National memory

alt=Atomic bombing memorial in Hiroshima. The remains a building with the skeletal structure of a dome at the top sits among modern Japanese buildings and green space.|thumb|The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States military at the end of WWII has shaped Japanese national memory throughout the 20th and 21st Centuries. {{short description|Form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture}} '''National memory''' is a form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture. It is an integral part to national identity.

It represents one specific form of cultural memory, which makes an essential contribution to national group cohesion. Historically national communities have drawn upon commemorative ceremonies and monuments, myths and rituals, glorified individuals, objects, and events in their own history to produce a common narrative.<ref>{{cite web|title=Memory, History, and Colonialism|url=https://www.ghil.ac.uk/fileadmin/redaktion/dokumente/bulletin/GHIL%20Bulletin%20Supplement%201%20(2009).pdf|publisher=German Historical Institute London|accessdate=3 March 2017|date=2009|archive-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304045904/https://www.ghil.ac.uk/fileadmin/redaktion/dokumente/bulletin/GHIL%20Bulletin%20Supplement%201%20(2009).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to Lorraine Ryan, national memory is based on the public's reception of national historic narratives and the ability of people to affirm the legitimacy of these narratives. alt=A large pickup truck has three clearly visible flags mounted onto it. The modern US flag, the Confederate Battle flag, and a Confederate National flag. |thumb|Conflicting versions of national memory can be seen in this image, as the modern United States flag is flown alongside a Confederate National flag and a Confederate Battle flag. These flags represent the legacy of two armies that were historically in direct conflict with one another during the American Civil War. Despite two of these flags representing an enemy of the United States, they are all flown together with the intention of communicating the owner's modern patriotism.

== Conflicting versions, dynamicity, manipulation and subjectivity == National memory typically consists of a shared interpretation of a nation's past.<ref name=prague>{{cite book|last1=Paces|first1=Cynthia|title=Prague Panoramas: National Memory and Sacred Space in the Twentieth Century|date=September 2009|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre|isbn=9780822977674|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZztTm-zrjIYC|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Such interpretations can vary and sometimes compete.<ref name=prague/> They can be challenged and augmented by a range of interest groups, fighting to have their histories acknowledged, documented and commemorated and reshape national stories.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Weedon|first1=Chris|last2=Jordan|first2=Glenn|title=Collective memory: theory and politics|journal=Social Semiotics|date=April 2012|volume=22|issue=2|pages=143–153|doi=10.1080/10350330.2012.664969|s2cid=144517857}}</ref> Often national memory is adjusted to offer a politicized vision of the past to make a political position appear consistent with national identity.<ref name="civil">{{cite book|last1=Graber|first1=Samuel J.|title=Twice-divided Nation: The Civil War and National Memory in the Transatlantic World|isbn=9781109024135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7oq4-MZcr4C|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, it profoundly affects how historical facts are perceived and recorded and may circumvent or appropriate facts.<ref name="civil"/> A repertoire of discursive strategies functions to emotionalize national narrative and nationalize personal pasts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Geoffrey M.|title=Emotional Remembering: The Pragmatics of National Memory|journal=Ethos|date=December 1999|volume=27|issue=4|pages=505–529|doi=10.1525/eth.1999.27.4.505|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229796645|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref>

National memory has been used calculatedly by governments for dynastic, political, religious and cultural purposes since as early as the sixteenth century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gillis|first1=John R.|title=Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity|year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691029253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAB4sd2nFyMC|language=en}}</ref>

Marketing of memory by the culture industry and its instrumentalization for political purposes can both be seen as serious threats to the objective understanding of a nation's past.<ref name=ww2.0/>

Lorraine Ryan notes that individual memory both shapes and is shaped by national memory, and that there is a competition between the dominant and individual memories of a nation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Lorraine|title=Cosmopolitan memory and national memory conflicts: On the dynamics of their interaction|journal=Journal of Sociology|date=28 November 2012|volume=50|issue=4|pages=501–514|doi=10.1177/1440783312467097|s2cid=145565890|language=en}}</ref>

Hyung Park states that the nation is continuously revived, re-imagined, reconstituted, through shared memories among its citizens.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Hyung yu|title=Shared national memory as intangible heritage|journal=Annals of Tourism Research|date=April 2011|volume=38|issue=2|pages=520–539|doi=10.1016/j.annals.2010.11.013|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256987216|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref>

National memories may also conflict with other nations' collective memory.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pomian|first1=Krzysztof|title=Divided memory: European sites of memory as political and cultural phenomenon|url=http://www.enrs.eu/pl/articles/219-divided-memory|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=pl-pl}}</ref>

