Moot court

{{Short description|Extracurricular activity at many law schools}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}} '''Moot court''' is a co-curricular activity at many law schools. Participants take part in simulated court or arbitration proceedings, usually involving drafting memorials or memoranda and participating in oral argument. In many countries, the phrase "moot court" may be shortened to simply "moot" or "mooting". Participants are either referred to as "mooters" or, less conventionally, "mooties".

==Format and structure== [[File:5th European Human Rights Moot Court Competition Final Round.jpg|thumb|5th European Human Rights Moot championship round, held in the European Court of Human Rights building]] Moot court involves simulated proceedings before an appellate court, arbitral tribunal, or international dispute resolution body. These are different from mock trials that involve simulated jury trials or bench trials. Moot court does not involve actual testimony by witnesses, cross-examination, or the presentation of evidence, but is focused solely on the application of the law to a common set of evidentiary assumptions, facts, and clarifications/corrections to which the competitors are introduced.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pattinson|first1=Shaun D.|last2=Kind|first2=Vanessa|date=2017-09-12|title=Using a moot to develop students' understanding of human cloning and statutory interpretation|journal=Medical Law International|volume=17|issue=3|pages=111–133|language=en|doi=10.1177/0968533217726350|pmid=28943724|pmc=5598875}}</ref> Though not moots in the traditional sense, alternative dispute resolution competitions focusing on mediation and negotiation have also branded themselves as moot competitions in recent times, as had role-playing competitions in the past such as the Jean-Pictet competition.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nica.team/competition/pictet/ | title=Pictet - Nica.team }}</ref>

Moot court, like law review and clinical work, is one of the key extracurricular activities in many law schools around the world. Depending on the competition, students may spend a semester researching and writing the written submissions or memorials, and another semester practicing their oral arguments, or may prepare both within the span of a few weeks. Whereas domestic moot court competitions tend to focus on municipal law such as criminal law or contract law, regional and international moot competitions tend to focus on cross-border subjects such as EU Law, public international law (including its subsets environmental law, space law, and aviation law), international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international criminal law, international trade law, international maritime law, international commercial arbitration, and foreign direct investment arbitration. Ancillary issues pertaining to jurisdiction, standing, choice of law, and remedies are also occasionally engaged, especially in arbitration and international law moots.

In most moot court competitions, there are two sides and each side is represented by two speakers or oralists (though the entire team composition may be larger, and the number of speakers may range from one to four) and a third member, sometimes known as of counsel, may be seated with the speakers. Each speaker usually speaks between 10 and 25 minutes, covering one to three main issues. After the main submissions are completed, there will usually be a short round or two of rebuttal and even surrebuttal. Communications between speakers may or may not be prohibited. Throughout the course of the submissions, judges — usually lawyers, academics, or actual judges — may ask questions, though in some competitions questions are reserved to the end of submissions.

In larger competitions, teams have to participate in up to ten rounds (not including any domestic or regional qualifiers); the knockout/elimination stages are usually preceded by a number of preliminary rounds to determine seeding (power seeding is often used). Teams almost always must switch sides (applicant/appellant/claimant on one side, and respondent on the other) throughout a competition, and, depending on the format of the moot, the moot problem usually remains the same throughout. The scores of the written submissions are taken into consideration for most competitions to determine qualification (whether for the competition or for the knockouts) and seeding, and sometimes even up to a particular knockout stage. Participation in moot court are relevant to some law school rankings.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nica.team/ranking/ | title=Law School Ranking - Nica.team }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.uh.edu/blakely/mcnc/rankings.asp | title=Rankings }}</ref>

==International moot court competitions== International moot competitions are generally targeted at students (including postgraduates) and only allow participants who have not qualified to practice law in any jurisdiction. However, there are a handful of international moot competitions that are targeted at newly qualified lawyers, such as the ECC-SAL Moot, which is a regional moot started in 2012 and is jointly organised by Essex Court Chambers and the Singapore Academy of Law, and the New South Wales Young Lawyers/CIArb competition.

