement}} * {{Cite book |last=Becker |first=Marty |title=Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up? |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2010 |isbn=978-1409131359 |language=fr |chapter=What's the difference between nickering, whinnying and neighing?}}
Category:Onomatopoeia Category:Animal sounds