==Role of the media== Reports that are narrated in terms of national memory characterize the past in ways that merge the past, the present and the future into "a single ongoing tale".<ref name="medmem">{{cite book|last1=Garde-Hansen|first1=Joanne|title=Media and Memory|date=29 June 2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748688883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdpvAAAAQBAJ|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Pierre Nora argues that a "democratisation of history" allows for emancipatory versions of the past to surface:<ref name=ww2.0>{{cite journal|last1=Bruyn|first1=Dieter De|title=World War 2.0: Commemorating War and Holocaust in Poland through Facebook|journal=Digital Icons|issn=2043-7633}}</ref>

{{quote|National memory cannot come into being until the historical framework of the nation has been shattered. It reflects the abandonment of the traditional channels and modes of transmission of the past and the desacralisation of such primary sites of initiation as the school, the family, the museum, and the monument: what was once the responsibility of these institutions has now flowed over into the public domain and been taken over by the media and tourist industry|source=Nora 1998, 363<ref name="medmem"/><ref name=ww2.0/>}}

However, national history being passed on by the culture industry, such as by historical films, can be seen as serious threats to the objective understanding of a nation's past.<ref name=ww2.0/>

===International media=== {{See also|Global news flow|Category:Cultural exchange|International communication}} Nations' memories can be shared across nations via media such as the Internet (through social media and other means of widespread communication) and news outlets.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last1=Neiger|first1=Motti|title=On Media Memory: Editors' Introduction|date=2011|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307070_1|work=On Media Memory: Collective Memory in a New Media Age|pages=1–24|editor-last=Neiger|editor-first=Motti|series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230307070_1|isbn=978-0-230-30707-0|access-date=2021-03-20|last2=Meyers|first2=Oren|last3=Zandberg|first3=Eyal|editor2-last=Meyers|editor2-first=Oren|editor3-last=Zandberg|editor3-first=Eyal|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Effects and functions == National memory can be a force of cohesion as well as division and conflict. It can foster constructive national reforms, international communities and agreements,<ref name="civil"/> dialogue as well as deepen problematic courses and rhetoric.

Identity crisis can occur in a country due to large-scale negative events such as crime, terroristic attacks (on a national or international scale), war, and large changes made over a short period of time. The negative mood created by these events will eventually find a way to be expressed.<ref name="civil"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Snegovaya|first=Maria|date=2015-05-17|title=National Identity Crises Threaten World Order|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/05/17/national-identity-crises-threaten-world-order-a46612|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Moscow Times|language=en}}</ref> This crisis can also occur during periods of economic political uncertainty, which can lead to citizens becoming uncertain of and questioning their own identities or losing them altogether.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Globalization and Identity Crisis: A Theoretical Explanation and the Turkish Example|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303550155|access-date=2021-03-20|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

New developments, processes, problems and events are often made sense of and contextualized by drawing from national memory.

== Critical national memory == Critical history or historic memory cuts from national memory's tradition centric to national heritage and orients itself towards a specialized study of history in a more sociological manner.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Koshar|first1=Rudy J.|title=Germany's Transient Pasts: Preservation and National Memory in the Twentieth Century|date=9 November 2000|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807862629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVzMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|accessdate=3 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>

It has been proposed that the unthinkable ought not to be unmasked but that instead what made it thinkable should be reconstructed and that the difficulty of discussing the non-places or the bad places of national memory make it necessary to include forgetfulness and amnesia in the concept.<ref name=places>{{cite journal|last1=Montaño|first1=Eugenia Allier|title=Places of memory. Is the concept applicable to the analysis of memorial struggles? The case of Uruguay and its recent past|url=http://socialsciences.scielo.org/pdf/s_cclaeh/v4nse/scs_a01.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> The absence of belief in a shared past may be another factor.<ref name="civil" />

National memory may lead to questioning the nation as it is as well as its identity and imply a societal negotiation of what the country wishes to be as a nation. To understand the links between memory, forgetfulness, identity and the imaginary construction of the nation analysis of the discourse in the places of memory is fundamental as in all writings of national history an image of the nation is being restructured.<ref name=places/>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * ''Les Lieux de Mémoire'' * {{cite book|last1=Koshar|first1=Rudy J.|title=Germany's Transient Pasts: Preservation and National Memory in the Twentieth Century|date=9 November 2000|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807862629|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVzMCQAAQBAJ|language=en}}

Category:Cultural studies Category:History Category:Memory Category:National identity Category:Historiography