The table below lists some of the more notable international moot competitions for students. Grand slam international moots refer to class-leading moots or those that attract a substantial number of teams, while smaller or less established and region-only competitions are known as internationals and regionals respectively.<ref name="lawgazette.com.sg1">{{cite web|url=https://lawgazette.com.sg/news/events/another-season-record-breaking-international-moot-court-achievements-smu/|title=Another Season of Record-Breaking International Moot Court Achievements (SMU) - The Singapore Law Gazette|date=1 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/smu-team-wins-moot-contest-in-the-hague|title=SMU team wins moot contest in The Hague|last=hermes|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="lawgazette18">{{Cite web|url=https://lawgazette.com.sg/news/updates/international-moots-review/|title=The 2017/18 International Moots Season in Review|date=2018-10-08|website=The Singapore Law Gazette|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://lawgazette.com.sg/news/updates/covid-19-and-the-2019-20-international-moots-season/|title = COVID-19 and the 2019/20 International Moots Season|date = 7 October 2020}}</ref> Some countries also divide competitions into various tiers of prestige for the purpose of awarding points in league tables, with moots such as the Jessup and Vis competitions being considered as belonging to the highest tier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legallyindia.com/the-bench-and-the-bar/mooting-premier-league-is-back-mpl-7-sees-nliu-nalsar-uils-nls-lead-after-strong-start-in-2016-00011130-8208|title=Mooting Premier League is back: MPL 7 sees Nalsar, UILS, NLS, NLIU lead after strong 2016 start|first=Kian|last=Ganz|website=www.legallyindia.com}}</ref> Most international moots only permit one team per institution; competitions that allow more than one team tend to be smaller in scale, and competitions that allow teams to comprise members from more than one institution are rare. Some competitions also limit the number of teams based on geographical location; for instance, for most countries, the Jessup generally only permits one qualifying institution for every ten law schools.

Due to COVID-19, many moot competitions were either cancelled or moved to an online format for some years. By the 2022/23 season, however, almost all competitions had reverted to the in-person format.

