Native Indonesians

{{Short description|Term describing indigenous peoples of Indonesia}} {{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}{{Use American English|date = February 2019}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ''Pribumi Indonesia'' | image = Carnaval baju daerah.jpg | caption = Indonesians wearing their indigenous costume during cultural carnaval | total = '''More than 300 million''' Including Indonesian ancestry {{circa|270 million}} Indonesia 2020 census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf|page=9|publisher=Statistics Indonesia|title=Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020|language=id|date=15 December 2022|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> {{circa|210 million}} Worldwide; 2006 estimate<ref name="Pribumi">{{cite encyclopedia|title = Pribumi|encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Modern Asia|publisher = Macmillan Reference USA|url = http://www.bookrags.com/research/pribumi-ema-05/|access-date = 2006-10-05|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070711073550/http://www.bookrags.com/research/pribumi-ema-05/|archive-date = 11 July 2007}}</ref> | popplace = {{flagcountry|Indonesia}} '''{{circa}} 270 million'''<ref name="Pribumi"/> {{hlist |Malaysia (Indonesian Malaysians)|Netherlands (Indo people)|Saudi Arabia (Indonesian Saudis)|Singapore (Indonesian Singaporeans)|South Africa (Cape Malays)|Taiwan|Hongkong|United States|United Arab Emirates|Suriname (Javanese)|Australia||Brunei|Japan|Philippines|South Korea|Sri Lanka (Sri Lankan Malays)|China|Qatar|Bahrain|Germany|Canada|etc.}} | languages = '''National language''' Indonesian '''Regional language''' Javanese, Sundanese, Malay, Madurese, Minangkabau, Betawi, Banjarese, Batak, Balinese, Buginese, etc. | religions = '''Majority''' Islam 80% (Sunni 99%, minority Shia, Ahmadiyya and Non-denominational 1%) '''Minorities''' Christianity 10.49% (Protestantism 7.41%, minority Catholicism 3.06%) Hinduism 1.68% Buddhism 0.71% Animism, Shamanism, Sunda Wiwitan, Kaharingan, Parmalim, Kejawen, Aluk To Dolo, Others 0.05%.<ref name="ArcGIS Web Application">{{cite web | url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ | title=ArcGIS Web Application | access-date=August 16, 2024 | archive-date=July 5, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> | related = Filipinos, Indonesians | footnotes = }} '''Native Indonesians''', also known as '''''Pribumi''''' ({{lit|first on the soil}}), are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the Indonesian archipelago and who belong to various ethnic groups, with the majority tracing their origins to Austronesian and Melanesian lineages. In contrast to ''pribumi'' are Indonesians with known foreign ancestry, such as Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, Japanese Indonesians, and Indo-Europeans (Eurasians).

== Etymology and historical context == The term {{lang|id|pribumi}} was popularized after Indonesian independence as a respectful replacement for the Dutch colonial term {{lang|nl|inlander}} (normally translated as "native" and seen as derogatory).<ref>William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, ''Indonesia: A Country Study'' (Washington: Library of Congress, 6th ed., 2011), p. 409.</ref> It derives from Sanskrit terms ''pri'' (before) and ''bhumi'' (earth, land, or soil).

Following independence, the term was normally used to distinguish indigenous Indonesians from citizens of foreign descent (especially Chinese Indonesians). Common usage distinguished between ''pribumi'' and ''non-pribumi''.<ref>Kwik Kian Gie, in Leo Suryadinata, ''Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese, 1900-1995: A Sourcebook'' (Singapore University Press, 2nd ed., 1977), p.135.</ref> Although the term is sometimes translated as "indigenous", it has a broader meaning than that associated with Indigenous peoples.

The term {{lang|id|WNI keturunan asing}} (with ''WNI'' meaning "Indonesian citizen" and ''keturunan asing'' meaning "foreign descent"), sometimes just ''WNI keturunan'' or even ''WNI'', has also been used to designate ''non-pribumi'' Indonesians.<ref>James T. Siegel, "Early Thoughts on the Violence of May 13 and 14, 1998 in Jakarta", ''Indonesia'' 66 (Oct. 1998), p. 90 (pp. 74–108).</ref>

In practice, the usage of the term is fluid. ''Pribumi'' is seldom used to refer to Indonesians of Melanesian descent, such as Moluccans and Papuans, although it does not exclude them. Indonesians of Arab descent sometimes refer to themselves as ''pribumi''. Indonesians with some exogenous ancestry who show no obvious signs of identification with that ancestry (such as former President Abdurrahman Wahid who is said to have had Chinese ancestry) are seldom called ''non-pribumi''.

The term ''putra daerah'' ("son of the region") refers to a person who is indigenous to a specific locality or region.

