Atriplex hortensis

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{Speciesbox | image_caption = 1796 painting of "''Chenopodium hortense''"<ref>[http://www.biolib.de Figure from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen. Author: Johann Georg Sturm. Painter: Jacob Sturm]</ref> | image = Atriplex_hortensis_cleaned_Sturm.png | genus = Atriplex | species = hortensis | authority = L.<ref name="GRIN''">{{GRIN | accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref> | synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2665365 The Plant List, ''Atriplex hortensis'' L. ]</ref> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=Synonymy |''Atriplex acuminata'' M.Bieb. |''Atriplex atrosanguinea'' Voss |''Atriplex benghalensis'' Lam. |''Atriplex heterantha'' Wight |''Atriplex microtheca'' Moq. |''Atriplex purpurea'' Voss |''Atriplex ruberrima'' Moq. |''Atriplex rubra'' (L.) Crantz |''Atriplex spectabilis'' Ehrh. ex Moq. |''Atriplex virgata'' Roth |''Chenopodium benghalense'' Spielm. ex Steud. }} }} thumb|''Atriplex hortensis'' fruit and seeds

'''''Atriplex hortensis''''', known as '''garden orache''', '''red orache''' or simply '''orache''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|r|ə|tʃ}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary third edition |title=orache |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132134 |access-date=7 December 2018| date=June 2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> also spelled '''orach'''), '''mountain spinach''', '''French spinach''', or '''arrach''', is a species of plant in the amaranth family used as a leaf vegetable that was common before spinach; it is still grown as a warm-weather alternative to spinach. For many years, it was classified in the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), but it has now been absorbed into the Amaranthaceae. It is Eurasian, native to Asia and Europe, and widely naturalized in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006775 Flora of China, <big>榆钱菠菜</big> yu qian bo cai ''Atriplex hortensis'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1053. 1753.]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=atriplex+hortensis Altervista Flora Italiana, Atriplice degli orti, bledos moles, Gartenmelde, trädgårdsmålla, ''Atriplex hortensis'' L.], includes photos and European distribution map</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200006775 Flora of North America, Garden orach, ''Atriplex hortensis'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1053. 1753. ]</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Atriplex%20hortensis.png Biota of North America 2014 state-level distribution map]</ref><ref>Wilson, P. G. 1984. Chenopodiaceae. Flora of Australia 4: 81–330.</ref><ref>Webb, C. J., W. R. Sykes & P. J. Garnock-Jones. 1988. Chenopodiaceae. Flora of New Zealand 515–534</ref>

== Description ==

thumb|Red orache with unripe fruit

''Atriplex hortensis'' is a hardy annual plant, with an erect, branching stem. It varies in height from two to six feet, according to the variety and soil. The leaves are variously shaped, but somewhat oblong, comparatively thin, and slightly acidic to the taste. There are varieties with red, white and green leaves. The flowers are small and obscure, greenish or reddish, corresponding to a degree with the color of the foliage of the plant. They can be male, female or hermaphrodite. The fruits are often overhanging because of their weight. The seeds retain their viability for three years.<ref>Burr, Fearing: ''The Field and Garden Vegetables of America'', page 297. Crosby and Nichols, 1863</ref> The yellow-brown seeds with a diameter of 3 to 4 millimeters and a more translucent seed shell are immediately germable. The black seeds with a diameter of only 1.5 to 2 millimeters and smooth, thick, leathery seed shell germinate only after two years.

The pollination is carried out by self-pollination, wind pollination, or insects.<ref name="BiolFlor"> {{BiolFlor|363|Abruf=2015-10-07}} </ref>

== Use and cultivation == ''Atriplex hortensis'' has a salty, spinach-like taste. The leaves are used cooked or raw in salads. The green leaves were once used to color pasta in Italy. A common use of the plant is to balance out the acidic flavor of sorrel.<ref>{{aut|Davidson, Alan}} (1999): Orach. ''In: Oxford Companion to Food'': 556. {{ISBN|0-19-211579-0}}</ref>

It was commonly grown in Mediterranean regions from early times, until spinach became the more favored leaf vegetable. It is commonly grown as a warm-weather alternative to spinach because it is more tolerant of heat and slower to bolt in warm weather.<ref>[https://www.gardening.cornell.edu/homegardening/scene80ea.html Cornell University Gardening Growing Guide]</ref>

== Gallery == <gallery> File:Atriplexhortensis1.jpg|alt=red mountain spinach|''Atriplex hortensis'' var. ''rubra'' File:Neuchâtel Herbarium - Atriplex hortensis - NEU000004323.jpg|alt=pressed specimen of mountain spinach|Dried, pressed specimen from the University of Neuchâtel File:Atriplex hortensis sl20.jpg|alt=red flower of mountain spinach|Inflorescence with predominantly male flowers </gallery>

== References == {{Commons}} {{Reflist}}

hortensis Category:Flora of Asia Category:Leaf vegetables Category:Flora of Europe Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus