Mopane

{{Short description|Genus of legumes}} {{Other uses|Mopane (disambiguation)|Mopani (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} {{Speciesbox |name = Mopane |image = Colophospermum mopane arbre MHNT, crop.jpg |image2 = Colophospermum mopane00.jpg |image2_caption = Multi-stemmed shrub and tall woodland in Namibia and Malawi respectively |display_parents = 3 |genus = Colophospermum |parent_authority = J.Léonard (1949), nom. cons. |species = mopane |authority = (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Léonard (1949)

|synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Copaiba mopane'' (J.Kirk ex Benth.) Kuntze (1891) *''Copaifera mopane'' J.Kirk ex Benth. (1865). *''Hardwickia mopane'' (J.Kirk ex Benth.) Breteler (1997) }} |synonyms_ref =<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486795-1 ''Colophospermum mopane'' (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Léonard]. ''Plants of the World Online''. Retrieved 16 August 2023.</ref> |range_map = Mopane-Distribution-small.png }} '''''Colophospermum mopane''''', commonly called '''mopane''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN |id=11181 |access-date = 15 December 2017}}</ref> '''mopani''',<ref name="database">{{cite web |title=Mopane {{!}} The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood) |url=https://www.wood-database.com/mopane/ |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> '''butterfly tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> '''turpentine tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> or '''balsam tree''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> is a tree in the legume family (Fabaceae), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, {{convert|200|to|1200|m|ft}} in elevation,{{sfnp|Timberlake|1995|p=7}} in parts of Southern Africa. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only species in genus '''''Colophospermum'''''. Its distinctive butterfly-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin kidney-shaped/nearly semi-circular seed pod<ref name="CABI2013"/> make it easy to identify.

Though hard and dense and difficult to work with, it is valued timber in all sorts of construction due to its termite tolerance.{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"}}<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> Together with camel thorn and leadwood, it is one of the three regionally important firewood trees, due to the enduring heat,<ref name="mendelsohn&el_obeid2005"/>{{clarify|what is due to the enduring heat?|date=November 2025}} and these woods are also some of the preferred use culinarily for braai.<ref name="biller2012"/>

==Range and habitat== thumb|left|The two papilionaceous leaflets are mirror images of one another, and are borne on a common petiole.<ref name="van_wyk_p.1984"/>

The mopane is found on low-lying ground from {{convert|200|m|ft}} (Mozambique) to {{convert|1200|m|ft}} (Zimbabwe). {{sfnp|Timberlake|1995|p=7}}{{Refn|Another quote gives upper limit of 1000m (–1300m).{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}}}}

===Mopane ecoregions=== Native to Southern Africa, its habitat is divided crudely into two regions: the "Angola region", i.e., Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion, which includes Southern Angola and northwestern Namibia, and the "Zambezian region", i.e. the Zambezian and mopane woodlands ecoregion extending over the lowlands of the Zambezi River and its tributaries across the countries of Zambia, Southern Malawi, other parts of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini/Swaziland and northern South Africa.<ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/><ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/><ref name="huntley2023"/>

===Soil and morphology=== While it prefers slightly acidic deep clay soil that are {{linktext|friable}} and {{linktext|permeable}},{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} it also grows in alkaline (high lime content) soils which are shallow and not well drained.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} It also grows in alluvial soils (soil deposited by rivers).{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=214}} Where it occurs, it is often the dominant tree species, frequently forming homogeneous stands.{{Refn|Shorrocks & Bates (2015): "The [southern African] 'tree and shrub' savannahs are characterised by the dominance of the mopane tree."; "Here [in the Zambezian region] the mopane tree is frequently the sole canopy species.."<ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/>}}

Within the Zambezian region described above, the trees' height varying considerably, and larger, single-stemmed trees of {{convert|10|to|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} are found in open savannah woodlands on the (sandy) alluvial soil, forming canopy woodlands, and even reaching 18m in height for the so-called "cathedral mopane" of Zambia.<ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/><ref name="scholtz&scholtz&de_klerk2021"/> The same tree is also found stunted as (multi-stemmed<ref name="teshirogi2010"/><ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/>) shrubbery about {{convert|1|to|2|or|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} in clayey soil<ref name="scholtz&scholtz&de_klerk2021"/>{{Refn|Thomas & Shaw (1991),<ref name="thomas&shaw1991"/> citing Wellington (1955).}} or impermeable alkaline soil.<ref name="shorrocks&bates2015"/> Thus water or drainage seems to be a cause factor for stunting, though other causes have been hypothesized.<ref name="teshirogi2010"/> These stunted growths are sometimes called "mopane scrub" (for shrub).<ref name="thomas&shaw1991"/><ref name="CABI2013"/> The shrubs will not transition into tall woods.<ref name="thomas&shaw1991"/>

