Murder of Ilan Halimi

{{short description|2006 kidnapping, torture, and murder of a young man in France}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Ilan Halimi | image = Ilan Halimi.jpg | image_size = 173px | caption = Ilan Halimi | birth_date = {{Birth date|1982|10|11|df=y}} | birth_place = France | death_date = {{death date and age|2006|2|13|1982|10|11|df=y}}<ref name="König">{{Cite web |url=http://www.primo-europe.org/showdocs.php?rub=6.php&numdoc=Do-108871485 |title=Entretien avec Ruth Halimi |access-date=30 December 2008 |last=König |first=Yaël |date=20 March 2006 |publisher=Primo-Europe |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504002339/http://www.primo-europe.org/showdocs.php?rub=6.php&numdoc=Do-108871485 |archive-date=4 May 2009 }} </ref> | death_place = Paris, France | death_cause = Injuries from torture | occupation = Cell phone salesman | mother = Ruth Halimi }}

The '''murder of Ilan Halimi''' ({{langx|he|אילן חלימי}}) was the kidnapping, torture, and murder of a young Frenchman of Moroccan Jewish ancestry in France in 2006. Halimi was kidnapped on 21 January 2006 by a group calling themselves the Gang of Barbarians. The kidnappers, believing that all Jews are rich, repeatedly contacted the victim's modestly placed family demanding very large sums of money. Halimi was held captive and tortured for three weeks, and died of his injuries. The case drew national and international attention as an example of antisemitism in France.<ref name = "Fields">{{Cite web |url=http://washingtontimes.com/news/2006/apr/02/20060402-112829-7874r/ |title= The Rising Tide of Anti-Semitism |access-date = 30 December 2008 |last= Fields |first= Suzanne |date= 3 April 2006 |work= The Washington Times |archive-date = 3 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503122636/http://washingtontimes.com/news/2006/apr/02/20060402-112829-7874r/ |url-status = live}}</ref>

==Kidnapping== thumb|left|Paris, Jardin Ilan Halimi, Ilan Halimi Garden sign [[File:Forêt Ilan Halimi.jpg|thumb|Ilan Halimi garden in the Jerusalem Forest.]] Halimi was a mobile phone salesman living in Paris with his divorced mother and his two sisters.<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/foreign/tale-of-torture-and-murder-horrifies-the-whole/27948/ Tale of Torture and Murder Horrifies the Whole of France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006151149/https://www.nysun.com/foreign/tale-of-torture-and-murder-horrifies-the-whole/27948/ |date=6 October 2021}}, Michel Gurfinkiel, ''The New York Sun'', 22 February 2006.</ref>

On 20 January 2006, one of the perpetrators, Sorour Arbabzadeh (known as Yalda or Emma)<ref name = "TO-Yalda">{{cite news |first = Matthew |last = Campbell |title = Barbarians of suburbs target French Jews |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article701086.ece |work=The Times |date= 2 April 2006 |access-date = 12 May 2009 |location= London |archive-date = 7 October 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081007151426/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article701086.ece |url-status= dead}}{{subscription required}}</ref>, a 17-year-old girl of French-Iranian origin,<ref name = "NYT-Smith">{{cite news |first= Craig S. |last= Smith |author-link = Craig S. Smith |title= Torture and Death of Jew Deepen Fears in France |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/international/europe/05france.html?pagewanted=all |newspaper= The New York Times |date= 5 March 2006 |access-date = 11 May 2009 |archive-date = 5 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150405071208/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/international/europe/05france.html?pagewanted=all |url-status= live }}</ref> went to the phone store in Paris where Halimi worked and struck up a conversation with him. She eventually asked for Halimi's number, which he gave to her, and left the store. The woman called him the next evening and told him to come to her apartment for a drink. He was lured to an apartment block in the Parisian ''banlieues'',<ref name="McNicoll">{{cite news|last1=McNicol|first1=Tracy|title=A Horror Story of True-Life Anti-Semitism in France|publisher=Daily Beast|date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref name = "LAT">{{cite news |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-26-fg-projects26-story.html |title= Parisians Stare at the Evil Within |access-date = 30 December 2008 |author1=Sebastian Rotella|author2 = Achrene Sicakyuz |date= 26 February 2006 |newspaper= Los Angeles Times |pages= A-1 |archive-date = 10 December 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081210113137/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/feb/26/world/fg-projects26 |url-status = live }}</ref> where he was ambushed and held captive by the group upon arrival. No one saw or heard from Halimi until the next afternoon, when his sister received an email featuring a picture that showed Halimi gagged and tied up to a chair with a gun to his head. In a text, the abductors threatened his life and demanded €450,000 from his family, stating that they would kill him if the family went to the police. Not having the money, however, Halimi's family had no other option than to contact the police.<ref>[http://www.aish.com/jw/s/The-Shocking-Murder-of-Ilan-Halimi.html The Shocking Murder of Ilan Halimi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818214238/http://www.aish.com/jw/s/The-Shocking-Murder-of-Ilan-Halimi.html |date=18 August 2017}}, ''Aish HaTorah''</ref>

The abductors, who called themselves the '''Gang of Barbarians''', tortured Halimi and sent phone and video messages to his family while they were in contact with the police. During the 24 days of abduction, the leader of the gang, Youssouf Fofana, managed to travel back and forth to his home country of the Ivory Coast. At some point, he was suspected of being related to the gang, and taken to the police station, but they were forced to release him due to lack of proof of his connection to the group. The demand for ransom, initially elevated at €450,000, diminished as the abductors got more anxious about the attention they were drawing from the police and media.

