Kinosternon

{{Short description|Genus of turtles}} {{redirect|Mud turtle|the African species|Pelusios{{!}}''Pelusios''}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Kinosternon_subrubrum.jpg | image_caption = Mississippi mud turtle ''Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis'' | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Kinosternon | authority = Spix, 1824<ref name="Rhodin9598">{{Harnvb|Rhodin|2010|p=000.95-000.98}}</ref> }}

'''''Kinosternon''''' is a genus of small aquatic turtles from the Americas known commonly as '''mud turtles'''.

==Geographic range== They are found in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. The greatest species richness is in Mexico, and only three species (''K. dunni'', ''K. leucostomum'', and ''K. scorpioides'') are found in South America. [[File:Distinguishing characteristics of musk turtles (Sternotherus) and mud turtles (Kinosternon).jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|Comparison between the plastrons of ''Sternotherus'' and ''Kinosternon'']]

==Description== They are very similar to the musk turtles, but generally smaller in size, and their carapaces are not as highly domed.

==Diet== All mud turtles are carnivorous, consuming various aquatic invertebrates (especially molluscs and worms<ref name="obst">{{cite book |last1=Obst |first1=Fritz Jürgen |title=Turtles, Tortoises, and Terrapins |date=1986 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-82362-2 |page=112 |edition=1}}</ref>), fish, and even carrion.

==Behavior== Mud turtles live in the ground layer on the bed of bodies of slowly-flowing or still water. By burrowing deeply into mud, mud turtles are protected from danger. They occasionally like to bask in the sun.<ref name="obst" /> [[File:Kinosternon acutum 61641648.jpg|thumb|Tabasco mud turtle - ''K. acutum'']] [[File:Kinosternon creaseri 28086778.jpg|thumb|Creaser's mud turtle - ''K. creaseri'']] [[File:Kinosternon leucostomum 365484227.jpg|thumb|White-lipped mud turtle - ''K. leucostomum''

]]