This tree will not grow well outside hot, mostly frost-free areas{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Though it can survive light frost.<ref name="makhado-etal2014"/>}} with low to moderate rainfall (as low as 100mm per year,<ref name="CABI2013"/> or averaging 400–500mm per year<ref name="scholtz&scholtz&de_klerk2021"/>).{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Rainfall over 800 mm will limit its growth.<ref name="makhado-etal2014"/>}}<ref name="makhado-etal2014"/><ref name="CABI2013"/>

==Uses== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = left | caption_align = left | width = 230 | header = | image1 = Colophospermum mopane - Mopane-2266 - Flickr - Ragnhild & Neil Crawford.jpg | alt1 = | image2 = Damaraland-Chèvres et mopanes.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = A large multi-stemmed tree with sociable weaver nests, and a shrub browsed on by goats, both in Namibia }} Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with an average density range of {{convert|0.990|to|1.230|g/cm3|lb/cuft|abbr=on}} at 12% moisture.{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}{{Refn|Various sources quote various figures. Meier's ''Wood Database'' gives "average dried weight" as 1075 kg/m3 or 67.11 lb/cu.ft., close to the lower end of the range. A different source gives 1,200 kg/m3, citing Goldsmith & Carter (1981).<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> which is about 75 lb./cu. ft., which (after rounding down) matches the "76 (73–84) lb./cu. ft" air dry quoted elsewhere,<ref name="kromhout1967"/> and these are close to the high end of the range.}} and is difficult to work because of its hardness.<ref name="kromhout1967"/><ref name="meier2016">Meier, Eric (2016) ''[http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ The Wood Database]''{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715173223/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mopane/ |date=15 July 2016 }} Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013.</ref> However it is also termite resistant making it one of the most preferred local timbers for construction,{{Refn|name="seely1992-apud"|Seely [et al.](1992), p. 33<ref name="cunningham&hubbard&kinahan&kreike&seely&stuart-williams&marsh"/> apud {{harvp|Hangula|1998|p=13}}}} and for this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as pit props.<ref name="flower-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring<ref name="kromhout1967"/> also make it popular for parquet flooring.<ref name="flower-etal2004"/> Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including aquarium bogwood ornaments,<ref name="verhoef-verhallen2001"/> similarly as driftwood decor for terrariums or gardens,<ref name="newell2024"/> or bases for lamps or sculptures.

It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly woodwind. Suitable quality African blackwood (''Dalbergia melanoxylon''), traditionally used for clarinets, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Woods for woodwinds |website=Prosono International |date=22 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122003424/http://www.prosono.co.za/en/woods-for-woodwinds.shtml |archive-date=2009-11-22 |accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref> Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers Schwenk & Seggelke, Wurlitzer, F. Arthur Uebel and Buffet Crampon.

Mopane twigs been traditionally used as a sort of tooth brush (chewing stick to clean teeth<ref name="van_wyck&gericke2000"/>), and the leaves for folk remedy in healing the wound after ritual extraction of teeth.{{Refn|Malan & Owen-Smith (1974) apud van_Wyck&Gericke (2000)<ref name="van_wyck&gericke2000"/> Also re-cited by Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023"/>}} Various parts of the tree (seed, leaf, bark, root) are used in the traditional medicine of Southern African for a wide range of symptoms.<ref>{{harvp|Cheikhyoussef|Mumbengegwi|Maroyi|2023}}: Table 2. Traditional uses of Colophospermum mopane in Southern Africa</ref><ref name="CABI2013"/>

The bark to make twine or rope{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"}} and for tanning leather,{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"|Palmer and Pitman (1972)<ref name="palmer&pitman1972"/> apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023"/>}}{{Refn|Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962).<ref name="flower-etal2004"/>}} The wood is also used to make charcoal{{Refn|Chidumayo (2000) apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023"/>}} and for braai wood.<ref name="biller2012"/>

===Food source=== The tree is a major food source for the mopane worm, the caterpillar of the moth ''Gonimbrasia belina''. The caterpillars are rich in protein and are eaten by people. The mopane worm is rich in crude fats and contains vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium and phosphorus.<ref name="potgieter2015"/><ref name="allotey-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/> Another edible caterpillar is that of ''Gynanisa maja'' (speckled emperor moth; {{lang|bem|chipumi}} in Bemba{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|{{lang|beq|kawanatengo}} in Kibembe.<ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gynanisa.maja"/>}}<ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gynanisa.maja"/>) which also uses mopane as host tree.<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/><ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/>