After three weeks and no success in finding the captors, the family and the police stopped receiving messages from the captors. Halimi, severely tortured, burned, and unclothed, was dumped next to a road at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois on 13 February 2006. He was found by a passer-by who immediately called for an ambulance. Halimi died from his injuries on his way to the hospital.

The decision by the police to keep certain matters secret was seen as counter-productive, and may have prevented a facial composite of Sorour Arbabzadeh ("Emma"), the girl who lured Halimi to the apartment.<ref name="24 Jours">{{cite book|last1=Frèche|first1=Emilie|title=24 Jours|date=2009|publisher=Seuil|location=France|isbn=978-2-02-091028-6}}</ref> Investigations showed that more than 20 people, some of them teenagers, took part directly or indirectly in the kidnapping. Some of them later claimed that they never knew his fate, and Arbabzadeh (who was 17 at the time), later sent a letter to his family to say how sorry she was.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weitzmann|first=Marc|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/182311/frances-toxic-hate-5|title=Why Ilan Halimi's Tortured Ghost Will Continue Haunting France|publisher=Tablet|date=2 September 2014|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230075055/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/182311/frances-toxic-hate-5|url-status=live}}</ref>

A woman, referred to as ''Audrey L.'', surrendered after the police had released a facial composite picture. She pointed to ''the Barbarians'', a gang of African immigrants who had perpetrated similar abductions in the past. In the subsequent days, French police arrested 15 people in connection with the crime. The leader of the gang, Youssouf Fofana (born 1980), who had been born in Paris to parents from the Ivory Coast, fled to his parents' homeland, together with Arbabzadeh.<ref name="nysun.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/foreign/tale-of-torture-and-murder-horrifies-the-whole/27948/ |title=Tale of Torture and Murder Horrifies the Whole of France |author=Michel Gurfinkiel |author-link=Michel Gurfinkiel |newspaper=The New York Sun |date=22 February 2006 |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006151149/https://www.nysun.com/foreign/tale-of-torture-and-murder-horrifies-the-whole/27948/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> They were arrested on February 23 in Abidjan and extradited to France on 4 March 2006.

===Ransom=== The kidnappers originally thought Halimi was wealthy because he came from a Jewish family. According to the then Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy, members of the gang confessed that they believed all Jews to be rich, and this motivated them to target several Jews.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2054882,00.html | work=The Times | location=London | title=Paris kidnap gang suspect arrested in Ivory Coast | first1=Philippe | last1=Naughton | date=23 February 2006 | access-date=5 May 2010 | archive-date=18 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518040306/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The kidnappers demanded a ransom, initially €450,000, eventually decreasing to €5,000. It has been claimed that the family of Halimi was told that if they could not raise the money, they should get it from the Jewish community.

In order to convince Halimi's parents their son had been kidnapped, the abductors sent a picture of the young man being threatened with a gun and holding a newspaper to prove the date and time.<ref name="nysun.com"/>

===Police investigation=== The French police were heavily criticised because they initially believed that antisemitism was not a factor in the crime.<ref name = "NYT1">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/23/international/europe/23paris.html |title= French Officials Now Say Killing of Jew Was in Part a Hate Crime |access-date = 30 December 2008 |author1=Ariane Bernard|author2 = Craig S. Smith |author2-link = Craig S. Smith |date = 23 February 2006 |newspaper= The New York Times |archive-date = 18 May 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240518040304/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/23/world/europe/french-officials-now-say-killing-of-jew-was-in-part-a-hate.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Police attributed to the banlieues' gang subculture a "poisonous mentality that designates Jews as enemies along with other 'outsiders,'" such as Americans, mainstream French, and Europeans in general. "If they could have gotten their hands on a (non-Jewish) French cop in the same way, they probably would have done the same thing," a retired police chief opined;<ref name = "LAT"/> this may have hampered the original investigation. Antisemitism is an aggravating circumstance ({{langx|fr|link=no|circonstance aggravante}}) in a murder case in France.

Ruth Halimi, Ilan's mother, subsequently co-authored a book with Émilie Frèche titled {{lang|fr|24 jours: la vérité sur la mort d'Ilan Halimi}} (''24 days: the truth about the death of Ilan Halimi''), released in April 2009. In the book, Ruth claimed that French police never suspected her son's kidnappers would kill the 23-year-old after three weeks in captivity in 2006, partly because they would not face up to the antisemitic character of the crime (as reported in the French newspaper ''Le Figaro''). Émilie Frèche stated that "by denying the anti-semitic character, ... [the police] did not figure out the profile of the gang." The book details how Ilan's parents were told to stay silent during the ordeal and were ordered not to seek aid in order to pay the ransom, nor show their son's photo to people who might have come forward with information about his whereabouts.<ref name=blamespolice>{{cite news |author=Devorah Lauter |url=https://jta.org/news/article/2009/04/02/1004194/murdered-teens-mother-blames-police |title=Murdered man's mother blames police |publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |date=2 April 2009 |access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref>

