Rubus arcticus

{{Short description|Berry and plant}} {{about||the Swedish cultural grant|Rubus Arcticus (grant)}} {{distinguish|text=the 'Nectar' cultivar of Boysenberry, sometimes called nectarberry}} {{Speciesbox |image = Rubus arcticus.jpg |image_caption = From "Bilder ur Nordens Flora" (1917–1926) |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Maiz-Tome, L. |title=''Rubus arcticus'' |article-number=e.T64323866A67730712 |year=2016 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> |taxon = Rubus arcticus |authority = L. 1753 |synonyms_ref = <ref name="ThePlantList">{{ThePlantList |id=rjp-827 |taxon=Rubus arcticus |authority=L.}}</ref> |synonyms = * ''Cylastis arcticus'' (L.) Raf. ex B.D.Jacks. * ''Rubus arcticus'' subsp. ''humilis'' (Gladkova) Krassovsk. * ''Rubus arcticus'' var. ''humilis'' Gladkova * ''Rubus arcticus'' var. ''pentaphylloides'' Hult. * ''Manteia acaulis'' (Michx.) Raf. * ''Rubus acaulis'' Michx. * ''Manteia stellata'' (Sm.) Raf. * ''Rubus arcticus'' var. ''stellatus'' (Sm.) B.Boivin * ''Rubus stellatus'' Sm. |subdivision_ranks = Subspecies |subdivision_ref = <ref name="FNA">{{eFloras|1|242345353|Rubus arcticus |family=Rosaceae |first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Alice |first2=Douglas H. |last2=Goldman |first3=James A. |last3=Macklin |first4=Gerry |last4=Moore}}</ref> |subdivision = * ''R. arcticus'' subsp. ''arcticus'' * ''R. arcticus'' subsp. ''acaulis'' * ''R. arcticus'' subsp. ''stellatus'' }}

'''''Rubus arcticus''''', the '''Arctic bramble'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> or '''Arctic raspberry''',<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=Sangtae |editor2-last=Chang |editor2-first=Kae Sun |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |year=2015 |publisher=Korea National Arboretum |location=Pocheon |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |page=611 |url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |access-date=7 March 2019 |via=Korea Forest Service}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS|id=RUAR|taxon=Rubus arcticus|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> '''Nagoonberry''',<ref name=Alaska>{{cite news | last =Mount | first =Emily | title =Nagoonberry: the superstar of Alaska's wild berries | newspaper =Alaska | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =August 23, 2020 | url = https://alaskamagazine.com/authentic-alaska/food-drink/nagoonberry-the-superstar-of-alaskas-wild-berries/ | access-date =June 30, 2024}}</ref> or '''nectarberry'''<ref>{{citation |author=Kokko, Harri & Kärenlampi, Sirpa |year=1998 |title=Transformation of arctic bramble (''Rubus arcticus'' L.) by ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' |journal=Plant Cell Reports |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=822–826 |doi= 10.1007/s002990050491|pmid=30736600 |bibcode=1998PCelR..17..822K }}</ref><ref name=Hiirsalmi/> is a species of slow-growing bramble belonging to the rose family, found in Arctic and alpine regions in the Northern Hemisphere. It has been used to create hybrid cultivated raspberries, the so-called '''nectar raspberries'''.<ref name=Hiirsalmi>{{citation |journal=Annales Agriculturae Fenniae |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=168–174 |year=1976 |author=H. Hiirsalmi, and J. Säkö |title=The nectar raspberry hybrid ''Rubus idaeus'' x ''Rubus arcticus'' a new cultivated plant |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1976.60.20}}</ref>

== Description == ''Rubus arcticus'' grows most often in acidic soils rich in organic matter. It is a thornless perennial up to {{Convert|30|cm|abbr=off}} tall, woody at the base, but very thin higher above the ground. Flowers are in groups of 1–3, the petals pink, red, or magenta. The fruit is deep red or dark purple, consisting of 10 to 30 drupelets.<ref name="FNA" /><ref>{{eFloras|2|242345353|Rubus arcticus |family=Rosaceae |last1=Lu |first1=Lingdi |first2=David E. |last2=Boufford}}</ref> thumb|Ripe Arctic raspberry