And when infested with the "mopane fly"<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/> or "mopane psyllid" (''Retroacizzia mopani'' {{smallcaps|syn.}} ''Arytaina mopani''{{Refn|Spelt "Arytaina mopane".<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/>}} ) that feeds on the tree, the tree produces edible wax-like gums on its leaves called "mopane manna" which are collected and eaten by humans and monkeys.<ref name="lemmens-etal2012"/><ref name="oppong-etal2009"/><ref name="oppong-etal2010"/>

The tree also acts as a foodplant for the wild silk moth, ''Gonometa rufobrunnea''. Cocoons of the moth are harvested as wild silk, to make cloth.<ref name="allotey-etal2004"/>{{sfnp|Lemmens|Louppe|Oteng-Amoako|2012|p=212}}

The Mopane worm creates employment and serves as a source of income for the majority of rural women. Harvesters sell it in villages, towns or to the trader.<ref name="potgieter2015">{{Cite book|last=Potgieter |first=Martin J. |author-link=|title=Edible insects in Africa An introduction to finding, using and eating insects |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=Agromisa Foundation and CTA |year=2015 |url=https://www.echocommunity.org/resources/b3350fa1-e1f3-4746-8f8e-72d1370c537f |page=34 |isbn=978-90-8573-146-7 }}</ref>

The tree is also considered an important food resource for animal husbandry (goat herding), as goats can be allowed to browse on the tree's leaves (cf. fig. above).<ref name="teshirogi2010"/> They are also browsed by cattle and by game animals such as elephants, giraffes, water buffalos and antelopes in game farms and nature reserves.{{Refn|name="palmer&pitman-apud"}}

==Etymology== The genus name ''Colophospermum'' is a compound from Greek {{translit|el|kolophon[ios]}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Quattrocchi lists {{translit|el|kolophonios, kolophonion, kolophonia}} as "of or from Colophon". Jackson notes Colophon producing rosin too, but additionally glosses {{translit|el|kolophon}} literally as "summit, end".}} "resin" + Latin ''spermum'' "seed". The former derives from Colophon", which was the birthplace of Homer in Ionia, famous for its rosin, and is a reference to the seed's aromatic (turpentine-smelling) component.<ref name="jackson1990"/><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/>

The species name ''mopane'' is from its common name in Bantu languages for the tree throughout most of its range.<ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/><ref name="huntley2023"/> Thus the nomenclature, starting with areas in or around South Africa are: {{lang|nso|mohlanare, mopane}} in Northern Sotho/Sepedi (northern Transvaal, current Limpopo province), {{lang|tn|mophane, mopane}} in Tsuwana (western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana) but {{lang|ts|nxanatsi}} in Tsonga (eastern Transvaal). It is known as {{lang|ny|mopane, tsanya}} in Chichewa (Malawi), {{lang|loz|mopani, mupane}} in Lozi (fmr. Barotseland, western Zambia), {{lang|mhw|mupanyi}} in Thimbukushu (Namibia), {{lang|hz|omutati}} in Herero (Namibia, Botswana), {{lang|kj|omufiadi}} in Ovambo (southern Angola, northern Namibia).<ref>{{harvp|Cheikhyoussef|Mumbengegwi|Maroyi|2023}}: Table 1. Vernacular names of Colophospermum mopame</ref><ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/>

Also spelt '''''mupani''''', '''''mopani'''''.<ref name="huntley2023"/><ref name="mapaure1994"/> In Afrikaans it goes by {{lang|af|mopanie}} or {{lang|af|mopaniehout}} "mopanie wood" or {{lang|af|terpentynboom}} "turpentine tree".<ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999"/> It is called {{lang|sn|musharu}} in Shona (Sabi valley, Zimbabwe), ''chanate'' in southern Mozambique,<ref name="mapaure1994"/> and {{lang|umb|mutiati}} in Umbundu (Angola).<ref name="huntley2023"/><ref name="mapaure1994"/>

==Gallery== <gallery mode=packed heights=160 style="font-size:100%; line-height:130%"> File:Colophospermum mopane 2122.jpg|Inflorescences produced during mid-summer File:Colophospermum mopane 2120.jpg|The wind-pollinated flower File:Colophospermum mopane MHNT.BOT.2015.2.6.jpg|Dry foliage, seed pods and two seeds (bottom right) - MHNT File:Colophospermum mopane - Seeds.jpg|The fruit are pods containing one seed each File:Colophospermum mopane 50D 0484.jpg|Mopane worms, locally a staple food, consuming the foliage File:Speckled Emperor (Gynanisa maja) caterpillar on mopane twig ... (51867253398).jpg|The likewise edible {{lang|bem|chipumi}} caterpillar of the speckled emperor moth, defoliating a sprig File:Mopane_seed_and_leaves.JPG|Winter foliage and dry seed pods in Namibia </gallery>