In an interview with ''Elle'' Magazine on 27 March 2009, Ruth Halimi stated that "The police were completely off the mark. They thought they were dealing with classic bandits, but these people were beyond the norm." Halimi stated that she wrote the book to "alert public opinion to the danger of anti-semitism which has returned in other forms, so that a story like this can never happen again".<ref name=blamespolice/>

==Gang of Barbarians== The crime was committed by a group of persons belonging to a gang calling themselves {{langx|fr|les barbares|lit=The Barbarians|label=none}}. Many of them had criminal records and had been imprisoned. A total of 27 people were accused of involvement in the crime and were tried for kidnapping and murder in 2009. One person was acquitted and the rest were convicted. Gang leader Youssouf Fofana was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years before the possibility of parole. The woman who had lured Halimi to his abduction was sentenced to nine years imprisonment. Two of his close associates, Jean-Christophe Soumbou and Samir Ait Abdel Malek, received 18 and 15-year prison terms respectively, and Malek's prison term was later increased to 18 years upon appeal. Six others convicted over their involvement received sentences ranging from 12 to 15 years imprisonment, and seven others received sentences ranging from 8 months to 11 years imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.5094848|title=Court Sentences 16 Over Murder of Ilan Halimi|date=17 December 2010|work=Haaretz|access-date=28 December 2018|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812150754/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.5094848|url-status=dead}}</ref> While Fofana chose not to appeal his sentence, 14 of the 27 verdicts were appealed by the prosecution.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Le Monde |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/13/proces-du-gang-des-barbares-michele-alliot-marie-demande-au-procureur-de-faire-appel_1218187_3224.html |title='Gang des barbares': 14 accusés seront rejugés en appel |language=FR |trans-title='Gang of Barbarians': 14 defendants will be retried on appeal |agency=AFP |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004062947/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/13/proces-du-gang-des-barbares-michele-alliot-marie-demande-au-procureur-de-faire-appel_1218187_3224.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The convictions were upheld on appeal in December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=France: Convictions Upheld in Killing of French Jew |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18briefs-France.html |access-date=16 November 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=18 December 2010 |page=A9 |archive-date=31 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831001748/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18briefs-France.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, a Paris court sentenced Fofana to an additional 10 years imprisonment for other extortions he had committed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/ilan-halimis-killer-handed-10-extra-years-in-prison/|title=Ilan Halimi's killer handed 10 extra years in prison|agency=JTA|website=Times of Israel|language=en-US|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229130311/http://www.timesofisrael.com/ilan-halimis-killer-handed-10-extra-years-in-prison/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the investigation it appeared that key members of the group were probably implicated in at least 15 other cases of kidnapping or racketeering.<ref name = "LF2">{{Cite news| url = http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr/| title = La police cherche encore des membres du gang| access-date = 30 December 2008| date= 27 February 2006| newspaper = Le Figaro| language = fr| archive-date= 30 August 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192731/http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr/| url-status = live}}</ref> Posing as members of the National Front for the Liberation of Corsica or members of the French division of the PFLP, they threatened several high-ranking CEOs including Jérôme Clément, president of the European TV operator Arte, Rony Brauman, former president and co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières, and the CEO as well as another high-ranking member of a large company selling home appliances. They sent threatening pictures of an unknown man dressed as a middle-eastern Arab in front of a picture of Osama bin Laden. In another case, the owner of a large grocery store was directed to pay €100,000.

In total, 27 individuals were under investigation and were subsequently put on trial. Among these:

* ''Youssouf Fofana'' (2 August 1980), the self-proclaimed ''Brain of the Barbarians''. He was born in Paris to immigrants from Ivory Coast and served time in prison for various crimes including armed robbery, car theft and resisting arrest.<ref>{{cite news |author=Steven Erlanger |date=11 July 2009 |title=Man Sentenced to Life in Killing of Jew in France |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A8 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/world/europe/11france.html |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223201036/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/world/europe/11france.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview he denied killing Halimi, but showed no remorse for his actions.<ref name = "LF">{{Cite news |url = http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr/ |title= Fofana, la confession scandale |access-date = 30 December 2008 |date= 28 February 2006 |newspaper= Le Figaro |language= fr |archive-date = 30 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192731/http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr/ |url-status = live}}</ref>

* ''Christophe Martin-Vallet'', nicknamed ''Moko'', a French man originally from Martinique, specializing in computers. He appears to have masterminded the kidnapping and to have been the lieutenant of Fofana.<ref name = "LeMonde">{{Cite news |url = http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0,36-745450,0.html |title = La composition de la bande se précise, poursuite des interrogatoires de Fofana |trans-title = The composition of the band is clarified, pursuant to questioning Fofana |access-date = 30 December 2008|last=Lévy |first = Alexandre |date= 27 February 2006 |newspaper = Le Monde |language= fr |archive-date = 18 May 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240518040304/https://www.lemonde.fr/ |url-status = live}}</ref> He is suspected of other kidnappings and was responsible for the honeypot activities of the girls.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr Article in Liberation, 1 March 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192731/http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr/ |date=30 August 2017 }}</ref> * ''Jean-Christophe Soumbou'', also known as ''Craps, Crim or Marc''. Fellow inmate of Fofana. Imprisoned for car theft with violence. Supplied the car with which Halimi was transported. He is also suspected of other kidnappings. * ''Jean-Christophe Gavarin'', usually known as ''JC'' or by his nickname ''Zigo'', one of the individuals who tortured Halimi.<ref name = "LeMonde" /> He was a minor at the time of the crime. He had been expelled from school and had been involved with the law because of a theft and possession of cannabis. He has admitted to pushing a burning joint in the face of Halimi. * ''Samir Aït Abdelmalek'', nicknamed ''Smiler'', who was the owner of the apartment and is considered the right-hand man of Fofana (he had known Fofana for more than ten years). Had been convicted for possession of drugs and car theft. He also furnished the acid used to burn Halimi. * ''Jérémy Pastisson'' involved in a number of kidnapping cases, his car was used to transport Halimi. * ''Tiffenn Gouret'', former girlfriend of Jean-Christophe Gavarin and friend of Arbabzadeh, supplied Fofana with "bait". She is also suspected in other kidnappings. * ''Sorour Arbabzadeh'' nicknamed ''Yalda'' (also known as "Emma"), a seventeen-year-old French-Iranian girl who acted as ''appât'' (bait, honeypot) to entrap Halimi.<ref name="TO-Yalda"/> * ''Sabrina Fontaine'', was used as bait in other kidnapping cases. * ''Audrey Lorleach'', nicknamed ''Léa or Natacha'', young student who was used as bait. She turned herself in and served 9 months in prison.