===List of notable international moot court competitions=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Competition || Established || Class<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://internationalmoots.org |title = Home - The International Moot Court Compendium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawgazette.com.sg/news/updates/covid-19-and-the-2020-21-international-moots-season/|title = COVID-19 and the 2020/21 International Moots Season|date = 7 September 2021}}</ref> || Primary subject matter || Record annual participation (year) || Location of international finals || National or regional rounds || Cap on teams from same country or region || Pre-moots || Multiple teams from same institution || Most (international) championships |- | Philip C Jessup<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilsa.org/jessup/archives.php |title=ILSA |publisher=ILSA |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915174651/http://www.ilsa.org/jessup/archives.php |archive-date=2010-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 1960 (1968 for international rounds; no rounds in 2020) || Grand Slam || Public international law || 806 teams (2025)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitecase.com/news/record-number-teams-set-compete-jessup-international-law-moot-court-competition|title=Record Number of Teams Set to Compete in Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition - White & Case LLP International Law Firm, Global Law Practice|website=www.whitecase.com}}</ref> Online: 664 teams (2022) || Washington DC || Yes || Yes || No || No || University of Sydney (6; 1 online) |- | Willem C Vis<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/moot/mootlist.html |title=Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot list |publisher=Cisg.law.pace.edu |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> || 1993 || Grand Slam || International commercial arbitration || 407 teams (2026) Online: 387 teams (2021)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hk-lawyer.org/content/cityu-success-2021-vis-moot|title=CityU Success at The 2021 Vis Moot | Hong Kong Lawyer|website=www.hk-lawyer.org|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> || Vienna || Optional pre-moots || No || Yes || No || University of Ottawa (3) |- | Willem C Vis (East)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cisgmoot.org/past-moots/ | title=Past Moots | Vis East Moot }}</ref> || 2003 || Grand Slam || International commercial arbitration || 180 teams (2025) Online: 150 teams (2021)<ref name="auto"/> || Hong Kong || Optional pre-moots || No || Yes || No || Singapore Management University (3; 1 online)<ref name=im22>{{Cite web|url=https://lawgazette.com.sg/news/updates/a-review-of-the-2021-22-international-moots-season/|title=A Review of the 2021/22 International Moots Season - The Singapore Law Gazette|date=12 November 2022 |accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> |- | Price Media Law<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pricemootcourt.socleg.ox.ac.uk/ |title=Welcome | Price Media Law Moot Court Programme |publisher=Pricemootcourt.socleg.ox.ac.uk |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> || 2007 || Grand Slam || International human rights law || 121 teams (2014) Online: 100 teams (2021) || Oxford || Yes || No || No || No || Singapore Management University (4; 1 online)<ref name=im22/> |- | International Criminal Court<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-trialcompetition.org/cms/ |title=ICC-Trial Competition |publisher=ICC-Trial Competition |access-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313001710/http://www.icc-trialcompetition.org/cms// |archive-date=2012-03-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 2005 (2007 for international rounds; no rounds in 2020) || Grand Slam || International criminal law || 112 teams (2016) Online: 95 teams (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iccmoot.com/record-number-of-registered-teams/|title=Record Number of Registered Teams! | ICC Moot Court Competition|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> || The Hague || Yes || No || No || No || Singapore Management University (6; 1 online)<ref name=im22/> |- | Frankfurt Investment Arbitration<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investmentmoot.org |title=investmentmoot.org |publisher=investmentmoot.org |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> || 2007 (no rounds in 2020) || Grand Slam || International investment arbitration || 66 teams (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investmentmoot.org/archive/8th-moot-2-2/results/|title=Frankfurt Investment Arbitration Moot Court :: Results|website=www.investmentmoot.org}}</ref> Online: 105 teams (2022) || Frankfurt || Yes || No || Yes || No || Singapore Management University (3; 1 online)<ref name=im22/> |- | Lachs Space Law Moot<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iislweb.org/category/lachs-winners/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152513/http://iislweb.org/category/lachs-winners/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 April 2017|title=lachs winners » International Institute of Space Law|website=iislweb.org}}</ref> || 1992 (1993 for international rounds) || Grand Slam || Space law || 100+ teams (2024) || Varies || Yes || Yes || No || No || * George Washington University (3) * National Law School of India University (3) |- | John Jackson WTO<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://johnhjacksonmoot.elsa.org/|title=johnhjacksonmoot|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> || 2002 || International || World Trade Organization law || 99 teams (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://files.elsa.org/MCC/1819/Final%20Report_16th%20edition.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013133025/https://files.elsa.org/MCC/1819/Final%20Report_16th%20edition.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 October 2018|title=Final report|website=elsa.org}}</ref>|| Geneva || Yes || No || No || Yes || University of Melbourne (3) |- | Fletcher Insolvency<ref name="qut.edu.au">{{cite web|url=https://www.qut.edu.au/law/about/news-events/international-insolvency-law-moot/about-the-competition|title=About the competition}}</ref> || 2016 || International || International insolvency law || 40 teams (2025) Online: 34 teams (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ianfletcherinsolvencymoot.com/about|title = About}}</ref> || Varies || Qualification by written submissions || No || No || No || Singapore Management University (3; 1 online)<ref name=im22/> |- | Oxford Intellectual Property Law<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/Oxford-IP-Moot | title=The Annual Oxford International Intellectual Property Law Moot Competition | Faculty of Law }}</ref> || 2003 (no rounds in 2020) || International || Intellectual property law || 66 teams (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-01-23-finalists-16th-oxford-international-ip-moot-court-announced|title=Finalists for the 16th Oxford International IP Moot Court Announced|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Online: 32 teams (2021) || Oxford || Qualification by written submissions || No || No || No || Queensland University of Technology (3) |- | Sarin Air Law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airlawmootcourt.com/competition/our-history|title = Our History}}</ref> || 2010 || International || Aviation law || 41 teams (2018) Online: 36 teams (2021) || Varies || Yes || No || No || No || Ram Manohar University (3; 1 online) |- | PAX<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.paxmoot.eu/ |title = PAX Moot 2022}}</ref> || 2013 || International || Private international law || 41 Teams (2023) || Varies || No || No || No || No || University of Ljubljana (3) |- | Foreign Direct Investment International Arbitration<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdimoot.org |title=FDI Moot |publisher=FDI Moot |date=2012-01-01 |access-date=2012-04-21}}</ref> || 2008 || International || Investor-state dispute settlement || || Varies || Yes; direct qualification also possible || No || No || Yes || Murdoch University (2) |- | Nuremberg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuremberg-moot.de/|title=Home: Nuremberg Moot Court|first=Nuremberg Moot|last=Court|website=nuremberg-moot.de}}</ref> || 2014 (no rounds in 2020) || International || International criminal law || | 50 teams (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nuremberg-moot.de/index.php?id=352|title = Nuremberg Moot Court 2019: Nuremberg Moot Court}}</ref> Online: 50 teams (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nurembergacademy.org/events/detail/591390d6b46476c63d93545c6e951fdb/nuremberg-moot-court-2021-with-friedrich-alexander-universitaet-erlangen-nuernberg-432/|title = Nuremberg Moot Court 2021}}</ref> || Nuremberg || Qualification by written submissions || Yes || No || No || Maastricht University (3; 1 online) |- | Stetson Environmental Law<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stetson.edu/law/international/iemcc/ | title=International Environmental Moot Court Competition }}</ref> || 1997 (2001 for international rounds) || International || International environmental law || || Gulfport || Yes || No || No || Yes || Law Society of Ireland (4; 1 online) |- | Mandela World Human Rights<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chr.up.ac.za/worldmoot | title=Nelson Mandela World Human Rights Moot Court Competition }}</ref> ||2009 || International || International human rights law || 164 teams (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/registered-universities-2018.html |title=Currently registered universities by UN region |access-date=2018-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225433/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/registered-universities-2018.html |archive-date=2018-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Geneva || Qualification by written and oral submissions || Yes || Yes || Yes || Norman Manley Law School (3) |- | International Maritime Law Arbitration<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/law/imlam/ | title=The International Maritime Law Arbitration Moot - Swansea University }}</ref> || 2000 (no rounds in 2020 and 2021) || International || International maritime law || 34 teams (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://murdoch.edu.au/schools/law-and-criminology|title=School of Law and Criminology | Murdoch University|website=School of Law and Criminology|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> || Varies || No || Yes || No || No || University of Queensland (9) |- | LAWASIA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawasiamoot.org/|title=Welcome to LAWASIA|website=lawasiamoot.org}}</ref> || 2005 (semi-cancelled in 2019) || Regional || International commercial arbitration || 41 teams (2018) Online: 17 teams (2020) || Varies || Yes (only Malaysia) || No || No || Only for Malaysia || Singapore Management University (5) |- | Red Cross IHL<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org.hk/web/moot12/previous.html|title=12th Red Cross International Humanitarian Law Moot 2014|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> || 2003 (2004 for international rounds; no rounds in 2020) || Regional || International humanitarian law || 120 teams (2019) || Hong Kong || Yes (Hong Kong exempted) || For most countries || No || No || Victoria University of Wellington (3; 1 online) |- | African Human Rights<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/moot-court-2011.html|title=African Human Rights Moot Court Competition Retrieved June 24, 2011|access-date=June 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915035345/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/moot-court-2011.html|archive-date=September 15, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> || 1992 || Regional || Human rights in Africa || || Varies within Africa || No || No || No || No || |- | The European Law Moot Court Competition || 1988 || Regional || European Union law || || Luxembourg || Yes || Yes || No || No || |- | Asia Cup<ref>{{cite web|title=Records of Asia Cup 2011|url=http://kokusaiho.aquasky.jp/en/records/index.htm|work=International Law Student Exchange Council|access-date=27 April 2013}}</ref> || 1999 (no rounds in 2020) || Regional || Public international law || 40 teams (2011) || Tokyo || Qualification by written submissions || Yes || No || No || National University of Singapore (7) |- | International Roman Law Moot Court<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irlm.law.cam.ac.uk/|title=International Roman Law Moot|website=www.irlm.law.cam.ac.uk|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> || 2008 || Regional || Roman Law || || Varies || No || No || No || No || University of Cambridge (3) |- | European Human Rights Moot Court Competition<ref>{{cite web |title=European human rights moot court competition |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/european-human-rights-moot-court-competition |website=www.coe.int |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> || 2012 || Regional || European Convention of Human Rights || 120 teams (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/european-human-rights-moot-court-competition-2013-edition|title = European human rights moot court competition - 2013 edition}}</ref> || Strasbourg || Yes || Yes || No || No || IE University (2; 1 online) |- | The Victor's Moot (Perera)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Victor's Moot|url=https://thevictorsmoot.com/victors-moot-2022/ |website=thevictorsmoot.com |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> || 2018 || Regional || International commercial arbitration || || Colombo || No || No || No || No || Singapore Management University (2) |- |}

===Other types of competitions=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Competition || Established || Type || Record annual participation (year) || Location of international finals || National or regional rounds || Cap on teams from same country or region || Pre-moots || Multiple teams from same institution || Most (international) championships |- | International Chamber of Commerce International Commercial Mediation<ref>{{cite web | url=https://2go.iccwbo.org/icc-international-commercial-mediation-competition.html | title=18th ICC International Commercial Mediation Competition }}</ref> || 2005 || Mediation || 48 teams || Paris || || || || || |- | ADC-ICC Asia Pacific Commercial Mediation<ref>{{cite web | url=https://disputescentre.com.au/apcmc/ | title=Asia-Pacific Commercial Mediation Competition 2023 | }}</ref> || 2017 || Mediation || || || || || || Yes || |- | IBA-VIAC CDRC Vienna Mediation and Negotiation Competition<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdrcvienna.org/cdrc-vienna/the-competition/ | title=The Competition › CDRC Vienna }}</ref> || 2015 || Mediation and negotiation || || Vienna || || || || || |- | Jean-Pictet Competition<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean-Pictet Competition - Home page |url=https://www.concourspictet.org/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.concourspictet.org}}</ref>|| 1989 || Various || || Various|| No|| No|| No||No |- |}

==Domestic moot court competitions== thumb|A law school's moot courtroom

===North America=== Some moot court organisations accept a small group of people for membership, and those members each participate in a number of national or regional moot court competitions. Other schools accept a larger number of members, and each member is matched with one competition. A few schools conduct moot court entirely intramurally. Moot court competitions are typically sponsored by organisations with interest in one particular area of law, and the moot court problems address an issue in that field. Competitions are often judged by legal practitioners with expertise in the particular area of law, or sometimes by sitting judges.

The basic structure of a moot court competition roughly parallels what would happen in actual appellate practice. Participants will typically receive a problem ahead of time, which includes the facts of the underlying case, and often an opinion from a lower court that is being challenged in the problem. Students must then research and prepare for that case as if they were lawyers or advocates for one or sometimes both of the parties. Depending on the competition, participants will be required to submit written briefs, participate in oral argument, or both. The case or problem is often one of current interest, sometimes mimicking an actual case, and sometimes fabricated to address difficult legal issues.

The annual inter-law school National Moot Court Competition, co-sponsored by the New York City Bar Association and the American College of Trial Lawyers, is among the oldest and most prestigious competitions in the United States. Other notable competitions include Harvard Law School's Ames Moot Court Competition and Canada's The Laskin Moot. A number of moot court competitions focus on specific areas of law. For example, the First Amendment Center annually holds a National First Amendment Moot Court Competition, in which the judges have included numerous United States Circuit Court judges.<ref>[http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/about.aspx?item=moot_court National First Amendment Moot Court Competition].</ref>

While moot court is most commonly associated with law schools in North America, it is also a popular activity at the collegiate and high school levels. In the United States, the American Moot Court Association is the national governing body for undergraduate moot court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amcamootcourt.org/|title=American Moot Court Association|website=American Moot Court Association|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref> At the high school level, the National Association of Moot Court oversees a circuit of regional and national competitions each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.namcmootcourt.org/|title=National Association of Moot Court|website=National Association of Moot Court|accessdate=30 June 2023}}</ref>

===United Kingdom=== Notable competitions in the UK include the English Speaking Union Moot and London Universities Mooting Shield.

In England and Wales, moots typically simulate proceedings in either the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court. Moot questions generally involve two questions of law that are under dispute and come with a set of facts about the case that have been decided at the first instance trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstlight.demon.co.uk/law/mooting/first.html#facts|title=Mooting Net - How to Moot I|access-date=2007-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202045936/http://www.firstlight.demon.co.uk/law/mooting/first.html#facts|archive-date=2007-12-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Generally the question will surround a subject that is unclear under the present state of the law and for which no direct precedent exists. It is normal practice for the senior counsel to take on the first point and the junior the second; although this may vary depending upon the exact nature, and necessary length, of the arguments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstlight.demon.co.uk/law/mooting/first.html#split|title=Mooting Net - How to Moot I|access-date=2007-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202045936/http://www.firstlight.demon.co.uk/law/mooting/first.html#split|archive-date=2007-12-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Typically the question will focus on one area of law, such as tort, contract, criminal law or property law.

In Scotland a moot can be set in a variety of fora; in civil law problems it is set most commonly in either the Inner House of the Court of Session or in the House of Lords, although it is not uncommon for a moot to be heard in the Sheriff Court before the Sheriff or Sheriff Principal. Occasionally, an Employment Appeal Tribunal may also be used as a forum for a Scottish civil law moot. If the moot problem concerns Criminal Law, the moot will most likely be heard as though in the Appellate division of the High Court of Justiciary (commonly known as the Court of Criminal Appeal). Junior counsel is more likely to take the first moot point and senior counsel the second (this can however be reversed depending on the problem). The format of the moot is far more adversarial than that of English and Welsh moots. This manifests itself in different ways, most notably with the appellants and respondents facing each other during a moot, rather than, as in England and Wales, facing the judge.

==See also== {{portal|Law}} * Mock trial * Model United Nations * Mootness, which has a precise meaning in United States law that is quite different from United Kingdom usage {{Clear}}

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{wiktionary|moot court}} * [https://www.internationalmoots.org/ The International Moot Court Compendium] * [https://www.barandbench.com/apprentice-lawyer/moot-courts Bar and Bench]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moot Court}} Category:Informal legal terminology Category:Legal education Category:Moot court competitions