==Explanatory notes== {{notelist}}

==References== *{{Commons category-inline|Colophospermum mopane}} {{Reflist|2|refs= <ref name="allotey-etal2004">{{Cite book |last1=Allotey |first1=Joseph |author1-link= |last2=Teferra |first2=G. |author2-link= |last3=Mpuchane |first3=S. |author3-link= |last4=Ditlholgo |first4=M. |author4-link= |last5=Gashe |first5=B. A. |author5-link= |last6=Slame |first6=B. A. |author6-link= |chapter=Chapter 10: Mopane (''Colophospermum mopane'') as host for the development of the mopane worm, ''Imbrasia Belina'' Westwood, in Botswana |editor1-last=Flower |editor1-first=Charlotte |editor1-link=|editor2-last=Wardell-Johnson |editor2-first=G. |editor2-link= |editor3-last=Jamieson |editor3-first=Andrew |editor3-link= |title=Management of Mopane in Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ogongo Agricultural College, Northern Namibia, 26th to 29th November, 1996|location= |publisher=Namibia. Directorate of Forestry |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1MeAQAAIAAJ&q=flooring |page=41 |isbn=9780869765098}}</ref>

<ref name="biller2012">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Biller |first=Hilary |author-link= |chapter=Cook's notes |title=Fuss-free Braais |location= |publisher=Penguin Random House South Africa |year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQlbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |page=PT7 |isbn=9781432301187 }}</ref>

<ref name="CABI2013">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link= |editor-last=Praciak |editor-first=Andrew |editor-link=|chapter=Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Leonard / Mopane |title=The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees |location= |publisher=CABI |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |pages=127–128|isbn=9781780642369 }}</ref>

<ref name="cheikhyoussef&mumbengegwi&maroyi2023">{{Cite book |last1=Cheikhyoussef |first1=Ahmad |author1-link= |last2=Mumbengegwi |first2=David |author2-link= |last3=Maroyi |first3=Alfred |author3-link= |chapter=Chapter 9. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Mopane (''Colophospermum mopane'') in Southern African Countries |editor1-last=Martinez |editor1-first=José L. |editor1-link= |editor2-last=Maroyi|editor2-first=Alfred |editor2-link= |editor3-last=Wagner |editor3-first=Marcelo L. |editor3-link= |title=Ethnobotany: From the Traditional to Ethnopharmacology|location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAqmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT266 |page= |isbn=9781000839586}}</ref>

<ref name="CRC-quattrocchi1999">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Quattrocchi |first=Umberto |author-link=|chapter=Colophospermum mopane Kirk ex J. Léonard |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology |volume=1 |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC&pg=PA587 |page=587 |isbn=9780849326752}}</ref>

{{void|<ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gonimbrasia.belina">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |author-link=Jun Mitsuhashi |chapter=Gonimbrasia belina |title=Edible Insects of the World |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ&q=belina |pages=2012–2013|isbn=9781315350882}}</ref> }} <ref name="CRC-mitsuhashi2016-Gynanisa.maja">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Mitsuhashi |first=Jun |author-link=Jun Mitsuhashi |chapter=Gynanisa maja |title=Edible Insects of the World |location= |publisher=CRC Press |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5W_DQAAQBAJ&q=chipumi |pages=2012–2013|isbn=9781315350882}}</ref>

<ref name="cunningham&hubbard&kinahan&kreike&seely&stuart-williams&marsh">{{cite book|last1=Cunningham |first1=T. |author1-link= |last2=Hubbard |first2=D. |author2-link= |last3=Kinahan |first3=John |author3-link= |last4=Kreike|first4=E. |author4-link= |last5=Seely |first5=M. |author5-link= |last6=Stuart-Williams|first6=V. |author6-link= |last7=Marsh |first7=A.|author7-link= |title=Oshanas: sustaining people, environment and development in Central Owambo, Namibia |location=Windhoek, Namibia |publisher=s.n. |date=1992 |url= |page=33 |isbn=9991670904}}</ref>