== Distribution and habitat == It grows in Alaska,<ref name=Alaska/> northern Scandinavia and Finland, Russia, Poland, Belarus, Mongolia, northeastern China, North Korea, Estonia, Lithuania, Canada, and the northern United States as far south as Oregon, Colorado, Michigan, and Maine.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Rubus arcticus L. - Åkerbär |url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/rosa/rubus/rubuarc.html |work=Den Virtuella Floran |publisher=Naturhistoriska riksmuseet |language=Swedish |postscript=: description, ecological information, photos.}}</ref><ref>{{BONAP|genus=Rubus|species=arcticus|state=1|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Rubus arcticus'': Nagoon Berry |url=http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/0.Site.Folder/Species.Program/Species.php?species_id=Rubus.arctic |website=Central Yukon Species Inventory Project (CYSIP) |publisher=Friends of Dempster Country |postscript=; includes photos, description, line drawing, global distribution map.}}</ref> It was historically present in Scotland, last seen in 1850.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.pbf | title=PlantAtlas }}</ref>

== Uses == The fruits of the Arctic raspberry are considered a delicacy and, among other uses, make jam and liqueur, or flavour tea. Carl von Linné considered the Arctic raspberry – {{Lang|sv|åkerbär}} in Swedish<ref name=":0" /> – a great delicacy in his ''Flora Lapponica'' (1737). The fruit is used in the ''Mesimarja'' liqueur, produced since 1882 by the Finnish company Lignell & Piispanen. The liqueur was awarded a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lignell & Piispanen ja A. J. Kotilainen |url=https://pohjois-savonmuisti.fi/historia/elinkeinot/lignell-piispanen-ja-a-j-kotilainen/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=PULKKA – Pohjois-Savon muisti |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-25 |title=Mesimarjat ja kuusenkerkät – Lignell & Piispanen valmistaa juomia metsästä lasiin |url=https://www.biotalous.fi/mesimarjat-ja-kuusenkerkat-lignell-piispanen-valmistaa-juomia-metsasta-lasiin/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Biotalous |language=fi}}</ref>

In the Pacific Northwest of western Canada and the northwestern US, it is sometimes called the ''nagoon'' or ''nagoonberry'', a name derived from the Tlingit {{Lang|tli|neigóon}}.<ref name=Alaska/> A measure of the quality of its fruit is expressed in its Russian name {{Lang|ru|княженика}} {{Lang|ru-latn|knyazhenika}}, signifying the "berry of princes".{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

==Culture== Arctic raspberry is the provincial plant of the Norrbotten province of northern Sweden.<ref>{{PFAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Berry Crops|url=http://www.agronomy.uhi.ac.uk/html/plants/berries.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818171933/http://www.agronomy.uhi.ac.uk:80/html/plants/berries.htm|archive-date=2006-08-18|publisher=University of the Highlands and Islands|place=Inverness, Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karp|first1=K.|last2=Starast|first2=M.|last3=Värnik|first3=R.|year=1997|title=The arctic bramble (''Rubus arcticus'' L.) – the most profitable wild berry in Estonia|url=http://www.balticforestry.mi.lt/bf/PDF_Articles/97-3%5B2%5D/The%2520Arctic%2520bramble-the%2520most%2520profitable%2520wild%2520berry%2520in%2520Estonia.pdf|journal=Baltic Forestry|volume=2|pages=47–52|postscript=; in English with summary in Russian.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804085523/http://www.balticforestry.mi.lt/bf/PDF_Articles/97-3[2]/The%20Arctic%20bramble-the%20most%20profitable%20wild%20berry%20in%20Estonia.pdf|archive-date=2019-08-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also == * ''Rubus chamaemorus'' – Cloudberry

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == * {{Commons category-inline|Rubus arcticus}} * [http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100377911 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Finland] * {{PFAF|Rubus arcticus}} * {{PFAF|Rubus acaulis}} * {{PFAF|Rubus stellatus}}

arcticus Category:Flora of the Arctic Category:Flora of temperate Asia Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of Northern America Category:Berries Category:Flora of the Holarctic realm Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus