{{Short description|Citrus fruit and plant}} {{Redirect|Naartjie|other uses|Naartjie (clothing retailer)}} {{Redirect|Mikan|the basketball player|George Mikan|other uses|Mikan (disambiguation)}} {{Speciesbox |image = Citrus unshiu 20101127 c.jpg |image_caption = |genus = Citrus |species = unshiu |authority = (Yu.Tanaka ex Swingle) Marcow. }} '''''Citrus unshiu''''' is a semi-seedless and easy-peeling citrus species, also known as the '''satsuma mandarin''' or '''Japanese mandarin'''.<ref name=sortingcitrus>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html |title=Sorting Citrus names |editor=Michel H. Porcher |publisher=The University of Melbourne |website=Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database}}</ref>
== Nomenclature == The Chinese name for the fruit is ''Wenzhou migan'' (温州蜜柑), which means "Wenzhou honey citrus". The same name is pronounced ''Unshū mikan'' (温州蜜柑) in Japanese, which is the origin of the scientific name ''unshiu''. In Japan, the common name '''''mikan''''' usually refers to this species unless otherwise stated.
An alternative Chinese name, {{transliteration|zh|wúhé jú}} ({{lang-zh|s=无核橘|t=無核橘}}), means "seedless mandarin".
One of the English names for the fruit, ''satsuma'', is derived from the former Satsuma Province in Japan, from which these fruits were first exported to the West.<ref name="florida">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210630081931/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ch116 The Satsuma Mandarin] University of Florida</ref>
The Afrikaans name {{lang|af|naartjie}} is also used in South African English. It came originally from the Tamil word {{transliteration|ta|nartei}}, meaning citrus.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jean |last=Branford |title=A dictionary of South African English |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978 }}</ref>
== Classification == Under the Tanaka classification system, ''Citrus unshiu'' is considered a separate species from the mandarin. Under the Swingle system, unshius are considered to be a group of mandarin varieties.<ref name=identification>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s11295-010-0314-x | volume=7 | title=New universal mitochondrial PCR markers reveal new information on maternal citrus phylogeny | journal=Tree Genetics & Genomes | pages=49–61| year=2011 | last1=Froelicher | first1=Yann | last2=Mouhaya | first2=Wafa | last3=Bassene | first3=Jean-Baptiste | last4=Costantino | first4=Gilles | last5=Kamiri | first5=Mourad | last6=Luro | first6=Francois | last7=Morillon | first7=Raphael | last8=Ollitrault | first8=Patrick | s2cid=32371305 | url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/558353/ | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Genetic analysis has shown the Satsuma to be a highly inbred mandarin-pomelo hybrid, with 22% of its genome, a larger proportion than seen in most mandarins, coming from pomelo. It arose when a mandarin of the low-pomelo Huanglingmiao or kishumikan variety (placed in ''C. reticulata'' by Tanaka) was crossed with a pomelo or pomelo hybrid, then the resulting cultivar was backcrossed with another Huanglingmiao or kishumikan mandarin.<ref name = "naro">{{cite web|title=The genome sequence of Satsuma mandarin was unveiled|url=https://www.naro.go.jp/english/topics/laboratory/fruit/079860.html|work=Tokurou Shimizu, Yasuhiro Tanizawa, Takako Mochizuki, Hideki Nagasaki, Terutaka Yoshioka, Atsushi Toyoda, Asao Fujiyama, Eli Kaminuma, Yasukazu Nakamura|date=February 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630025500/https://www.naro.go.jp/english/topics/laboratory/fruit/079860.html|access-date=June 30, 2021|archive-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Talon">{{cite journal|title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' | last1=Wu | first1=Guohong Albert | last2=Terol | first2=Javier | last3=Ibanez | first3=Victoria | last4=López-García | first4=Antonio | last5=Pérez-Román | first5=Estela | last6=Borredá | first6=Carles | last7=Domingo | first7=Concha | last8=Tadeo | first8=Francisco R | last9=Carbonell-Caballero | first9=Jose | last10=Alonso | first10=Roberto | last11=Curk | first11=Franck | last12=Du | first12=Dongliang | last13=Ollitrault | first13=Patrick | last14=Roose | first14=Mikeal L. Roose | last15=Dopazo | first15=Joaquin | last16=Gmitter Jr | first16=Frederick G. | last17=Rokhsar | first17=Daniel | last18=Talon | first18=Manuel | journal=Nature | year = 2018 | volume=554 | issue=7692 | pages=311–316 | doi=10.1038/nature25447| pmid=29414943 | bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W | s2cid=205263645 | url=http://agritrop.cirad.fr/587115/1/nature25447.pdf | doi-access=free }} and Supplement</ref><ref name=Shimizu>{{cite journal | last1=Shimizu | first1=Tokurou |last2=Kitajima | first2=Akira | last3=Nonaka |first3=Keisuke | last4=Yoshioka | first4=Terutaka | last5=Ohta | first5=Satoshi | last6=Goto | first6=Shingo | last7=Toyoda | first7=Atsushi | last8=Fujiyama | first8=Asao | last9=Mochizuki | first9=Takako | last10=Nagasaki | first10=Hideki | last11=Kaminuma | first11=Eli | last12=Nakamura | first12=Yasukazu | title=Hybrid Origins of Citrus Varieties Inferred from DNA Marker Analysis of Nuclear and Organelle Genomes | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=11 | issue=11 | article-number=e0166969 | id=e0166969 | date=30 November 2016 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166969| pmid=27902727 | pmc=5130255 | bibcode=2016PLoSO..1166969S | doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Characteristics == thumb|Satsuma orange trees in Izunokuni, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan {{multiple image|perrow=1 | align = right | image1 = Citrus_unshiu_20101118_b.jpg | total_width=250 | caption1 = | image2 = Citrus unshiu 20101125 b.jpg | caption2 = | footer = Satsuma orange, whole and halved }}
''Citrus unshiu'' is one of the sweetest citrus varieties.<ref name=sweetest>{{cite web|url=http://www.cookinglight.com/food/in-season/in-season-satsuma-oranges|title=In Season: Satsuma Oranges|author=Elisa Bosley|work=CookingLight|access-date=2015-02-25|archive-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320084327/https://www.cookinglight.com/food/in-season/in-season-satsuma-oranges}}</ref> It is usually seedless, and is about the size of other mandarin oranges (''Citrus reticulata''). Satsumas are known for their loose, leathery skin; the fruit is very easily peeled in comparison to other citrus fruits.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|author1=Silvia Bautista-Baños|author2=Gianfranco Romanazzi|author3=Antonio Jiménez-Aparicio|title=Chitosan in the Preservation of Agricultural Commodities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWhBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|year=2016|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-802757-8|page=76}}</ref> The rind is often smooth to slightly rough with the shape of a medium to small flattened sphere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/frostowari.html|title=frostowari|website=citrusvariety.ucr.edu|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref><ref name=ufl>{{Cite web|url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ch116 |title=HS195/CH116: The Satsuma Mandarin |last1=Andersen |first1=Peter C. |last2=Ferguson |first2=James J |date=2019 |publisher=University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences |access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref> Satsumas usually have 10 to 12 easily separable segments with tough membranes.<ref name=ufl /> The flesh is particularly delicate, and cannot withstand the effects of careless handling.<ref name=":2" /> Coloring of the fruit is often dependent on climate; satsumas grown in humid areas may be ripe while the skin is still green while those grown in areas with cool night temperatures may see a brilliant reddish orange skin at peak.<ref name=ufl />
Satsumas are cold-hardy, and when planted in colder locations, the fruit becomes sweeter from the colder temperatures. A mature satsuma tree can survive down to {{convert|15|F|C|order=flip}} or even {{convert|-11|C|F}} for a few hours.<ref name=stein /> Of the edible citrus varieties, only the kumquat is more cold-hardy. Satsumas rarely have any thorns, an attribute that also makes them popular.<ref name=ufl/> They can be grown from seed, which takes about eight years until the first fruits are produced, or grafted onto other citrus rootstocks, such as trifoliate orange.<ref name=ufl />
Various cultivars have been developed based on the ''Citrus unshiu'', and in Japan, three cultivars, namely miyagawa wase, okitsu wase, and aoshima unshu, account for nearly half of the production volume of ''Citrus unshiu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naro.go.jp/laboratory/nifts/kih/area/citrus_unshiu/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726141458/https://www.naro.go.jp/laboratory/nifts/kih/area/citrus_unshiu/index.html|script-title=ja:温州ミカン品種別栽培面積|language=ja|publisher=National Agriculture and Food Research Organization|date=|archive-date=26 July 2021|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
