{{short description|Condition in which the jaw is small}} {{distinguish|Retrognathism}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Micrognathism | image = Mia - whs.jpg | caption = Girl with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome | pronounce = | field = Medical genetics | synonyms = Micrognathia, strawberry chin, hypognathia<ref name="pmid7883869">{{cite journal|last1=Martínez-Frías|first1=ML|last2=Martín|first2=M|last3=Pardo|first3=M|last4=Torres|first4=M|last5=Cohen MM|first5=Jr|title=Holoprosencephaly and hypognathia with two proboscides: report of a case and review of unusual proboscides.|journal=Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology|date=1993|volume=14|issue=4|pages=231–4|pmid=7883869}}</ref> hypognathism | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}
'''Micrognathism''' is a condition where the jaw is undersized. It is also sometimes called '''mandibular hypoplasia'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hassani |first1=Mohammad-Esmaiil |last2=Karimi |first2=Hamid |last3=Hassani |first3=Hosein |last4=Hassani |first4=Ali |date=2014-01-01 |title=Bilateral mandibular distraction in micrognathism or hypoplasia of mandible, hazrat fatemeh hospital |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2221618914600640 |journal=Journal of Acute Disease |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=296–299 |doi=10.1016/S2221-6189(14)60064-0 |issn=2221-6189|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is common in infants,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cang |first1=Zhengqiang |last2=Cui |first2=Jiangbo |last3=Pei |first3=Jiaomiao |last4=Wang |first4=Zheng |last5=Du |first5=Yichen |last6=Mu |first6=Siqi |last7=Dou |first7=Wenjie |last8=Fan |first8=Xing |last9=Zhang |first9=Xi |last10=Li |first10=Yang |date=2023-04-12 |title=Prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia: a systematic review |journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics |language=English |volume=11 |doi=10.3389/fped.2023.1161421 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-2360 |pmc=10130438 |pmid=37124181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=Jessica A. |last2=Nelson |first2=Olivia |last3=Staben |first3=James |last4=Javia |first4=Luv R. |last5=Simpao |first5=Allan F. |last6=Khalek |first6=Nahla |last7=Oliver |first7=Edward R. |last8=Adzick |first8=N. Scott |last9=Lin |first9=Elaina E. |date=2024 |title=Immediate postdelivery airway management of neonates with prenatally diagnosed micrognathia: A retrospective observational study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14806 |journal=Pediatric Anesthesia |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=267–273 |doi=10.1111/pan.14806 |pmid=38069629 |issn=1460-9592|url-access=subscription }}</ref> but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws increasing in size. It may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can hamper feeding.<ref name="HongBrake2012">{{cite journal|last1=Hong|first1=Paul|last2=Brake|first2=Maria K.|last3=Cavanagh|first3=Jonathan P.|last4=Bezuhly|first4=Michael|last5=Magit|first5=Anthony E.|title=Feeding and mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children with Pierre Robin sequence: A case series of functional outcomes|journal=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology|volume=76|issue=3|year=2012|pages=414–418|issn=0165-5876|doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.12.023|pmid=22245167}}</ref> It can also, both in adults and children, make intubation difficult, either during anesthesia or in emergency situations. ==Causes== thumb|Severe micrognathia in a 23-year-old [[File:Pitt-rogers-danks_syndrome.jpg|right|thumb|Micrognathia in Pitt–Rogers–Danks Syndrome (PRDS)]] According to the NCBI, the following conditions feature micrognathism:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Micrognathia (Concept Id: C0025990) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/44428 |access-date=April 2, 2024 |website=NCBI}}</ref> * 11q partial monosomy syndrome * 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type VIIB * 46,XY sex reversal 4 * 4p partial monosomy syndrome * Achard syndrome * Acrofacial dysostosis Cincinnati type * Acrofacial dysostosis Rodriguez type * Acrofacial dysostosis, Catania type * Acromegaloid facial appearance syndrome * Adams–Oliver syndrome 2 * Agnathia-otocephaly complex * ALG1-congenital disorder of glycosylation * Alveolar capillary dysplasia with pulmonary venous misalignment * Amish lethal microcephaly * Andersen–Tawil syndrome * Aprosencephaly cerebellar dysgenesis * Arterial tortuosity syndrome * Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 1, neurogenic, with myelin defect * Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 4, neurogenic, with agenesis of the corpus callosum * Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 5 * Arthrogryposis, distal, type 2E * Autism spectrum disorder due to AUTS2 deficiency * Autosomal dominant Robinow syndrome 1–3 * Autosomal recessive multiple pterygium syndrome * Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis 5 * Autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome * Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 70 * Bailey-Bloch congenital myopathy * Baller–Gerold syndrome * Barber–Say syndrome * Bartsocas–Papas syndrome 1 and 2 * Bohring–Opitz syndrome * Bowen–Conradi syndrome * C syndrome * Camptomelic dysplasia * Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome * Cat eye syndrome * Catel–Manzke syndrome * Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome * Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 1–4 * CHARGE association * Chondrodysplasia Blomstrand type * Chondrodysplasia with joint dislocations, gPAPP type * Cleidocranial dysostosis * Coffin–Siris syndrome 6 and 12 * COG1 congenital disorder of glycosylation * COG7 congenital disorder of glycosylation * COG8-congenital disorder of glycosylation * Cohen syndrome * Cold-induced sweating syndrome 1 * Cole–Carpenter syndrome 1 * Complex lethal osteochondrodysplasia * Congenital contractural arachnodactyly * Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1E * Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIr * Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIw * Congenital lactic acidosis, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean type * Congenital myasthenic syndrome 19 * Congenital myopathy 20 * Congenital myopathy 22A, classic * Congenital myopathy 22B, severe fetal * Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1, 3, and 5 * Costello syndrome * Cowden syndrome 5 and 6 * Cranioectodermal dysplasia 2 and 3 * Craniofacial microsomia * Cutis laxa, autosomal recessive, type 1B * D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria 1 * Desmosterolosis * Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 64, 77, 80, and 100 * Diamond–Blackfan anemia 1, 6, 10, 14 (with mandibulofacial dysostosis), 15 (with mandibulofacial dysostosis), 21 * Diaphragmatic hernia 4, with cardiovascular defects * Diarrhea 10, protein-losing enteropathy type * DiGeorge syndrome * Distal arthrogryposis types 2B1 and 5D * DPAGT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation * Dubowitz syndrome * Dysosteosclerosis * Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, classic-like, 2 * Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, dermatosparaxis type * Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, spondylodysplastic type, 1 * Emanuel syndrome * Epilepsy, X-linked 2, with or without impaired intellectual development and dysmorphic features * Fanconi anemia complementation groups L and P * Faundes–Banka syndrome * Feingold syndrome type 1 * FG syndrome 1 * Fibrochondrogenesis 2 * Fibromuscular dysplasia, multifocal * Fontaine progeroid syndrome * Frank–Ter Haar syndrome * Fraser syndrome 3 * Galloway–Mowat syndrome 1, 2 (X-linked), 3, and 7 * GAPO syndrome * Gaucher disease perinatal lethal * Genitopatellar syndrome * Gordon syndrome * Granulocytopenia with immunoglobulin abnormality * Greenberg dysplasia * Hajdu–Cheney syndrome * Hallermann–Streiff syndrome * Hamartoma of hypothalamus * Hereditary spastic paraplegia 23 * Holoprosencephaly 13, X-linked thumb|Micrognathism in Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome * Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome * Hydrolethalus syndrome 1 and 2 * Immunodeficiency 49 * Immunodeficiency–centromeric instability–facial anomalies syndrome 1 * Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy * Infantile-onset X-linked spinal muscular atrophy * Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 64, 65, and 70 * Intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 1 * Intellectual disability, X-linked 61 * Intellectual disability, X-linked syndromic, Turner type * Intellectual disability, X-linked, syndromic, Bain type * Isolated cleft palate * Isolated congenital hypoglossia/aglossia * Isolated Pierre Robin syndrome * Isotretinoin-like syndrome * Kabuki syndrome * Keppen–Lubinsky syndrome * Knobloch syndrome 2 * Langer–Giedion syndrome * Larsen-like syndrome, B3GAT3 type * Lateral meningocele syndrome * Legius syndrome * Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 1, 2, 7, and 9 * Lethal Kniest-like syndrome * Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome * Lissencephaly 7 with cerebellar hypoplasia * Liver disease, severe congenital * Loeys–Dietz syndrome 1 and 2 * Lymphatic malformation 6 * Mandibuloacral dysplasia progeroid syndrome * Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy * Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy * Mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia * Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome * Marbach-Rustad progeroid syndrome * Marden–Walker syndrome * Marfan syndrome * Marshall syndrome * Matthew–Wood syndrome * Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome type 2 * Meckel syndrome 13 and 14 * Meckel syndrome, type 1 * Megalocornea-intellectual disability syndrome * Meier-Gorlin syndrome * Melnick–Needles syndrome * Menke-Hennekam syndrome 1 and 2 * Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 3 * Microcephalic primordial dwarfism due to ZNF335 deficiency * Microcephaly 13, primary, autosomal recessive * Microcephaly 16, primary, autosomal recessive * Microcephaly 2, primary, autosomal recessive, with or without cortical malformations * Microcephaly 4, primary, autosomal recessive thumb|Micrognathism in microcephaly (with normal intelligence) * Microcephaly, normal intelligence and immunodeficiency * Microphthalmia, syndromic 12 * Miller syndrome * Mohr syndrome * Mucolipidosis type II * Mucopolysaccharidosis, MPS-I-H/S * Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 1 and 2 * Myofibrillar myopathy 8 * Nager syndrome * NEK9-related lethal skeletal dysplasia * Nemaline myopathy 9 * Neonatal pseudo-hydrocephalic progeroid syndrome * Nephrotic syndrome, type 11 * Nestor-Guillermo progeria syndrome * Neu–Laxova syndrome 1 and 2 * Neuropathy, congenital hypomyelinating, 3 * Noonan syndrome 1, 2, and 13 * Oculodentodigital dysplasia, autosomal recessive * Ogden syndrome * Orofacial cleft 13 * Orofacialdigital syndrome IV * Orofaciodigital syndrome types 6 and 14 * Osteogenesis imperfecta types 3, 10, 12, and 18 * Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis * Oto-palato-digital syndrome, type II * Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive * Pallister–Killian syndrome * Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia * Periventricular nodular heterotopia 7 * Perlman syndrome * Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 10A (Zellweger) * Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 13A (Zellweger) * Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 1A (Zellweger) * Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 2A (Zellweger) * Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 5A (Zellweger) * PGM1-congenital disorder of glycosylation * Phelan–McDermid syndrome * Pierre Robin sequence with pectus excavatum and rib and scapular anomalies * Pierre Robin syndrome-faciodigital anomaly syndrome * Poikiloderma with neutropenia * Polymicrogyria with or without vascular-type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome * Pontocerebellar hypoplasia types 2E, 7, and 12 * Potocki–Lupski syndrome * Prolidase deficiency * Pyknodysostosis thumb|Micrognathism in Carpenter syndrome * RAB23-related Carpenter syndrome * Renpenning syndrome * Restrictive dermopathy 1 * RFT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation * Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata types 1 and 2 * Ritscher–Schinzel syndrome 1 and 3 * Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome * Robinow syndrome, autosomal recessive 2 * Rothmund–Thomson syndrome type 2 * Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome due to 16p13.3 microdeletion * Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome due to CREBBP mutations * Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome due to EP300 haploinsufficiency * Schwartz–Jampel syndrome type 1 * Seckel syndrome 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9 * SHORT syndrome * Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome * Silver–Russell syndrome 1 and 2 * Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome * Spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity-predominant, 2b, prenatal onset, autosomal dominant * Splenogonadal fusion-limb defects-micrognathia syndrome * Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, type 1, with or without fractures * Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia-short limb-abnormal calcification syndrome * Squalene synthase deficiency * SSR4-congenital disorder of glycosylation * Stickler syndrome types 1 and 2 * Stromme syndrome * Syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Claes-Jensen type * Syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Najm type * Tetraamelia syndrome 1 and 2 * Thickened earlobes-conductive deafness syndrome * Toriello–Carey syndrome * Treacher Collins syndrome * Ventriculomegaly and arthrogryposis * Vici syndrome * Whistling face syndrome, recessive form * Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome * X-linked intellectual disability with marfanoid habitus * Yunis–Varon syndrome * Zaki syndrome
==Diagnosis== It can be detected by the naked eye as well as dental or skull X-ray testing.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
==Treatments==
Micrognathia can be treated by surgery.
==See also== * Human mandible * Macrognathism * Retrognathism
==References== {{Reflist}}
== External links == {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = 22641 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|07|0|k|00}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|524.04}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 003306 | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D008844 }} * {{cite web| url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003306.htm| title=Micrognathia| date=12 May 2009| publisher=Medline Plus| access-date=21 May 2011}}
{{Dentofacial anomalies and jaw disease}}
Category:Jaw disorders