<ref name="flower-etal2004">{{Cite book |last1=Flower |first1=Charlotte |author1-link=|last2=Wardell-Johnson |first2=G. |author2-link=|last3=Jamieson |first3=Andrew |author3-link=|chapter=Introduction |editor1-last=Flower |editor1-first=Charlotte |editor1-link=|editor2-last=Wardell-Johnson |editor2-first=G. |editor2-link= |editor3-last=Jamieson |editor3-first=Andrew |editor3-link= |title=Management of Mopane in Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ogongo Agricultural College, Northern Namibia, 26th to 29th November, 1996|location= |publisher=Namibia. Directorate of Forestry |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1MeAQAAIAAJ&q=flooring |page=xviii |isbn=9780869765098}}</ref>

<ref name="huntley2023">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Huntley |first=Brian John |author-link=Brian John Huntley |chapter=15.1 Angolan Mopane Woodlands (Ecoregion 12) |title=Ecology of Angola: Terrestrial Biomes and Ecoregions |location= |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpyyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA341 |pages=340–341 and Fig. 15.1 |isbn=9783031189234}}</ref>

<ref name="jackson1990">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jackson |first=William Peter Uprichard |author-link= |chapter=Colophospermum |title=Origins and Meanings of Names of South African Plant Genera |location= |publisher=University of Cape Town |year=1990 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=154_AAAAYAAJ&q=Colophospermum |page=73 |isbn=9780799212846}}</ref>

<ref name="kromhout1967">{{cite journal|last=Kromhout |first=C. P. |author-link= |title=Twintig Transvaalse Houtsoorte |trans-title=Twenty Kinds of Transvaal Timbers |journal=Fauna and Flora |number=18 |date=1967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fVJAAAAYAAJ&q=mopane |pages=15–17 |lang=af,en}}</ref>

<ref name="lemmens-etal2012">{{Cite dictionary|last1=Lemmens|first1=R.H.M.J.|author1-link= |last2=Louppe |first2=D. |author2-link=|last3=Oteng-Amoako |first3=A.A. |author3-link= |chapter=''Colophospermum mopane'' (Benth.) J. Léonard |title=Timbers 2 |location=Wageningen, Netherlands |publisher=PROTA |year=2012|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MpmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |page=211|isbn=9789290814955}}</ref>

<ref name="makhado-etal2014">{{citation|last1=Makhado |first1=Rudzani A. |author1-link= |collaboration=Mapaure, Isaac; Potgieter, Martin J.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Saidi, Amani T. |title=Factors influencing the adaptation and distribution of Colophospermum mopane in southern Africa's mopane savannas - A review |journal=Bothalia (Online) |volume=44 |number=1 |date=2014 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.4102/ABC.V44I1.152|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="mapaure1994">{{cite journal|last=Mapaure |first=I. |author-link= |title=The distribution of Colophospermum mopane (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) in Africa. |journal=Kirkia |volume=15 |number=1 |date=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pljUU0E0g5gC&q=mutiati |pages=1 |lang=af,en}}</ref>

<ref name="mendelsohn&el_obeid2005">{{cite book |last1=Mendelsohn |first1=John M. |author1-link= |last2=El Obeid |first2=Selma |author2-link= |title=Forests and Woodlands of Namibia |location= |publisher=Namibia. Directorate of Forestry |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZYfAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane+%22camel+thorn%22 |page=63 |isbn=9789991678030}}</ref>

<ref name="newell2024">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Newell |first=Ben |author-link= |chapter=Mopane wood |title=Hello Tiny World: An Enchanting Journey into the World of Creating Terrariums |location= |publisher=Penguin |year=2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rRzYAAAAMAAJ&q=mopane |page=16 |isbn=9780593847671}}</ref>

<ref name="oppong-etal2009">{{citation|last1=Oppong |first1=C.K. |author1-link= |collaboration=Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J. |title=Distribution of the eggs of the mopane psyllid ''Retroacizzia mopani'' (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the mopane tree|journal=African Invertebrates |volume=50 |number=1 |date=2009 |url=http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2009_50_1_430.aspx |pages=185–190}}</ref> <ref name="oppong-etal2010">{{citation|last1=Oppong |first1=C.K. |author1-link= |collaboration=Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J. |title=Nymphal behaviour and lerp construction in the ''mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani'' (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) |journal=African Invertebrates |volume=51 |number=1 |date=2010 |url=http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2010_51_1_467.aspx|pages=201–205 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624011858/http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za/Oppong_etal_2010_51_1_467.aspx |archive-date=24 June 2010 }}</ref>

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Category:Flora of South Tropical Africa Category:Flora of Southern Africa Category:Trees of South Africa Category:Trees of Angola Category:Drought-tolerant trees Category:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests Category:Detarioideae Category:Monotypic Fabaceae genera Category:Plants described in 1865