{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Orange Jasmine (Murraya paniculata).JPG | image_caption = ''Murraya paniculata'' | taxon = Murraya | authority = J.Koenig ex L.<ref name="APC">{{cite web |title=''Murraya'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/64327|publisher=Australian Plant Census |access-date= 28 July 2020}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" /> | synonyms = * ''Camunium'' <small>Adans.</small> * ''Chalcas'' <small>L. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.</small> * ''Murraea'' <small>J.Koenig ex L. orth. var.</small> }}
'''''Murraya''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌr|i|ə}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Murraya|access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref> is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is distributed in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121339 ''Murraya''.] Flora of China.</ref> The center of diversity is in southern China and Southeast Asia.<ref name=but>But, P. P., et al. (1986). [http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/epaper/zhaiyao.asp?bsid=13923 A chemotaxonomic study of ''Murraya'' (Rutaceae) in China.] ''Acta Phytotax. Sin'' 24(3), 186-92.</ref> When broadly circumscribed, the genus has about 17 species. A narrower circumscription contains only eight species, others being placed in ''Bergera'' and ''Merrillia''.
==Description== Plants in the genus ''Murraya'' are shrubs or trees with pinnate leaves arranged alternately, usually glandular, aromatic, and leathery to membranous in texture. The leaflets vary in shape and have smooth or toothed edges.<ref name=fb>[https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21650 ''Murraya''.] FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.</ref> The inflorescence is a panicle, cyme, or small raceme of flowers growing at the ends of branches or in the leaf axils;<ref name=china/> some flowers are solitary.<ref name=fb/> The fragrant flowers have 4 or 5 sepals and white petals and up to 10 straight stamens.<ref name=china/><ref name=fb/> The fruit is a fleshy berry with pulp but without the juice vesicles present in some related fruits.<ref name=china/> It is up to {{convert|1.3|cm}} long and orange, red, or black.<ref name=fb/>
==Taxonomy== The genus ''Murraya'' was first formally described in 1771 by Carl Linnaeus in ''Mantissa Plantarum Altera'' from an unpublished description by Johann Gerhard König.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Murraya''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/470792|publisher=APNI|access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="L.">{{cite book |last1=von Linné |first1=Carl |title=Mantissa Plantarum Altera |date=1771 |publisher=Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiæ |pages=554–555 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137335#page/422/mode/1up |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> The genus name commemorates the 18th-century German-Swedish herbal doctor Johan Andreas Murray, a student of Linnaeus.<ref>[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286748 Missouri Botanical Garden]</ref> In 1986, Paul P.-H. But and co-authors separated off some species of ''Murraya'' as ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera'' based on chemical evidence.<ref name=ButKongNgChan86/> Evidence from pollen morphology and multiple molecular phylogenetic studies showed that when broadly circumscribed, ''Murraya'' was not monophyletic, and treating ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera'' as the separate genus ''Bergera'' has widespread support.<ref name=MouZhan09/><ref name=MouTuChenZhan17/><ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/><ref name=MouPengLiHu21/>
''Murraya'' is in the subfamily Aurantioideae, which also includes the genus ''Citrus''.<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/> It is in the tribe Clauseneae.<ref name=MouTuChenZhan17/>
===Species list=== Studies have repeatedly shown that two sections into which ''Murraya'' has been divided, ''M.'' sect. ''Murraya'' and ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera'', should be treated as separate genera. ''Murraya'' sensu stricto was revised in 2021, with eight species being accepted:<ref name=MouPengLiHu21>{{Cite journal |last1=Mou |first1=Feng-Juan |last2=Peng |first2=Yun |last3=Li |first3=Yi-Guo |last4=Hu |first4=Xiu |date=2021 |title=Taxonomic revision of ''Murraya'' J. Koenig (Rutaceae) based on the molecular phylogeny and morphological characters |journal=Taiwania |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=387–397 |doi=10.6165/tai.2021.66.387 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> * ''Murraya alata'' <small>Drake</small> – China Southeast, Hainan, Vietnam * ''Murraya elongata'' <small>A.DC. ex Hook.f.</small> – Myanmar * ''Murraya glenieii'' <small>Thwaites ex Oliv.</small> – Sri Lanka * ''Murraya lucida'' <small>(G.Forst.) Mabb.</small> – Vanuatu * ''Murraya omphalocarpa'' <small>Hayata</small> * ''Murraya paniculata'' <small>(L.) Jack</small> – Tropical Asia to Vanuatu and Australia * ''Murraya sumatrana'' <small>Roxb.</small> * ''Murraya zollingeri'' <small>(Tanaka) F.J.Mou</small> Species that have been placed in ''Murraya'' sect. ''Bergera'' belong in ''Bergera'', although {{As of|lc=yes|2021|September}}, names for many have not been published. Further species still accepted in ''Murraya'' by Plants of the World Online are:<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=''Murraya'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Murraya |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> * ''Murraya caloxylon'' <small>Ridl.</small> – Malayasia, Thailand; synonym of ''Merrillia caloxylon'' * ''Murraya crenulata'' <small>(Turcz.) Oliv.</small> – Taiwan (Lan Yü) to Malesia and SW. Pacific; placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=FOC_121339/> * ''Murraya cyclopensis'' <small>Astuti & Rugayah</small> – W. New Guinea * ''Murraya euchrestifolia'' <small>Hayata</small> – China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Taiwan; placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=FOC_121339/> * ''Murraya exotica'' <small>L.