{{Short description|Family of bees}} {{Automatic taxobox | taxon = Andrenidae | image = Bee February 2008-3.jpg | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = * Alocandreninae * Andreninae * Oxaeinae * Panurginae }}
thumb|''Andrena'' sp. The '''Andrenidae''' (commonly known as '''mining bees''') are a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees. Most of the family's diversity is located in temperate or arid areas (warm temperate xeric). It includes some enormous genera (e.g., ''Andrena'' with over 1300 species, and ''Perdita'' with over 700). One of the subfamilies, Oxaeinae, is so different in appearance that they were typically accorded family status, but careful phylogenetic analysis reveals them to be an offshoot within the Andrenidae, very close to the Andreninae.<ref name="mich" >{{Cite book|author= C. D. Michener |author-link= C. D. Michener|date=2007|title=The Bees of the World|edition=2|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|ISBN=0801885736}}</ref>
==Description==
The Andrenidae are typically small to moderate-sized bees, which often have scopae on the basal segments of the leg in addition to the tibia, and are commonly oligolectic (especially within the subfamily Panurginae). They can be distinguished from other bee families by the presence of two subantennal sutures on the face, a primitive trait shared with the sphecoid wasps. Many groups also have depressions or grooves called "foveae" on the head near the upper margin of the eyes, another feature seen in sphecoids, and also shared by some Colletidae. Andrenids are among the few bee families that have no kleptoparasites. The family contains a very large number of taxa, especially among the Panurginae, whose sting apparatus is so reduced that they are effectively unable to sting.<ref name="mich" />
The subfamily Oxaeinae is rather different in appearance from the other subfamilies, being large, fast-flying bees with large eyes, resembling some of the larger Colletidae.<ref name="mich" />
The Andrenidae are known from the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, around 34 Mya, within Florissant shale.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dewulf |first1=Alexandre |last2=De Meulemeester |first2=Thibaut |last3=Dehon |first3=Manuel |last4=Engel |first4=Michael S. |last5=Michez |first5=Denis |title=A new interpretation of the bee fossil Melitta willardi Cockerell (Hymenoptera, Melittidae) based on geometric morphometrics of the wing |journal=ZooKeys |date=2014 |issue=389 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.389.7076 |pmid=24715773 |pmc=3974431|doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== "Nocturnal" species === The Andrenidae are one of the four bee families that contain some crepuscular species; these species are active only at dusk or in the early evening, and therefore technically considered vespertine. In the Andrenidae, such species occur primarily in the subfamily Panurginae. These bees, as is typical in such cases, have greatly enlarged ocelli, though one crepuscular subgenus of ''Andrena'' has normal ocelli. The other families with some crepuscular species are Halictidae, Colletidae, and Apidae.<ref name="mich" />
== Genera ==
* Subfamily Alocandreninae<ref name="Neotrop bees">{{cite web |url=http://www.moure.cria.org.br/catalogue?id=604 |title=Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region - online version |publisher=J. S. Moure, D. Urban & A. Dal Molin, 2008. Andrenini Latreille, 1802. In Moure, J. S., Urban, D. & Melo, G. A. R. (Orgs) |date= |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224002108/http://moure.cria.org.br/catalogue?id=604 |archive-date=2010-12-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** ''Alocandrena'' {{Au|Michener, 2000}} * Subfamily Andreninae ** ''Ancylandrena'' {{Au|Cockerell, 1930}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: Ancylandrena |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634010#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="bugguide">{{cite web |title=Subfamily Andreninae - Mining Bees |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/103771/bgpage |website=BugGuide |publisher=Iowa State University Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ** ''Andrena'' {{Au|Fabricius, 1775}}<ref name="bugguide" /><ref>{{cite web |title=''Andrena'' Fabricius, 1775 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1345710 |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ** ''Euherbstia'' {{Au|Friese, 1925}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634117#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Euherbstia|website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> ** ''Megandrena'' {{Au|Cockerell, 