Others who were implicated:

* ''Gilles Serrurier'' (1967), nicknamed ''the concierge'',<ref>His name was not published in the initial accounts</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr AFP, 30 June 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192731/http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr/ |date=30 August 2017 }}</ref> was the caretaker of the apartment building to which Halimi was taken and who lent the gang the apartment and cellar in which they held and tortured Halimi.<ref name = "LeMonde" /> * ''Yahia Touré Kaba'', nicknamed ''Yaks'', one of the jailers (''gaolers''). * ''Fabrice Polygone'', one of the jailers (''gaolers''). * ''Jérôme Ribeiro'', known as ''Coup de Tête (headbutt)''. Although he had left the group, he was promised a lot of money. One of the jailers (''gaolers''). * ''Guiri Oussivo N'Gazi'' and ''Francis Oussivo N'Gazi'', friends of Ribeiro who acted as one of the jailers (''gaolers''). * ''Nabil Moustafa'', known as ''Bilna'', pizza delivery man, one of the jailers (''gaolers''). * ''Cédric Birot Saint-Yves'', known as ''Babas'', friend of Nabil Moustafa, one of the jailers (''gaolers'').

Many others were implicated, but their direct connection to the crime could not be proven.

===2009 trial=== The trial, which started on 29 April 2009, was conducted behind closed doors because two of the suspects were minors.<ref>Articles 14 and 20 {{cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069158&dateTexte=20081212 |title=Ordonnance n° 45-174 du 2 février 1945 relative à l'enfance délinquante |language=fr |trans-title=Ordinance No. 45-174 of 2 February 1945 on juvenile delinquency |date=12 July 2014 |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719011344/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069158&dateTexte=20081212 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Halimi family wanted the trial to be conducted openly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Affaire Halimi: "Il n'y a aucune justification au huis-clos" |language=fr |trans-title=Halimi case: "There is no justification for closed session" |author=Julien Konczaty |date=22 October 2010 |agency=Reuters |author2=Gonzalo Fuentes |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/justice/affaire-halimi-il-n-y-a-aucune-justification-au-huis-clos_930291.html |newspaper=l'Express |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075546/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/justice/affaire-halimi-il-n-y-a-aucune-justification-au-huis-clos_930291.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Francis Szpiner spoke for Ruth Halimi, saying, "A public trial would have helped [people] better understand the criminal machine, to make parents and teenagers reflect. It's the law of silence that killed her son, it would be unbearable for the trial to remain silent."

The trial took 10 weeks.

====Incidents during and around the trial==== * A number of videos with Fofana appeared on YouTube. * Fofana appeared in court wearing a white T-shirt, smiling, pointing to heaven and saying ''Allāhu Akbar''. He claimed he had nothing to say and would be silent to the grave. When asked his name and date of birth he answered: ''Je m'appelle arabe, africaine révolte armée barbare salafiste. Je suis né le 13 février 2006 à Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois''. (''My name is Arab, armed African rebellion Salafist barbarian army'' and ''I was born on 13 February 2006 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois'': the date and place Ilan Halimi was found). * Fofana threw a shoe at the empty benches and again when he was taken down, shouting ''All the Jews in the world are there [in the empty box], they are my enemies. This is an Arab attack with a booby-trapped shoe!''<ref>{{cite news |title=Fofana expulsé de son procès après un lancer de chaussures |language=fr |trans-title=Fofana expelled from his trial after a shoe throwing |author=Flore Galaud |agency=AFP |date=11 June 2009 |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/06/11/01016-20090611ARTFIG00541-fofana-expulse-de-son-proces-apres-un-lancer-de-chaussures-.php |newspaper=Le Figaro |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051502/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/06/11/01016-20090611ARTFIG00541-fofana-expulse-de-son-proces-apres-un-lancer-de-chaussures-.php |url-status=live }}</ref> * Fofana claimed in court that he had friends who would "take pictures to identify people." Francis Szpiner, lawyer for the Halimi family, believed that Fofana was alluding to the jurors, and was implying that he was going to put a price on their heads.<ref name = "FOXNews-043009">{{cite news |agency= Associated Press |title= Family of Slain French Jew Walks Out of Murder Trial |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/family-of-slain-french-jew-walks-out-of-murder-trial |publisher= Fox News |date= 30 April 2009 |access-date = 12 May 2009 |archive-date = 3 May 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503122538/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,518501,00.html |url-status= live}}</ref>

====Verdict and sentencing==== On the evening of Friday, 10 July 2009, the verdict was given.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ejpress.org/article/37916 |publisher=European Jewish Press |quote=The verdict was handed down late on Friday as Shabbat already started — by nine judges and a nine-member jury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220013549/http://ejpress.org/article/37916 |archive-date=20 February 2012 }}</ref> Ilan Halimi's mother and others were absent from the court, as the Sabbath had already started.

