Phyllostachys edulis

{{Short description|Species of grass}} {{Speciesbox |image = Bamboo forest.jpg |image_caption = Bamboo forest |genus = Phyllostachys |species = edulis |authority = (Carrière) J.Houz., 1906 |synonyms = * ''Bambos moosoo'' Siebold * ''Bambusa edulis'' Carrière * ''Bambusa heterocycla'' Carrière * ''Bambusa mitis'' Carrière * ''Bambusa pubescens'' Pradelle * ''Phyllostachys bicolor'' Crouzet * ''Phyllostachys heterocycla'' (Carrière) Matsum., 1895 * ''Phyllostachys pubescens'' (Pradelle) Mazel ex J.Houz., 1908 |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=434116 |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref> }} thumb|right|Bamboo shoots [[File:ბამბუკის ბილიკი.jpg|thumb|Bamboo path in Georgia]] '''''Phyllostachys edulis''''', the '''{{transliteration|ja|mōsō}} bamboo''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref> or '''tortoise-shell bamboo''',<ref name=GRIN/> or '''{{transliteration|zh|mao zhu}}''' ({{zh|c=毛竹|p=máozhú}}), ({{langx|ja|モウソウチク}}), ({{zh|t=孟宗竹}}) is a temperate species of giant timber bamboo native to China and Taiwan and naturalised elsewhere, including Japan where it is widely distributed from south of Hokkaido to Kagoshima.<ref name=FoC>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242445237 |title=''Phyllostachys edulis'' |author=Zheng-ping Wang & Chris Stapleton |work=Flora of China |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> The ''edulis'' part of the Latin name refers to its edible shoots. This bamboo can reach heights of up to {{cvt|28|m}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daphne|title=Farming Bamboo|year=2008|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-4357-0131-1|pages=155–165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxGEmGk9MbIC&q=moso+bamboo+seed&pg=PA155|author2=Carol A. Miles}}</ref> This particular species of bamboo is the most common species used in the bamboo textile industry of China and other countries,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bamboounderwear.com/pages/about-our-fabrics|title=What is Viscose From Bamboo|website=bamboounderwear.com|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> for the production of rayon. Moso is less cold-hardy than many ''Phyllostachy'', surviving at a reduced height down to {{cvt|-15|°C}}.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== Ecology == ''Phyllostachys edulis'' spreads using both asexual and sexual reproduction. The most common and well known mode for this plant is asexual reproduction. This occurs when the plant sends up new culms from underground rhizomes. The culms grow quickly and can reach a height of {{cvt|28|m}} (depending on the age and health of the plant). In mature individuals, the culms in young plants grow taller and wider in diameter as the general plant reaches maturity, but once the individual culm stops growing it will not grow again. ''P. edulis'' also flowers and produces seed, and it does so every half century or so, but it has a sporadic flowering nature rather than the synchronous blooming seen in some other bamboo species. The seeds fall from the mature culms in the hundreds of thousands and are quick to germinate. Mice, field rats and other rodents take notice of the bounty of seed, this results in the loss of many of the seeds, but within a few weeks the surviving few seeds would have germinated (see predator satiation). The first culm from a seedling will not get much taller than around {{cvt|10|cm}} at most, and may be as thin as {{cvt|2|mm}}, but with every new season of culms sent up from developing rhizomes, the grove of plants will grow in height and cane diameter. Moso bamboo grows as much as {{cvt|119|cm}} in twenty-four hours.<ref>{{cite book | last1= Austin | first1= Robert | last2= Ueda | first2= Koichiru | date= 1970 | title= Bamboo | location= New York | publisher= Walker//Weatherhill | page= 193 }}</ref> But because the culms of Moso are up to {{cvt|22|cm}} diameter, its volume growth is much greater than that of ''Phyllostachys bambusoides''.

''Polyporus phyllostachydis'' (Sotome, T. Hatt. & Kakish.) is a fungus species known from Japan, that grows on the ground on the living or dead roots of the bamboo.

== Cultivation == === Cultivars === Cultivars include:{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} * ''Phyllostachys edulis'' 'Bicolor' * ''Phyllostachys edulis'' 'Kikko' or 'Kikko-Chiku' (syn.: ''Phyllostachys edulis'' var. ''heterocycla'') * ''Phyllostachys edulis'' 'Subconvexa' (syn.: ''Phyllostachys heterocycla'' f. ''subconvexa'', ''Phyllostachys pubescens'' 'Subconvexa') * ''Phyllostachys edulis'' 'Nabeshimana' (syn.: ''Phyllostachys heterocycla'' f. ''nabeshimana'', ''Phyllostachys pubescens'' f. ''luteosulcata'')

== Biochemistry == Compounds isolated from ''P. edulis'' include: * Hydroxycinnamic acids<ref name="Kweon">[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf010514x Identification and Antioxidant Activity of Novel Chlorogenic Acid Derivatives from Bamboo (''Phyllostachys edulis''). Mee-Hyang Kweon, Han-Joon Hwang, and Ha-Chin Sung, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49 (10), pp 4646–4655]</ref> ** ''p''-coumaric acid ** caffeic acid ** ferulic acid * Chlorogenic acids<ref name="Kweon" /> ** chlorogenic acid (3-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)quinic acid) ** 3-O-(3'-methylcaffeoyl)quinic acid ** 5-O-caffeoyl-4-methylquinic acid ** 3-O-caffeoyl-1-methylquinic acid ({{chem|C|17|H|20|O|9}}, exact mass : 368.110732). * Flavones ** tricin<ref name="Guo">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1745-4514 Antioxidant properties of major flavonoids and subfractions of the extract of ''Phyllostachys pubescens'' leaves. Guo, X. F., Yue, Y. D., Tang F., Wang, J., Yao, X. (2012). Journal of Food Biochemistry]</ref><ref name="Higa">[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045082 ''Phyllostachys edulis'' Compounds Inhibit Palmitic Acid-Induced Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) Production. Higa, J. K., Liang, Z., Williams, P. G., & Panee, J. (2012). PLOS ONE, 7(9), e45082.]</ref> ** 7-O-methyltricin<ref name="Higa" /> ** Glycosylated flavones<ref name="Guo" /> *** orientin<ref name="Guo" /> *** isoorientin<ref name="Guo" /> *** vitexin<ref name="Guo" /> *** isovitexin<ref name="Guo" /> *** 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-6-C-β-D-digitoxopyranosyl-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside<ref name="Guo" /> *** 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside<ref name="Guo" /> *** 5,4'-dihydroxy-3',5',-dimethoxy-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside<ref name="Guo" /> *** 5,7,3',4'-trihydroxy-6-C-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-[1→6])-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavonoside<ref name="Guo" />

== References == {{Commons category|Phyllostachys edulis}} {{Wikispecies|Phyllostachys edulis}} {{Reflist}}

edulis Category:Flora of China Category:Flora of Taiwan Category:Flora of Japan Category:Taxa named by Élie-Abel Carrière