1927}}<ref name="bugguide" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Report: ''Megandrena'' |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634186#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> ** ''Orphana'' {{Au|Vachal, 1909}}<ref name="jom">{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Michael S. |title=A review of the genera and subgenera of Oxaeinae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) |journal=Journal of Melittology |date=18 September 2015 |issue=52 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.17161/jom.v0i52.4902 |access-date=1 June 2025|url=https://journals.ku.edu/melittology/article/view/4902|hdl=1808/20578 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jerome G. Rozen, Jr. |title=Systematics of the South American bee genus ''Orphana'' (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) |journal=American Museum Novitates |date=30 April 1971 |issue=2462 |url=https://archive.org/details/systematicssout2462roze/systematicssout2462roze/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Myers |first1=P. |last2=Espinosa |first2=R. |last3=Parr |first3=C.S. |last4=Jones |first4=T. |last5=Hammond |first5=G.S. |last6=Dewey |first6=T.A. |title=''Orphana'' |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Orphana/classification/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=1 June 2025 |date=2025}}</ref> * Subfamily Oxaeinae<ref name="jom" /> ** ''Mesoxaea'' {{Au|Hurd & Linsley, 1976}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: ''Mesoxaea'' |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=752053#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> ** ''Notoxaea'' {{Au|Hurd & Linsley, 1976}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Notoxaea Hurd & Linsley, 1976 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1355649 |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ** ''Oxaea'' {{Au|Klug, 1807}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Report: ''Oxaea'' |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt;jsessionid=2670B35DA30F04605A14BBF8BE51E665?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634245#null |website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> ** ''Protoxaea'' {{Au|Hurd & Linsley}}<ref>{{cite web |title=''Protoxaea'' Cockerell & Porter, 1899 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1355800 |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * Subfamily Panurginae<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gonzalez | first1 = V.H. | last2 = Smith-Pardo | first2 = A.H. | last3 = Engel | first3 = M.S. | year = 2017 | title = Phylogenetic relationships of a new genus of calliopsine bees from Peru, with a review of ''Spinoliella'' Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) | url = https://zenodo.org/record/5407146 | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 412 | pages = 1–71 | doi=10.1206/0003-0090-412.1.1| s2cid = 90051560 }}</ref> ** Tribe Protandrenini *** ''Anthemurgus'' *** ''Anthrenoides'' *** ''Chaeturginus'' *** ''Liphanthus'' *** ''Neffapis'' *** ''Parapsaenythia'' *** ''Protandrena'' *** ''Psaenythia'' *** ''Pseudopanurgus'' *** ''Rhophitulus'' ** Tribe Panurgini *** ''Avpanurgus'' *** ''Camptopoeum'' *** ''Panurginus'' *** ''Panurgus'' ** Tribe Nolanomelissini *** ''Nolanomelissa'' ** Tribe Melitturgini *** ''Belliturgula'' *** ''Borgatomelissa'' *** ''Flavomeliturgula'' *** ''Gasparinahla'' *** ''Khuzimelissa'' *** ''Melitturga'' *** ''Meliturgula'' *** ''Mermiglossa'' *** ''Plesiopanurgus'' ** Tribe Protomeliturgini *** ''Protomeliturga'' ** Tribe Perditini *** ''Macrotera'' *** ''Perdita'' ** Tribe Calliopsini *** ''Acamptopoeum'' *** ''Arhysosage'' *** ''Calliopsis'' *** ''Callonychium'' *** ''Litocalliopsis'' *** ''Spinoliella'' *** ''Xeranthrena''
== References == {{Reflist}}
==External links == *[http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/galerie/exploredb.aspx?parent=43 ''Andrena'' Image Gallery from Atlas Hymenoptera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231217/http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/galerie/exploredb.aspx?parent=43 |date=2016-03-03 }} *[http://bugguide.net/node/view/4968: North American Andrenidae] * [http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Apoidea#Identification Identification guides to eastern North American Andrenidae]
{{Hymenoptera|2}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q853287}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Andrenidae Category:Bee families