== History == thumb|''Citrus unshiu'' flower === Origins === Historically, there are two main theories regarding the origin of ''Citrus unshiu'': one proposing a Japanese origin and the other a Chinese origin.<ref name="florida" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlegel |first1=Rolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DxOeqhXUMcC&pg=PA437 |title=Dictionary of Plant Breeding |date=2009 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-0243-4 |edition=2nd |page=437}}</ref><ref name="crosscurrents.hawaii.edu">{{cite web |title=Japanese Mikan and Satsuma Oranges |url=http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=cc&theme=work&subtheme=AGRIC&unit=CCWORK022 |work=hawaii.edu |quote=Mikan is a tangerine-like citrus fruit that is grown in warmer regions of Japan in large quantities. Many different varieties have been introduced to Japan from China since the eighth century, but since the late 19th century the most important variety has been the unshu.}}</ref> The species was named after Unshu (Wenzhou), a famous production area of ''Citrus'' species in China, in the late Edo period of Japan.<ref name="jbp">{{cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=日本と世界の食事情「こたつでミカン」の光景はなぜ生まれたのか |trans-title=Food situation in Japan and the world. How did the scene of eating mikan at a kotatsu come about? |url=http://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/55347?page=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205134213/http://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/55347?page=3 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |access-date=2021-06-30 |work=Narumi Sato |publisher=Japan Business Press Co., Ltd. |page=3 |language=ja |quote=During the Edo period, when Kishu mikan were being cultivated, unshu mikan were already being cultivated. However, they were not yet called unshu mikan, but Nakajima mikan. Although mandarins were a luxury, unshu mikan were not the most popular. The unshu mikan is unique in that it is ready to peel and has no seeds. The lack of seeds is good because they are easy to eat, but in the Edo period, the lack of seeds was a factor that made them unpopular. It was believed that eating seedless fruit meant that one could no longer produce offspring, thus ending one's family lineage. When the fruit was named "unshu mikan" in the late Edo period, it was finally recognised. Wenzhou is a mandarin production area in China, and the name "unshu mikan" means "a mandarin comparable to the one produced in Wenzhou". The unshu mikan is often mistaken for a mandarin imported from China, but it is a genuine Japanese mandarin. It was not until the Meiji period that the cultivation of unshu mikan became popular.}}</ref>
According to the Japanese origin theory, the species ''citrus unshiu'' emerged in Nishi-Nakajima, Higo Province (later Nagashima, Kagoshima), in the 1600s as a result of parent species introduced from China. This theory is supported by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,<ref name="maff">{{cite web |script-title=ja:特集1 みかん(1) |url=https://www.maff.go.jp/j/pr/aff/1701/spe1_01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317032238/https://www.maff.go.jp/j/pr/aff/1701/spe1_01.html |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2023-05-23 |publisher=The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries |language=ja}}</ref> Ehime Prefecture,<ref name="ehime">{{cite web |script-title=ja:みかんの历史 |url=https://www.pref.ehime.jp/h35500/7757/documents/page6-7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201160857/https://www.pref.ehime.jp/h35500/7757/documents/page6-7.pdf |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-05-23 |publisher=Ehime Prefecture |page=6 |language=ja}}</ref> and several Japanese scientists.<ref name="plos" /><ref name="Misaki">{{cite journal |last=Misaki |first=Akira |date=November 1999 |title=紀州有田みかんの起源と発達史 |trans-title=The Origin and the Development-Process of "Kisyu Arida Mikan (Arida Mandarin)" |url=http://www.mikan.gr.jp/report/kigen/page7.html |journal=経済理論 [The Wakayama Economic Review] |language=ja |publisher=University of Wakayama |volume=292 |pages=97–118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020701101052/http://www.mikan.gr.jp/report/kigen/page7.html |archive-date=2002-07-01 |quote=(After the many years of research, Dr. Tanaka has concluded the place of origin of Satsuma is Nagashima, Kagoshima. Satsuma is a chance seedling of Sōkitsu, Mankitsu, or Tendaisankitsu introduced from Huangyan Zhejiang, China. It appeared in the early Edo period. The place where Satsuma was born by mutation was Nishi-nakajima, Amakusa District, Higo Province (later Nagashima, Kagoshima), and was called Nakajima Mikan or Nagashima Mikan.)}}</ref> Before the name ''unshu mikan'' was established, it was locally known as ''nakajima mikan'' or ''nagashima mikan'' after the location of its purported birth.<ref name="Misaki" /><ref name="jbp" /><ref name="maff" /><ref name="ehime" />
Genetic analyses by Chinese scientists generally support that ''Citrus unshiu'' (unshiu mandarin) arose through natural hybridisation among Chinese mandarin lineages. One genomic study inferred 'Ruju' as the seed parent and 'Bendiguang' as the pollen parent, and proposed eastern Zhejiang, especially the Huangyan area of Taizhou, as a plausible origin because related cultivated mandarins have long co-occurred there and the region has a documented history of mandarin cultivation spanning more than 1,700 years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Shengjun |last2=Wang |first2=Luoyun |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiang |last4=Sun |first4=Lifang |last5=Ke |first5=Fuzhi |last6=Huang |first6=Yue |last7=Song |first7=Lizhi |last8=Ye |first8=Haiping |last9=Xu |first9=Jianguo |last10=Xu |first10=Yuantao |last11=Wang |first11=Xia |last12=Deng |first12=Xiuxin |last13=Liu |first13=Gaoping |last14=Xu |first14=Qiang |date=2025-04-03 |title=Genomic origin of Citrus reticulata "Unshiu" |url=https://academic.oup.com/hr/article/doi/10.1093/hr/uhaf015/8026353 |journal=Horticulture Research |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/hr/uhaf015 |pmc=11966385 |pmid=40313566}}</ref>
Genetic studies by Japanese scientists suggest that the maternal parent of ''Citrus unshiu'' is kishu (''Citrus kinokuni'') and the paternal parent is kunenbo (''Citrus nobilis'' Lour. var. ''kunip'').<ref name="plos">{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Tokurou |last2=Kitajima |first2=Akira |last3=Nonaka |first3=Keisuke |last4=Yoshioka |first4=Terutaka |last5=Ohta |first5=Satoshi |last6=Goto |first6=Shingo |last7=Toyoda |first7=Atsushi |last8=Fujiyama |first8=Asao |last9=Mochizuki |first9=Takako |last10=Nagasaki |first10=Hideki |last11=Kaminuma |first11=Eli |last12=Nakamura |first12=Yasukazu |date=2016-11-30 |title=Hybrid Origins of Citrus Varieties Inferred from DNA Marker Analysis of Nuclear and Organelle Genomes |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=11 |article-number=e0166969 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0166969 |doi-access=free|pmc=5130255 |pmid=27902727 |quote=Therefore, it is likely that kunenbo was backcrossed to Kishu in the Kagoshima region of Japan several times and Satsuma and Yatsushiro were selected from their offspring.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fujii |first1=Hiroshi |last2=Ohta |first2=Satoshi |last3=Nonaka |first3=Keisuke |last4=Katayose |first4=Yuichi |last5=Matsumoto |first5=Toshimi |last6=etc. |date=2016-11-30 |title=Parental diagnosis of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) revealed by nuclear and cytoplasmic markers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5282755/ |journal=Breeding Science |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.16060 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630023854/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/advpub/0/advpub_16060/_pdf |archive-date=2021-06-30 |access-date=2021-06-30|pmc=5282755 }}</ref><ref name="naro" />
=== History in Japan === thumb|Harvested ''mikan'' oranges After its formation in China, mandarin was probably introduced to Japan through cultural exchange and maritime trade from the Tang dynasty onwards. Historical records and genomic evidence suggest that the cultivar later diversified in Japan primarily through somatic mutations, resulting in the wide variety of modern Satsuma mandarins cultivated today.<ref name=":1" />
During the Edo period, kishu mikans remained the dominant variety due to a popular superstition that consuming the seedless ''Citrus unshiu'' made an individual prone to infertility. It was only after the modernisation of the Meiji period that ''Citrus unshiu'' surged in popularity,<ref name="jbp"/> eventually becoming closely associated with Japanese winter culture and the use of kotatsu.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=King |first=Sean |date=2022-01-22 |title=Surprising Health Benefits of These Japanese Winter Foods |url=https://www.tokyoweekender.com/food-and-drink/surprising-health-benefits-japanese-winter-foods-mikan-mochi-yakiimo/ |magazine=Tokyo Weekender |location=Tokyo, Japan |publisher=ENGAWA}}</ref>
=== Spread to the United States === [[File:Satsuma mandarins - San Francisco, CA - DSC02398.jpg|thumb|Satsuma oranges being sold in San Francisco, United States]] Jesuits brought the fruit from Asia to North America in the 18th century, establishing groves at the Jesuit Plantation upriver from New Orleans, Louisiana (then part of New Spain). The municipal street "Orange" in New Orleans was originally named "Rue Des Orangers" after this site. These groves were later relocated further south to Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, to provide better protection from frost; the Becnel family remains the largest citrus growers in the region today.<ref>{{cite web |author=WWNO |date=2009-10-03 |title=Satsumas |url=http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/wwno/news.newsmain/article/6681/0/1567462/Farmer's.Market/Satsumas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117170129/http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/wwno/news.newsmain/article/6681/0/1567462/Farmer's.Market/Satsumas |archive-date=2012-01-17 |access-date=2009-12-06 |website=Publicbroadcasting.net}}</ref>