Of the 27 people on trial, three were acquitted.

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Name !! Request !! Sentence !! Parole !! Appeal |- | Fofana, Youssouf || {{center|Life}} || {{center|Life}} || {{center|22 years}} || {{center|No}} |- | Soumbou, Jean-Christophe || {{center|20 years}} || {{center|18 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Aït-Abdelmalek, Samir || {{center|20 years}} || {{center|15 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Gavarin, Jean-Christophe || {{center|15 years}} || {{center|15 years}} || || {{center|No}} |- | Moustafa, Nabil || {{center|13 years}} || {{center|13 years}} || || {{center|No}} |- | Birot Saint-Yves, Cédric || {{center|12 years}} || {{center|11 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Polygone, Fabrice || {{center|12 years}} || {{center|11 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Touré Kaba, Yayia || {{center|12 years}} || {{center|11 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Ribeiro, Jérôme || {{center|12 years}} || {{center|10 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Arbabzadeh, Sorour || {{center|10–12 years}} || {{center|9 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Gouret, Tiffenn || {{center|10 years}} || {{center|9 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Serrurier, Gilles || {{center|10 years}} || {{center|9 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Martin-Vallet, Christophe || {{center|8–10 years}} || {{center|10 years}} || || {{center|No}} |- | Louise, Franco || {{center|8–10 years}} || {{center|5 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Oussivo N'Gazi, Francis || {{center|6–8 years}} || {{center|7 years}} || || {{center|No}} |- | Oussivo N'Gazi, Guiri || {{center|5–7 years}} || {{center|6 years}} || || {{center|No}} |- | Pastisson, Jérémy || {{center|5–7 years}} || {{center|3 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Fontaine, Sabrina || {{center|5 years}} || {{center|3 years}} || || {{center|Yes}} |- | Lorleach, Audrey || {{center|3 years, 20 months suspended}} || {{center|2 years, 16 months suspended}} || || {{center|Yes}} |}

A number of others, whose implication was not direct, or related to other activities of the gang, received smaller sentences. Three persons were acquitted. Notable is that one person, for whom originally no sentence was asked, received a suspended sentence.

====After the trial==== Sorour Arbabzadeh, the then-17-year-old French-Iranian woman who acted as bait to trap Halimi, was sentenced to nine years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101579160-peine-maximale-pour-le-cerveau-du-gang-des-barbares |title=Peine maximale pour le cerveau du "gang des barbares" |language=fr |trans-title=Maximum penalty for the brains of "gang of barbarians" |author=Patricia Tourancheau |date=11 July 2009 |newspaper=Libération |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=12 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712130553/http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101579160-peine-maximale-pour-le-cerveau-du-gang-des-barbares |url-status=live }}</ref> While serving her sentence in the Versailles women's prison, she seduced a guard and the director of the prison, Florent Gonçalves, who is now imprisoned himself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/france-ex-warden-jailed-affair-infamous-femme-fatale-inmate/culture-society/in-france-ex-warden-jailed-for-affair-with-infamous-femme-fatale-inmate/c3s4705/ |title=In France, Ex-Warden Jailed For Affair With Infamous "Femme Fatale" Inmate |date=16 February 2012 |publisher=World Crunch |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113246/http://www.worldcrunch.com/france-ex-warden-jailed-affair-infamous-femme-fatale-inmate/culture-society/in-france-ex-warden-jailed-for-affair-with-infamous-femme-fatale-inmate/c3s4705/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For this she was sentenced to four months imprisonment.

===2010 retrial=== The sentences issued after the first trial were criticized as too lenient by some parties, while others such as the attorney general Philippe Bilger found the sentences "exemplary".<ref>{{cite news |title=Affaire Halimi: un verdict qui ne passe pas |language=fr |trans-title=Halimi Case: A verdict that does not pass [i.e. fails] |author=Jérôme Bouin |newspaper=Le Figaro |agency=Associated Press and AFP |date=12 July 2009 |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/07/12/01016-20090712ARTFIG00041-affaire-halimi-un-verdict-qui-ne-passe-pas-.php |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210122041/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2009/07/12/01016-20090712ARTFIG00041-affaire-halimi-un-verdict-qui-ne-passe-pas-.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Minister of Justice Michèle Alliot-Marie, demanded an appeal of 8 of the 17 heaviest verdicts.<ref>{{cite news |title="Gang des barbares": peines alourdies requises en appel |language=fr |trans-title="Gang of Barbarians" burdened penalties required appeal |date=9 December 2010 |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/peines-alourdies-requises-en-appel-contre-le-gang-des-barbares-09-12-2010-1184608.php |newspaper=Le Parisien |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053022/http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/peines-alourdies-requises-en-appel-contre-le-gang-des-barbares-09-12-2010-1184608.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Richard Prasquier, president of CRIF, France's main Jewish organization, said that a law may soon be available that would preclude closed-door trials in this type of case.<ref name=Kline-709>{{cite news |date=16 July 2009 |title=Trials and Tribulations |author=Brett Kline |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Trials-and-tribulations |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193622/http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Trials-and-tribulations |url-status=live }}</ref> "Perhaps in a year's time there will be a new trial, and perhaps it will be public."