==Species==

=== Extant ===

*Central Chiapas mud turtle - ''K. abaxillare'' (Baur, 1925) *Tabasco mud turtle - ''K. acutum'' Gray, 1831<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Alamos mud turtle - ''K. alamosae'' Berry & Legler, 1980<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Central American mud turtle - ''K. angustipons'' Legler, 1965<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Striped mud turtle - ''K. baurii'' (Garman, 1891)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Jalisco mud turtle - ''K. chimalhuaca'' Berry, Seidel, & Iverson, 1996<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Cora mud turtle - ''K. cora'' Loc-Barragán ''et al''., 2020<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Loc-Barragán|first1=Jesús A.|last2=Reyes-Velasco|first2=Jacobo|last3=Woolrich-Piña|first3=Guillermo A.|last4=Grünwald|first4=Christoph I.|last5=Anaya|first5=Myriam Venegas De|last6=Rangel-Mendoza|first6=Judith A.|last7=López-Luna|first7=Marco A.|date=27 November 2020|title=A New Species of Mud Turtle of Genus Kinosternon (Testudines: Kinosternidae) from the Pacific Coastal Plain of Northwestern Mexico|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4885|issue=4|pages=509–529|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4885.4.3|doi-access=free|pmid=33311258 |url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.4885.4.3/42029}}</ref> *Creaser's mud turtle - ''K. creaseri'' Hartweg, 1934<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Dunn's mud turtle - ''K. dunni'' Schmidt, 1947<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Durango mud turtle - ''K. durangoense'' Iverson, 1979<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Yellow mud turtle - ''K. flavescens'' (Agassiz, 1857)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Herrera's mud turtle - ''K. herrerai'' Stejneger, 1925<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Rough-footed mud turtle - ''K. hirtipes'' (Wagler, 1830)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Valley of Mexico mud turtle - ''K. h. hirtipes'' (Wagler, 1830)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Lake Chapala mud turtle - ''K. h. chapalaense'' Iverson, 1981<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **San Juanico mud turtle - ''K. h. magdalense'' Iverson, 1981<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Viesca mud turtle - ''K. h. megacephalum'' Iverson, 1981 (extinct)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Mexican plateau mud turtle - ''K. h. murrayi'' Glass and Hartweg, 1951<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Patzcuarco mud turtle - ''K. h. tarascense'' Iverson, 1981<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Mexican mud turtle - ''K. integrum'' (LeConte, 1954)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *White-lipped mud turtle - ''K. leucostomum'' A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Northern white-lipped mud turtle - ''K. l. leucostomum'' A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Southern white-lipped mud turtle - ''K. l. postinguinale'' (Cope, 1887)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Pacific red-cheeked mud turtle - ''K. mexicanum'' Iverson & Berry, 2024<ref>Iverson, J. B., & Berry, J. F. (2024). Morphometric Variation in the Red-Cheeked Mud Turtle (Kinosternon cruentatum) and its Taxonomic Implications. Chelonian Conservation and Biology: Celebrating 25 Years as the World’s Turtle and Tortoise Journal.https://doi.org/10.2744/CCB-1589.1</ref> *Oaxaca mud turtle - ''K. oaxacae'' Berry & Iverson, 1980<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Scorpion mud turtle - ''K. scorpioides'' (Linnaeus, 1766)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **[[File:Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum 416917698.jpg|thumb|Red-cheeked mud turtle - ''K. scorpioides cruentatum'' ]]Scorpion mud turtle (subspecies) - ''K. s. scorpioides'' (Linnaeus, 1766)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **White-throated mud turtle - ''K. s. albogulare'' (A.H.A. Duméril and Bocourt, 1870)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Red-cheeked mud turtle - ''K. s. cruentatum'' (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *[[File:Kinosternon sonoriense 398479857 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sonora mud turtle - ''K. sonoriense'']]Sonora mud turtle - ''K. sonoriense'' (Le Conte, 1854)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Sonora mud turtle (subspecies) - ''K. s. sonoriense'' (Le Conte, 1854)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Sonoyta mud turtle - ''K. s. longifemorale'' (Iverson, 1981)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Florida mud turtle - ''K. steindachneri'' (Siebenrock, 1906)<ref name="TTWG2017">{{cite journal|last1=Rhodin|first1=Anders G.J.|last2=Inverson|first2=John B.|last3=Roger|first3=Bour|last4=Fritz|first4=Uwe|last5=Georges|first5=Arthur|last6=Shaffer|first6=H. Bradley|last7=van Dijk|first7=Peter Paul|date=August 3, 2017|title=Turtles of the world, 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status(8th Ed.)|url=http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf|journal=Chelonian Research Monographs|volume=7|access-date=October 4, 2019|isbn=978-1-5323-5026-9}}</ref> *Arizona mud turtle - ''K.'' ''stejnegeri'' Gilmore, 1923''<ref name="Rhodin9598" />''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=McCord|first=Robert D.|date=2016-02-17|title=What is Kinosternon arizonense?|journal=Historical Biology|volume=28|issue=1–2|pages=310–315|doi=10.1080/08912963.2015.1053879|bibcode=2016HBio...28..310M |s2cid=85572922 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref> *Eastern mud turtle - ''K. subrubrum'' (Bonnaterre, 1789)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Eastern mud turtle (subspecies) - ''K. s. subrubrum'' (Bonnaterre, 1789)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> **Mississippi mud turtle - ''K. s. hippocrepis'' (Bonnaterre, 1789)<ref name="Rhodin9598" /> *Vallarta mud turtle - ''K. vogti'' López-Luna et al., 2018<ref name="lopez">{{cite journal|last1=López-Luna|first1=Marco A.|last2=Cupul-Magaña|first2=Fabio G.|last3=Escobedo-Galván|first3=Armando H.|last4=González-Hernández|first4=Adriana J.|last5=Centenero-Alcalá|first5=Eric|last6=Rangel-Mendoza|first6=Judith A.|last7=Ramírez-Ramírez|first7=Mariana M.|last8=Cazares-Hernández|first8=and Erasmo|title=A Distinctive New Species of Mud Turtle from Western México|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|volume=2018}}</ref>

=== Extinct ===

* †''Kinosternon arizonense'' Gilmore, 1923 (known from Plio-Pleistocene fossil remains, formerly considered conspecific with ''K. stejnegeri'')''<ref name="Rhodin9598" />''<ref name=":0" /> * †''Kinosternon notolophus'' Bourque, 2016 * †''Kinosternon pannekollops'' Bourque, 2016 * †''Kinosternon pojoaque'' * †''Kinosternon rincon'' Bourque, 2016 * †''Kinosternon skullridgescens'' * †''Kinosternon wakeeniense'' Bourque, 2016

==References== {{Reflist}}

;Bibliography *{{Anchor|CITEREFRhodin2010}}{{cite journal|url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf |title=Turtles of the world, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=5 |date=2010-12-14 |author1=Rhodin, Anders G.J. |author2=van Dijk, Peter Paul |author3=Iverson, John B. |author4=Shaffer, H. Bradley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717125632/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=dead }}

Category:Kinosternon Category:Turtle genera Category:Taxa named by Johann Baptist von Spix