The fruit became significantly more common in the United States during the late 19th century. In 1878, Owari mikans were brought from the Satsuma region of Japan to the United States by Anna Van Valkenburgh, the wife of General Robert B. Van Valkenburgh, the US Minister to Japan. She renamed the fruit "satsumas" after their region of origin.<ref name="florida"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Saunt |first1=James |title=Citrus varieties of the world: an illustrated guide |date=2000 |publisher=Sinclair International Ltd |isbn=1-872960-01-4 |edition=2nd |location=Norwich, England |oclc=45130256}}</ref> Between 1908 and 1911, approximately one million Owari mikan trees were imported and planted across the lower Gulf Coast states.<ref name="stein">{{cite web |url=http://www.plantanswers.com/Articles/OrangeFrost.asp |website=PLANTanswers |title="Orange Frost", a new cold hardy citrus}}</ref> Owari is still commonly grown in Florida.<ref name="ufl" /> Several towns, including Satsuma, Alabama, Satsuma, Florida, Satsuma, Texas, and Satsuma, Louisiana, were named after the fruit. By 1920, Jackson County, Florida, had declared itself the "Satsuma Capital of the World". However, the commercial industry suffered major setbacks due to a {{convert|-13.3|C|F}} cold snap in 1911, a hurricane in 1915,<ref name="stein" /> and severe freezes in the late 1930s.
== Distribution == ''Citrus unshiu'' is amongst others grown in Japan, Spain, central China, Korea, the US, South Africa, South America, New Zealand, and around the Black Sea.<ref name=ufl /><ref name=":0" />
== Varieties == ''Unshiu'' varieties cluster among the mandarin family.<ref name=ident1>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00122-006-0255-9 |volume=112 |issue=8 |pages=1519–1531 |pmid=16699791 |last1=Barkley |first1=NA |title=Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRS) |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |last2=Roose |first2=ML |last3=Krueger |first3=RR |last4=Federici |first4=CT |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=11065&content=PDF |year=2006 |s2cid=7667126 |access-date=2018-12-29 |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309064039/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=11065&content=PDF |url-access=subscription }}</ref> There are, however, some hybrids.
=== Possible non-hybrids=== * Kishu mikan * Ōgonkan or Ki-mikan * Komikan
=== Hybrids === * Amanatsu (pomelo hybrid) * Kinkoji unshiu (''C. obovoidea''(kinkoji) × ''C. unshiu'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/kinkoji_unshiu.html |title=Kinkoji unshiu mandarin (graft) hybrid ''Citrus neo-aurantium'' |website=Citrus Variety Collection |publisher=University of California Riverside }}</ref> * Kiyomi ** Dekopon is a kiyomi hybrid * Kobayashi mikan (''C. natsudaidai'' × ''C.unshiu'')<ref name="ident2">{{cite journal |author1=Kuniaki Sugawara |author2=Atsushi Oowada |author3=Takaya Moriguchi |author4=Mitsuo Omura |year=1995 |title=Identification of ''Citrus'' Chimeras by RAPD Markers |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/30/6/1276.full.pdf |journal=HortScience |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=1276–1278 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.30.6.1276 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Shonan Gold * Iyokan
== Uses == ''Citrius unshiu'' is widely eaten, and is used in desserts and confections. In China, the peel is also used as medicine.
<gallery mode="packed" widths="160px" heights="160px"> File:5回目のひな誕祭 横浜スタジアム 2024年4月6日の横浜 202404061543 IMG 0559.jpg|''Mikan-gori'', Japanese shaved ice with orange pieces File:Putgyul (Citrus unshiu) - making syrup 2.jpg|Korean ''putgyul'' syrup, made from unripe oranges File:Chenpi,陳皮,Citrus unshiu 5026687.JPG|The dried peel is used in Chinese cuisine </gallery>
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == {{Commons}} * [http://nassau.ifas.ufl.edu/horticulture/demogarden/plants/satsuma.html The Satsuma Tangerine – University of Florida] * [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/plantanswers/fruit/satsuma.html ''PLANTanswers'' – Texas Cooperative Extension]
{{citrus}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q875262}} {{Authority control}}
unshiu Category:Fruits originating in East Asia Category:Japanese fruit Category:Medicinal plants of Asia Category:Chinese fruit