A Halimi relative said: "The important thing for me is not handing out heavier jail terms, honestly. The important thing is to open this to the press and public and make it a learning experience."

The retrial was officially announced Monday 10 July 2009. It started on 25 October 2010, and ended on 17 December 2010, with all convictions upheld and some sentences extended.<ref name="fcuikofj20101217">{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18briefs-France.html | title = France: Convictions Upheld in Killing of French Jew | agency = Associated Press | access-date = 17 December 2010| work = The New York Times | date = 17 December 2010 | page = A9 | archive-date = 31 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170831001748/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18briefs-France.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Similar assault=== On 22 February 2008, six members of a group calling themselves ''Barbarians'' assaulted 19-year-old Mathieu Roumi in the same Paris suburb of Bagneux where Halimi was kidnapped. For two hours the attackers tortured the young man. One shoved cigarette butts into his mouth, another took issue with Roumi's Jewish origin (paternal), grabbed correction fluid and scrawled ''sale juif'' ("dirty Jew") and ''sale PD'' ("dirty faggot") on his forehead.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2008 |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/la-victime-ange-ou-demon_AN-200803060002.html |title=La victime, ange ou démon? |language=fr |trans-title=The victim, angel or demon? |publisher=BMFTV |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518040306/https://rmc.bfmtv.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> When the issue of his sexual orientation arose, one of them placed a condom on the tip of a stick and shoved it in Roumi's mouth. The six men proceeded to scream at him and threaten that he would die the way Halimi did.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jewish teen tortured in French town where Ilan Halimi was killed |author=Daniel Ben Simon |newspaper=Haaretz |date=5 March 2008 }}</ref> The men were all arrested.

== Public interest and reaction == The case was widely reported on both in and outside France, and prompted strong reactions.

===France=== thumb|Paris demonstration in honor of Ilan Halimi and against antisemitism In 2006 Then French prime minister, Dominique de Villepin declared that the "odious crime"<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-21-fg-kidnap21-story.html| title = Anti-Semitism Is Alleged in French Torture-Killing| access-date = 23 March 2007| last = Rotella| first = Sebastian| date = 21 February 2006| newspaper = Los Angeles Times| pages = A.3| archive-date = 2 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210302060025/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-21-fg-kidnap21-story.html| url-status = live}}</ref> was antisemitic, and that antisemitism is not acceptable in France.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114064452021880485| title = The Murder of Ilan Halimi| access-date = 23 March 2007| last = Poller| first = Nidra| date = 26 February 2006| newspaper = The Wall Street Journal| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141225003336/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114064452021880485| archive-date = 25 December 2014}} [http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110008006&ojrss=wsj Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416123339/http://www.opinionjournal.com/extra/?id=110008006&ojrss=wsj |date=16 April 2007 }};</ref>

Six French associations called for a mass demonstration against racism and antisemitism in Paris on Sunday, February 26.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/france/6003 |title=1,000 Parisian Jews demand justice for Ilan Halimi |publisher=European Jewish Press|access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062947/http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/france/6003 |archive-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Between 33,000 (as estimated by police) and 80,000 to 200,000 (as estimated by the organizers) people participated in Paris, as well as thousands around the country. Present were public figures such as Philippe Douste-Blazy, François Hollande, Lionel Jospin and Nicolas Sarkozy. Also among the participants were Dalil Boubakeur, head of the Paris Mosque and Chairman of the Council of Muslims in France, and Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/france/370-march-in-paris-in-memory-of-slain-jewish-youth.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030427/http://www.eurojewcong.org/france/370-march-in-paris-in-memory-of-slain-jewish-youth.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=March in Paris in Memory of Slain Jewish Youth|publisher=European Jewish Congress|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Right-wing politician Philippe de Villiers was booed by far-left militants and had to leave under police guard.<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/info/infojour/reuters.asp?id=15467&2138 L'Express] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001031703/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/infojour/reuters.asp?id=15467&2138 |date=1 October 2007 }}</ref>

Following the murder of Halimi, Jewish spokesman for the French Socialist Party Julien Dray claimed that the murder was the result of a “Dieudonné effect.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |title=French comic Dieudonné fined for antisemitic stunt |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/french-comic-dieudonne-fined-for-antisemitic-stunt-a1822kfh |access-date=1 December 2024|website=www.thejc.com |date=28 October 2009 |language=en}}</ref> The comment was made in reference to French comedian Dieudonné M'bala M'bala, whose rise to fame has been persistently entangled with antisemitic commentary. Dieudonné has faced numerous charges by the French government for incitement of hate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M'Bala M'Bala v. France |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/mbala-v-france-no-2523913/ |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2014, a French court ruled that Dieudonné was not responsible for posting and spreading a 2010 video that called for the release of Fofana. The video also expressed condemnation of the “powerful Jewish lobby,” an antisemitic trope that has been center-stage of Dieudonné’s comedy acts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2014 |title=Dieudonné cleared of spreading anti-Semitic video online |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20140207-dieudonne-cleared-spreading-anti-semitic-video-online-france |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Reiss |first=Tom |date=11 November 2007|title=Laugh Riots |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/11/19/laugh-riots |access-date=1 December 2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Since Halimi’s murder, Dieudonné has utilized his death in his comedy performances, one of the many factors leading to the comedian’s performances facing bans in France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2014|title=Dieudonne acquitted in France over video on killer of Ilan Halimi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26085275 |access-date=1 December 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Outside France=== On 9 May, the United States Helsinki Commission held a briefing titled "Tools for Combatting Anti-Semitism: Police Training and Holocaust Education" chaired by Commission Co-Chairman Chris Smith (a Republican representative) who said: "[Halimi's] tragedy made brutally clear that Jews are still attacked because they are Jews, and that our work to eradicate all forms of anti-Semitism in all its ugly forms and manifestations is far from done."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/-osce-critical-point-fight-against-anti-semitism-helsinki-/2006/05/12/1648075.htm |title=OSCE at 'Critical Point' in Fight Against Anti-Semitism; Helsinki Commission Briefing Details Initiatives to Combat Intolerance |date=12 May 2006 |agency=Comtex Global News |publisher=SIP Trunking Report |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113162723/http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/-osce-critical-point-fight-against-anti-semitism-helsinki-/2006/05/12/1648075.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Burial=== Ilan Halimi was initially buried in the Cimetière parisien de Pantin near Paris, and the funeral drew a large Jewish crowd. At the request of the family, his remains were reburied in Har HaMenuchot cemetery in Jerusalem on 9 February 2007.<ref name="Kline-709"/>{{rp|20–23}}<ref>[http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr 20Jerusalem%2011-Feb-2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830192731/http://www.urgenceserrurierparis.fr/ |date=30 August 2017 }}{}</ref> It was timed to allow his first Yartzeit, on Tu Bishvat, to pass before the reburial.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hundreds Attend Reburial in Jerusalem of French Jew Murdered in Paris |publisher=The Jewish Federations of North America, Inc. |url=http://central.ujcfedweb.org/page.html?ArticleID=142741 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707154420/http://central.ujcfedweb.org/page.html?ArticleID=142741 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> The date and time (11:30 am) also marked "exactly one year after his burial in France according to the Jewish Calendar."<ref>{{cite press release |date=7 February 2007 |title=The remains of Ilan Halimi, murdered in Paris last year in a vicious antisemitic attack, will be reburied in Jerusalem on Friday |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |url=http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=32930 |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504141841/http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=32930 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Memorials=== A garden in the Jerusalem Forest was named after him.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} In May 2011, a garden in the 12th arrondissement of Paris where Halimi used to play as a child was renamed after him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Paris-remembers-Ilan-Halimi-on-10th-anniversary-of-murder-445032|title=Paris remembers Ilan Halimi on 10th anniversary of murder|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=12 November 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113062717/http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Paris-remembers-Ilan-Halimi-on-10th-anniversary-of-murder-445032|url-status=live}}</ref>

A tree commemorating Ilan Halimi was cut down in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois shortly before the anniversary of his death in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/tree-commemorating-murdered-french-jew-chopped-down-amid-anti-semitic-spate/|title=Tree commemorating murdered French Jew chopped down amid anti-Semitic spate|first=Clare|last=Byrne|date=11 February 2019|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211222806/https://www.timesofisrael.com/tree-commemorating-murdered-french-jew-chopped-down-amid-anti-semitic-spate/|work=Times of Israel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Un-arbre-plante-a-la-memoire-d-Ilan-Halimi-retrouve-scie-1604906|title=Un arbre planté à la mémoire d'Ilan Halimi retrouvé scié|date=11 February 2019|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211223331/https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Un-arbre-plante-a-la-memoire-d-Ilan-Halimi-retrouve-scie-1604906|work=Paris Match|language=fr}}</ref> In 2025, another tree commemorating him was cut down in Épinay-sur-Seine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French leader Macron vows justice after unknown attackers chop down tree honoring murdered Jew |url=https://apnews.com/article/france-ilan-halimi-jewish-antisemitism-bayrou-tree-0083d0f7c4342a94622ad4752d490a75 |access-date=13 August 2025|website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> On the 20th anniversary of his death in 2026, A new tree was planted by French president Emmanuel Macron. <ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.cnews.fr/france/2026-02-12/ilan-halimi-20-ans-apres-le-crime-odieux-du-gang-des-barbares-un-hommage-est|title= ILAN HALIMI : 20 ANS APRÈS LE CRIME ODIEUX DU GANG DES BARBARES, UN HOMMAGE EST RENDU À BAGNEUX CE JEUDI|date=13 February 2026|access-date=13 February 2026|work=CNEWS}}</ref>

===Legacy and analysis=== The kidnapping brought many Jews to speak out against antisemitism and racism, but also stirred discussion about whether Jews could still feel safe in France or not. Emigration to Israel rose as a result.<ref name="24 Jours"/>