</small> – China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Taiwan * ''Murraya glabra'' <small>(Guillaumin) Swingle</small> – Vietnam * ''Murraya heptaphylla'' <small>Span.</small> – Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor) * ''Murraya koenigii'' <small>(L.) Spreng.</small> – Indian Subcontinent to China (S. Yunnan, Guangdong) and Indo-China, S. Hainan; synonym of ''Bergera koenigii'' * ''Murraya kwangsiensis'' <small>(C.C.Huang) C.C.Huang</small> – China (SE. Yunnan, W. & SW. Guangxi); placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=MouZhan09/> * ''Murraya macrophylla'' <small>(C.C.Huang) F.J.Mou & D.X.Zhang</small> – China * ''Murraya microphylla'' <small>(Merr. & Chun) Swingle</small> – China (Guangdong), Hainan; placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=MouZhan09/> * ''Murraya tetramera'' <small>C.C.Huang</small> – China (SE. Yunnan, W. Guangxi); placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=MouZhan09/>
==Uses== ''Murraya'' species are used in landscaping.<ref name=but/> Some species can be grafted onto citrus rootstocks.<ref name=swing/> Species have been used in traditional medicine, with various parts of the plants used to treat fever, pain, and dysentery. ''M. paniculata'' has been used to induce labor.<ref name=but/> It has been used in Cuba for painful inflammatory conditions.<ref name=cas>Casado Martín, C. M., et al. (2011). [http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1028-47962011000400012 Acercamiento al género ''Murraya'' (Rutaceae) ya la especie ''Murraya paniculata'' (L.) Jack.] ''Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales'' 16(4), 408-18. (Spanish)</ref>
In Myanmar, ''Murraya'' species are used to make thanaka, a cosmetic paste that is typically applied onto the face.<ref name=kollner>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y42DMkS3ZXUC&pg=PA18|author=Köllner, Helmut & Axel Bruns|title=Myanmar (Burma)|year=1998|publisher=Hunter Publishing |isbn=3-88618-415-3|pages=18|access-date=2008-01-21}}</ref>
==Chemistry== Compounds isolated from ''Murraya'' include many types of coumarins and alkaloids. The novel alkaloid yuehchukene was found in ''M. paniculata'', and it has since been isolated from other ''Murraya''. It is found in red-fruited species with larger petals, but not in black-fruited species with smaller petals. Some species also contain the carbazole girinimbine.<ref name=but/>
==Spelling competition== In July 2021, 14-year old Zaila Avant-garde of Harvey, Louisiana, won the final of the 2021 Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling the word "Murraya", and was the first African American to win the 96-year-old event.<ref name=Time />
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Appelhans |first1=Marc S. |last2=Bayly |first2=Michael J. |last3=Heslewood |first3=Margaret M. |last4=Groppo |first4=Milton |last5=Verboom |first5=G. Anthony |last6=Forster |first6=Paul I. |last7=Kallunki |first7=Jacquelyn A. |last8=Duretto |first8=Marco F. |date=2021 |title=A new subfamily classification of the ''Citrus'' family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers |journal=Taxon |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1035–1061 |doi=10.1002/tax.12543 |s2cid=237693195 |name-list-style=amp |hdl=11343/288824 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=ButKongNgChan86>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=But |first1=Paul Pui-Hay |last2=Kong |first2=Yun-Cheng, Ng Kam-Hung, Chang Hung-Ta, Li Qian, Yu Si-Xao, Waterman Peter G. |last3=Ng |first3=Kam-Hung |last4=Chang |first4=Hung-Ta |last5=Li |first5=Qian |last6=Yu |first6=Si-Xao |last7=Waterman |first7=Peter G. |date=1986 |title=A Chemotaxonomic Study of ''Murraya'' (Rutaceae) in China |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=186–192 |url=https://www.jse.ac.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=15882 |access-date=2021-09-21 |language=zh, en |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=FOC_121339>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |first1=Dianxiang |last1=Zhang |first2=Thomas G. |last2=Hartley |contribution=Murraya |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121339 |access-date=2021-09-21 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan <!--|year=1994 onwards--> |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }} </ref>
<ref name=MouTuChenZhan17>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Mou |first1=Fengjuan |last2=Tu |first2=Tieyao |last3=Chen |first3=Yi-Zhang |last4=Zhang |first4=Dianxiang |last5=Zhang |first5=Dianxiang |date=2017 |title=Phylogenetic relationship of Clauseneae (Rutaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA data and taxonomic implication for some major taxa |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1111/njb.01552 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=MouZhan09>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Mou |first1=Feng-Juan |last2=Zhang |first2=Dian-Xiang |date=2009 |title=Pollen morphology supports the reinstatement of ''Bergera'' (Rutaceae) |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=298–304 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00369.x |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=swing>Swingle, W. T., rev. P. C. Reece. [http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter3.html Chapter 3: The Botany of ''Citrus'' and its Wild Relatives.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055159/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter3.html |date=2011-07-19 }} In: ''The Citrus Industry'' vol. 1. Webber, H. J. (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1967.</ref> <ref name=Time>{{cite news |last1=Ross |first1=Janell |title=Zaila Avant-garde Knows the Troubling History Behind Her Historic Spelling Bee Win |url=https://time.com/6080654/zaila-avant-garde-spelling-bee-equality/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=Time Magazine |publisher=TIME USA |date=8 July 2021}}</ref> }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1641850}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Murraya Category:Aurantioideae genera