In 1998, the Indonesian government of President B. J. Habibie instructed that neither ''pribumi'' nor ''non-pribumi'' should be used within the government because they promoted ethnic discrimination.<ref>{{cite book|last= Purdey|first= Jemma|title= Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999|year= 2006|publisher=Singapore University Press|location= Singapore|isbn=9971-69-332-1|page= 179}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.hukumonline.com/klinik/detail/lt59e581d832a82/dasar-hukum-yang-melarang-penggunaan-istilah-%E2%80%9Cpribumi%E2%80%9D|title= Dasar Hukum yang Melarang Penggunaan Istilah "Pribumi"|trans-title= Law that based ban of "Pribumi" term|last= Hasanah|first= Sovia|date= 2017-10-17|website= hukumonline.com|access-date= 2018-06-11}}</ref>

The Dutch East India Company, which dominated parts of the archipelago from the 17th century, classified its subjects mainly by religion, rather than ethnicity. The colonial administration which took power in 1815 shifted to a system of ethnic classification. Initially, they distinguished between Europeans (''Europeanen'') and those equated with them (including native Christians) and ''Inlanders'' and those equated with them (including non-Christian Asians).

Over time, natives were gradually shifted de facto into the ''Inlander'' category, while Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, and others of non-Indonesian descent were gradually given separate status as ''Vreemde Oosterlingen'' ("Foreign Orientals"). The system was patriarchal, rather than formally racial. A child inherited his/her father's ethnicity if the parents were married; and the mother's ethnicity if they were unmarried. The offspring of a marriage between a European man and an Indonesian woman were legally European.

Today, the Indonesian dictionary defines ''pribumi'' as ''penghuni asli'' which translates into "original, native, or indigenous inhabitant".<ref>{{cite web|title=Pribumi|work=KBBI|language=id|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/pribumi}}</ref>

== Background == thumb|300px|Indonesian children wearing traditional clothes from various regions in Indonesia Pribumi make up about 95% of the Indonesian population.<ref name="Pribumi"/> Using Indonesia's population estimate in 2006, this translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among various ethnic groups in Indonesia, Pribumi culture plays a significant role in shaping the country's socioeconomic circumstances.

The United States Library of Congress Country Study of Indonesia defines ''Pribumi'' as follows:<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indonesia: a country study |date=1993 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O |isbn=978-0-8444-0790-6 |editor-last=Frederick |editor-first=William H. |edition=6th |series=Area handbook series |location=Washington, D.C |pages=409 |editor-last2=Worden |editor-first2=Robert L. |editor-last3=Library of Congress}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Literally, an indigene, or native. In the colonial era, the great majority of the population of the archipelago came to regard themselves as indigenous, in contrast to the non-indigenous Dutch and Chinese (and, to a degree, Arab) communities. After independence the distinction persisted, expressed as a dichotomy between elements that were ''pribumi'' and those that were not. The distinction has had significant implications for economic development policy||}}

There are over 600 ethnic groups in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/news/2015/11/18/127/mengulik-data-suku-di-indonesia.html|title=Mengulik Data Suku di Indonesia|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|access-date=12 February 2020|date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese people who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|title =Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape|year =2003}}</ref> The Sundanese, Malay, Batak, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and the province of Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to the Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in North Maluku, Timor, Alor, and West Papua, speak Papuan languages.

The division and classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia are not rigid and in some cases are unclear as the result of migrations, along with cultural and linguistic influences; for example, some{{who|date=June 2012}} may agree that the Bantenese and Cirebonese belong to different ethnic groups with their distinct dialect, however others{{who|date=June 2012}} might consider them to be Javanese sub-ethnicities, as members of the larger Javanese people. The same considerations may apply to the Baduy people who share so many similarities with the Sundanese people that they can be considered as belonging to the same ethnic group. The clearest example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, the result of a mixture of different native ethnicities that have merged with people of Arab, Chinese, and Indian origins since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta), as well as the population of Larantuka known as ''Topasses'' who were of mixed descent from the Malaccan Malays, the Lamaholot, and Portuguese.

thumb|500px|center|Several major ethnolinguistic groups of Indonesia

The proportional populations of '''Native Indonesians''' according to the 2010 census is as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right; margin-right:60px" |- !align=center |Ethnic groups ! Population (million) ! Percentage ! class="unsortable" | Main regions |- | align=left | Javanese || 95.217<ref name="KangAtepAfia">{{cite web | title = Sebaran Suku Jawa Di Indonesia | publisher = www.kangatepafia.com | url = http://www.kangatepafia.com/2015/05/sebaran-suku-jawa-di-indonesia.html | date = 18 May 2015 | access-date = 19 April 2016}}</ref> || 40.2<ref name="KangAtepAfia"/> || align=left | Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Lampung, Jakarta<ref name="KangAtepAfia"/> |- | align=left | Sundanese || 31.765 || 15.4 || align=left | West Java, Banten, Jakarta |- | align=left | Malay || 8.789 || 4.1 || align=left | Sumatra eastern coast, West Kalimantan |- | align=left | Batak || 8.467|| 3.58 || align=left | North Sumatra |- | align=left | Madurese || 7 .179|| 3.03 || align=left | Madura island, East Java |- | align=left | Bugis || 6.000 || 2.9 || align=left | South Sulawesi, East Kalimantan |- | align=left | Minangkabau || 5.569 || 2.7 || align=left | West Sumatra, Riau |- | align=left | Betawi || 5.157 || 2.5 || align=left | Jakarta, Banten, West Java |- | align=left | Banjarese || 4.800 || 2.3 || align=left | South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan |- | align=left | Bantenese || 4.331 || 2.1 || align=left | Banten, West Java |- | align=left | Acehnese || 4.000 || 1.9 || align=left | Aceh |- | align=left | Balinese || 3.094 || 1.5 || align=left | Bali |- | align=left | Dayak || 3.009 || 1.5 || align=left | North Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan |- | align=left | Sasak || 3.000 || 1.4 || align=left | West Nusa Tenggara |- | align=left | Makassarese || 2.063 || 1.0 || align=left | South Sulawesi |- | align=left | Cirebonese || 1.856 || 0.9 || align=left | West Java, Central Java |}

