{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{speciesbox | image = Fraxinus angustifolia foliage.jpg | image_caption = Foliage of subsp. ''oxycarpa'' | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status">{{cite iucn |author=Khela, S.|date=2018 |title=''Fraxinus angustifolia'' |volume=2018 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/203366/96445347 |access-date=September 15, 2025}}</ref> | genus = Fraxinus | parent = Fraxinus sect. Fraxinus | species = angustifolia | authority = Vahl | range_map = Fraxinus angustifolia range.svg | range_map_caption = Distribution map | synonyms = *''F. lentiscifolia'' <small>(Desf.)</small> *''F. oxycarpa'' <small>Willd.</small> *''F. parvifolia'' <small>Lam.</small> *''F. rotundifolia'' <small>Mill.</small>| }} [[File:Fraxinus angustifolia MHNT.BOT.2007.40.13.jpg|thumb|''Fraxinus angustifolia'' – MHNT]]

'''''Fraxinus angustifolia''''', the '''narrow-leaved ash''', is a species of ''Fraxinus'' native to Central Europe and Southern Europe, Northwest Africa, and Southwest Asia.<ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Fraxinus&SPECIES_XREF=angustifolia&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Fraxinus angustifolia'']</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref>

==Description== It is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 20–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1.5 m diameter. The bark is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming square-cracked and knobbly on old trees. The buds are pale brown, which readily distinguishes it from the related ''Fraxinus excelsior'' (black buds) even in winter. The leaves are in opposite pairs or whorls of three, pinnate, 15–25&nbsp;cm long, with 3–13 leaflets; the leaflets being distinctively slender, 3–8&nbsp;cm long and 1–1.5&nbsp;cm broad. The flowers are produced in inflorescences which can be male, hermaphrodite or mixed male and hermaphrodite. The male and hermaphrodite flowers occur on all individuals, i.e. all trees are functionally hermaphrodite. Flowering occurs in early spring. The fruit when fully formed is a samara 3–4&nbsp;cm long, the seed 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long with a pale brown wing 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-212035-6}}</ref><ref name=afm1>Mitchell, A. F. (1982). ''The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-219037-0}}</ref><ref name=bean2>Bean, W. J. (1978). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 2. John Murray {{ISBN|0-7195-2256-0}}.</ref> thumb|''Fraxinus angustifolia'' inflorescence

==Variation== There are four subspecies, treated as distinct species by some authors:<ref name=fe/><ref name=rushforth/> *''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia''. Western Europe north to France, northwest Africa. Leaves with 7–13 leaflets; leaflets hairless beneath. *''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''oxycarpa'' <small>(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso</small> (syn. ''F. oxycarpa'' <small>M.Bieb. ex Willd.</small>). Caucasian ash. Eastern Europe north to the Czech Republic, southwest Asia east to northern Iran. Leaves with 3–9 leaflets; leaflets with white hairs on the lower half of the midribs. *''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''syriaca'' Middle East and West Asia. *''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''danubialis'' (described by Zdeněk Pouzar) Middle Europe (also called ''F.&nbsp; angustifolia'' subsp. ''pannonica'' <small>Soó & Simon</small>).

==Cultivars== Of ''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'': *'Pendula Vera', true weeping narrow-leaved ash.

Of ''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''oxycarpa'': *'Raywood'. This cultivar is commonly planted as an ornamental tree in temperate regions. It has notable autumn colour, but has the major drawback of very brittle branches.

==Uses== In Sicily, it is cultivated as a source of a plant sap product called manna (see ''Fraxinus ornus'').<ref>[https://archive.today/20120710105545/http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/fraxigen/fraxinus/fraxinus/manna.html Production of manna in Sicily] (visited December 21, 2009)</ref>

==Weed potential== ''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'' has become a weed in many parts of Australia, where it is known as ''Desert Ash''. It has been widely planted as a street and park tree, and has spread to native bushland and grasslands, as well as stream banks and drainage lines, out-competing native plants for moisture, light and nutrients.

It was for this reason that in the 1930’s that a breeding programme was commissioned to produce a sterile deciduous tree that could handle the tough conditions in temperate Australia, the results of which were highly successful. In honour of the nursery in Aldgate, Adelaide Hills, South Australia that was responsible for the development, the Raywood Nursery, the new species was named Raywood ash. It is also known as Claret ash. <ref name="weed">{{cite web | title = Desert ash | publisher = Weeds Australia | url = http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E15 | accessdate = 2008-06-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060830191232/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E15 | archive-date = 2006-08-30 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Desert Ash|url=http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/webdocuments/environment-engineering/parks-environment/environment-parks-environment/desert_ash_web.pdf|publisher=Shire of Yarra Ranges|accessdate=2015-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406184532/https://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/webdocuments/environment-engineering/parks-environment/environment-parks-environment/desert_ash_web.pdf|archive-date=2019-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It has been declared an invasive species in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/algerian-ash/ | title=Algerian ash – Invasive Species South Africa }}</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Полски ясен – кора 2.jpg|Bark Image:NarrowleafAsh.jpg|Leaves of subsp. ''oxycarpa'' Image:Fraxinus angustifolia broken trunk1.jpg|Specimen of 'Raywood', typically showing several broken branches Image:Fraxinus angustifolia subsp angustifolia.jpg|Young spring leaves of subsp. ''angustifolia'', known as Desert Ash in Australia, where it is classed as a weed.<ref name="weed"/> Image:New Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia leaves.jpg|New leaves of subsp. ''angustifolia'' Image:Полски ясен - клонка 2.jpg|Characteristic brown buds </gallery>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.euforgen.org/species/fraxinus-angustifolia/ ''Fraxinus angustifolia''] – information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q518949}}

angustifolia Category:Taxa named by Martin Vahl Category:Flora of the Mediterranean basin Category:Flora of Europe Category:Trees of Europe