In 2017 ''The Washington Post'' revisited Ilan Halimi's murder, describing it as similar to the murder of Sarah Halimi,<ref name=AmiLiving_Issue328>{{cite magazine |magazine=Ami Living |date=26 July 2017 |title=Terror in Paris |location=pages 32-39 }}</ref>{{rp|p.35}} because French authorities similarly refused to acknowledge the antisemitic nature of the murder or to investigate it as ethnically and ideologically motivated terrorism.<ref name="McAuleyTerrorism">{{cite news|last1=McAuley|first1=James|title=In France, murder of a Jewish woman ignites debate over the word 'terrorism'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/in-france-the-murder-of-a-jewish-woman-ignites-a-debate-over-terrorism/2017/07/23/4c79fe28-6bb9-11e7-abbc-a53480672286_story.html|access-date=29 August 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|date=23 July 2017|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617230056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/frances-jewish-leaders-raise-the-alarm-over-brutal-murder-of-holocaust-survivor/2018/03/26/28cf8686-30f4-11e8-8abc-22a366b72f2d_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Books=== A number of books have been written about the case. Among them: * ''24 jours: la vérité sur la mort d'Ilan Halimi''; Ruth Halimi and Émily Frèche; Éditions du Seuil; April 2009; {{ISBN|978-2-02-091028-6}}. This books was written by his mother, Ruth Halimi, about her experience of the events, together with Émilie Frèche. In late April 2014, a movie by French filmmaker Alexandre Arcady about this case was released. Entitled ''24 Jours: La vérité sur l’affaire Ilan Halimi'' (24 Days: The Truth about the Ilan Halimi Case), it is based on the above-mentioned book.<ref name = "Byron">{{Cite web| url= http://ejpress.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48859:new-french-film-about-the-murder-of-ilan-halimi-&catid=2:france&Itemid=3| title= New French film about the grisly murder of Ilan Halimi| access-date= 14 January 2015| last= Byron| first= Joseph| date= 6 May 2014| publisher= European Jewish Press| archive-date= 14 January 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150114183412/http://ejpress.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48859:new-french-film-about-the-murder-of-ilan-halimi-&catid=2:france&Itemid=3| url-status= live}}</ref> * ''Si c'est un Juif : Réflexions sur la mort d'Ilan Halimi ''; Adrien Barrot; Editions Michalon; January 2007; {{ISBN|978-2-84186-364-8}} * ''Ilan Halimi, le canari dans la mine : Comment en est-on arrivé là ?''; Yaël König ''et al''; Editions Yago; June 2009; {{ISBN|978-2-916209-70-8}} * ''Des Barbares Dans la Cité. Reflexions Autour du Meurtre d'Ilan Halimi''; David Mascré; Éditions de l'Infini; April 2009; {{ISBN|978-2-918011-05-7}} * A novel, ''Tout, tout de suite'' written by Morgan Sportés was inspired by the events and published in 2011.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2011/08/25/le-conte-rendu-de-morgan-sportes_1563318_3260.html Le "conte rendu" de Morgan Sportès] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225054/https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2011/08/25/le-conte-rendu-de-morgan-sportes_1563318_3260.html |date=25 December 2018 }} Le Monde. 25 August 2011</ref> A film version of the novel, starring Marc Ruchmann as Halimi was released in 2015.

==References== {{reflist}}

=== Media reports === ====In English==== * {{cite news |url=http://www.tomgrossmedia.com/IlanHalimi.html |title=The barbarians of Europe: The brutal murder of Ilan Halimi |author=Tom Gross |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=28 February 2006|author-link=Tom Gross }} * {{cite news |author=Molly Moore |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/24/AR2006022402016_pf.html |title=Killing in France Seen as 'Wake-Up Call' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 February 2006}} * {{cite news |author=Colin Nickerson |url=http://archive.boston.com/news/world/articles/2006/03/13/anti_semitism_seen_rising_among_frances_muslims/ |title=Anti-Semitism seen rising among France's Muslims |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=13 March 2006}} * {{cite news |author=Angelique Chrisafis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/29/torture-murder-anti-semitism-trial-france |title=Trial opens into alleged gang kidnap, torture and murder of French Jew |newspaper=The Guardian |date=29 April 2009}} *{{cite news|url = https://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/article/20060322MotherofmurderedF.html|title = Mother of murdered French Jew speaks out on what went wrong|access-date = 3 September 2007|last = Kline|first = Brett|date = 22 March 2006|work = Around the Jewish World|publisher = Jewish Telegraphic Agency|format = free registration required|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070323185303/http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/article/20060322MotherofmurderedF.html  |archive-date = 23 March 2007}} * {{cite news |author=Elizabeth Bryant |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Torture-slaying-raises-fear-of-anti-Semitic-2522084.php |title=Torture-slaying raises fear of anti-Semitic resurgence |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=26 February 2006}}

====In French==== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060303101534/http://permanent.nouvelobs.com/societe/20060221.OBS7499.html Les événements heure par heure], timeline of events from ''Le Nouvel Observateur'', 24 February 2006 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182234/http://www.liberation.fr/page.php/?Article=361548 Itinéraires d'une bande meurtrière], ''Libération'', 22 February 2006

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halimi, Ilan}} Category:2000s missing person cases Category:2006 murders in France Category:2000s murders in Paris Category:February 2006 in France Category:Antisemitic murders in 21st-century France Category:Antisemitism in France Category:Deaths by person in Paris Category:Formerly missing French people Category:Kidnapped French people Category:Kidnappings in France Category:Missing person cases in France Category:Torture