== Smaller groups == {{multiple image|align= center|perrow = 12|total_width=1000 | image1 = Kostum Tradisional Aceh.jpg | width1 = 840 | height1 = 994 | image2 = Bajuadatbatakangkolatapsel.jpg | width2 = 780 | height2 = 994 | image3 = Minangkabau wedding.jpg | width3 = 723 | height3 = 980 | image4 = Pengantin Adat Palembang Modifikasi.jpg | width4 = 740 | height4 = 1120 | image5 = Wedding in action.JPG | width5 = 723 | height5 = 1040 | image6 = Traditional Javanese marriage costume.jpg | width6 = 723 | height6 = 1040 | image7 = Pengantin bugis - panoramio.jpg | width7 = 750 | height7 = 1094 | image8 = Pakaian Adat Dayak Ikn.jpg | width8 = 960 | height8 = 1224 | image9 = Pakaian adat suku Tolaki png.jpg | width9 = 1000 | height9 = 1200 | image10 = Kostum tradisional lampung.jpg | width10 = 840 | height10 = 954 | image11 = Pakaian Adat Pengantin Ambon.jpg | width11 = 794 | height11 = 1000 | image12 = A married couple.jpg |width12 = |height12 = | footer = Ethnic groups in Indonesia. From left to right: ''Acehnese'', ''Batak'', ''Minangkabau'', ''Palembangese'', ''Sundanese'', ''Javanese'', ''Buginese'', ''Dayaknese'', ''{{ill|Tolaki|id|Suku Tolaki}}'', ''Lampungese'', ''Ambonese'', and ''Kayu Pulau'' }}

The regions of Indonesia have some of their ''indigenous'' ethnic groups. Due to migration within Indonesia (as part of government transmigration programs or otherwise), there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions.

* '''Java''': Javanese (Tenggerese, Osing, Banyumasan, etc.), Sundanese (Badui), Bantenese, Cirebonese, Betawi, Madurese (Bawean) * '''Madura''': Madurese (Kangean) * '''Sumatra''': Acehnese, Gayonese, Alas, Batak, Malay, Minangkabau, Rejang, Palembang, Lampung, Nias, Mentawai, Enggano, Kubu, Musi, Ogan, Komering, Rawas, Bangka, Belitung, and others * '''Kalimantan''': Dayak, Banjarese, Malays, Kutai, Pasir, and others * '''Sulawesi''': Makassarese, Buginese, Mandarese, Minahasan, Torajan, Gorontaloan, Bajau, Buton, Tolaki, Kaili, Pamona, Banggai, Saluan, Buol, Tomini, Mongondow, Sangihe, and others * '''Lesser Sunda Islands''': Balinese, Sasak, Sumbawa, Bimanese, Manggarai, Ngada, Li'o, Lamaholot, Dawan, Tetun, Helong, Roti, Savu, Sikka, Sumba, Alor, Bali Aga, and others * '''Moluccas''': Ambonese, Alune, Buru, Kei, Manusela, Tanimbar, Saparua, Wemale, Aru, Kisar, Babar, Tobelo, Galela, Ternate, Tidore, Makian, Sula, and others * '''Papua''': Asmat, Amungme, Bauzi, Dani, Sawi, Yaur, Biak, Sentani, Mimika, Yali, Arfak, Dauwa, Mek, Moni, Yapen, Ngalum, Waropen, Maybrat, Mbaham-Matta, Moi, and others (see List of ethnic groups of West Papua, Southwest Papua)

===Non-Pribumi Indonesians=== * African Indonesians * Arab Indonesians * Chinese Indonesians * Dutch Indonesians * Filipino Indonesians * Indian Indonesians * Jewish Indonesians * Pakistani Indonesians * Japanese Indonesians

== Notes == {{reflist}}

== Further reading == * {{Cite book |author=Center for Information and Development Studies |year=1998 |title=Pribumi dan Non-Pribumi dalam Perspektif Pemerataan Ekonomi dan Integrasi Sosial |trans-title=Pribumi and Non-Pribumi in the Perspective of Economic Redistribution and Social Integration |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |publisher=Center for Information and Development Studies }} * {{Cite book |last=Suryadinata |first=Leo |year=1992 |title=Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority, and China |location=Singapore |publisher=Heinemann Asia }}

Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia