{{Short description|Type of structure}} {{Redirect|Cyclostyle|the copying machine|Cyclostyle (copier)}}{{For|the extinct fish|Monopteros (fish)}}thumb|upright|Schematic plan of a monopteros A '''monopteros''' (Ancient Greek: {{lang|grc|ὁ μονόπτερος}}, from: μόνος, 'only, single, alone', and {{lang|grc|τὸ πτερόν}}, 'wing'), also called a '''monopteron''' or '''cyclostyle''', is a circular colonnade supporting a roof but without any walls.<ref>Curl, James Stevens (2006). ''Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture'', 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 500. {{ISBN|978-0-19-860678-9}}.</ref> Unlike a tholos (in its wider sense as a circular building), it does not have walls making a ''cella'' or room inside. In Greek and especially Roman antiquity, the term could also be used for a tholos. In ancient times, monopteroi (Ancient Greek: {{lang|grc|οἱ μονόπτεροι}}) served among other things as a form of baldachin for a cult image. An example of this is the Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, albeit with the spaces between the columns being walled in, even in ancient times. The Temple of Roma and Augustus on the Athenian Acropolis is a monopteros from Roman times, with open spaces between the columns.
Monopteroi were popular garden features in English- and French-style gardens, often given classical names such as "muses' temple". Many wells in parks and spa centres are covered by a monopteros. Many monopteroi have staffage structures like a porticus placed in front of the monopteros. These also have only a decorative function, because they are not needed in order to provide an entrance to a temple that is open on all sides.
Many monopteroi are described as rotundas due to their circular floor plan. The tholos also goes by that name. However, many monopteroi have square or polygonal plans, and these would not be described as rotundas. An example is the Muses' Temple with the muse, Polyhymnia, in the grounds of Tiefurt House, that has a hexagonal floor plan.
== Examples == <gallery> File:Bayreuth-Hofgartenpavillon-2.jpg|The pavilion in the Court Garden of the New Palace, Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany File:Munich, 2013 (10383018573).jpg|The monopteros in the English Garden, Munich, Germany File:Apollotempel Nymphenburg Muenchen-1.jpg|The Apollo Temple in the Nymphenburg Castle Park, Munich, Germany File:SchlossLinderhof Venustempel.JPG|The Venus Temple at the Linderhof Palace, Bavaria, Germany File:Leibniztempel Hannover.jpg|The Leibniz Temple in the Georgengarten, Hanover, Germany File:Vilbeltrinkbrunnen retouched.jpg|Well temple in the spa park at Bad Vilbel, Germany File:Eutin Monopteros.jpg|Monopteros in the castle park at Eutin Castle (by C. F. Hansen, 1796) File:Wörlitz Venustempel im Winter 2.jpg|Venus Temple in the Wörlitzer Park, Germany File:Fruestueckspavillon-Kassel-I.JPG|The Breakfast Pavilion (''Frühstückspavillon'') in Kassel, Germany File:Siege Bell Memorial monument.jpg|The Siege Bell Memorial in Valletta, Malta </gallery>
== See also == * Belvedere (structure) * Eyecatchers * Gazebo * Aedicule, often not free-standing * Baldachin (canopy) * Ciborium (canopy) * Cupola, on top of a dome
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Literature == * Wolfgang Binder: ''Der Roma-Augustus Monopteros auf der Akropolis in Athen und sein typologischer Ort''. Karlsruhe 1969. * Ingrid Weibezahn: ''Geschichte und Funktion des Monopteros. Untersuchungen zu einem Gebäudetyp des Spätbarock und des Klassizismus''. Hildesheim 1975. {{ISBN|3-487-05764-6}}. Online: [https://books.google.com/books?id=g77HQ6gZEtkC] (Google Books).
== External links == {{Commons category|Monopteros}} {{EB1911|wstitle=Cyclostyle |volume=7|page=689}} *[http://www.stadtpanoramen.de/wiesbaden/aussichtstempel.html Wiesbaden monopteros - 360° panorama] *[http://www.leibniztempel.de/ Photographs and historical background to the Leibniz Temple in Hanover]
{{Garden features}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Columns and entablature Category:Temples in Greece Category:Rotundas (architecture) Category:Buildings and structures by shape Category:Garden features