Mesonet

{{Short description|Network of weather and environment monitoring stations}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}} [[File:HCR OK Mesonet.gif|thumb|A weather map consisting of a station model plot of Oklahoma Mesonet data overlaid with WSR-88D weather radar data depicting possible horizontal convective rolls as a potential contributing factor in the incipient 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak<ref name="Edwards">{{cite conference |first = Roger |last = Edwards |author-link = Roger Edwards (meteorologist) |author2 = R. L. Thompson |author3 = J. G. LaDue |title = Initiation of Storm A (3 May 1999) along a Possible Horizontal Convective Roll |book-title = 20th Conference on Severe Local Storms |pages = |publisher = American Meteorological Society |date = Sep 2000 |location = Orlando, FL |url = https://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/edwards/hcr3may.htm |doi = |access-date = 2022-04-29 }}</ref> A mobile mesonet also documented tornadic supercells and their immediate environments during this event.<ref name="Markowski">{{cite journal |last = Markowski |first = Paul M. |author-link = Paul M. Markowski | title = Mobile Mesonet Observations on 3 May 1999 |journal = Weather Forecast. |volume = 17 |issue = 3 |pages = 430–444 |date = 2002 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0430:MMOOM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 2002WtFor..17..430M |doi-access = free }}</ref>]]

In meteorology and climatology, a '''mesonet''', portmanteau of mesoscale network, is a network of automated weather and environmental monitoring stations, designed to observe mesoscale meteorological phenomena and microclimates.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://w1.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word=mesonet |title = Mesonet |website = National Weather Service Glossary |publisher = National Weather Service |access-date = 2017-03-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last = Glickman |editor-first = Todd S. |title = Glossary of Meteorology |publisher = American Meteorological Society |edition = 2nd |date = 2000 |location = Boston |url = http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Mesonet_station |isbn = 978-1-878220-34-9 }}</ref>

Dry lines, squall lines, and sea breezes are examples of phenomena observed by mesonets. Due to the space and time scales associated with mesoscale phenomena and microclimates, weather stations comprising a mesonet are spaced closer together and report more frequently than synoptic scale observing networks, such as the WMO Global Observing System (GOS) and US ASOS. The term mesonet refers to the collective group of these weather stations, which are usually owned and operated by a common entity. Mesonets generally record in situ surface weather observations but some involve other observation platforms, particularly vertical profiles of the planetary boundary layer (PBL).<ref name="natlmesonet">{{cite conference |first = Curtis H. |last = Marshall |title = The National Mesonet Program |book-title = 22nd Conference on Applied Climatology |publisher = American Meteorological Society |date = 11 Jan 2016 |location = New Orleans, LA |url = https://ams.confex.com/ams/96Annual/webprogram/Paper290349.html }}</ref> Other environmental parameters may include insolation and various variables of interest to particular users, such as soil temperature or road conditions (the latter notable in Road Weather Information System (RWIS) networks).

The distinguishing features that classify a network of weather stations as a mesonet are station density and temporal resolution with sufficiently robust station quality. Depending upon the phenomena meant to be observed, mesonet stations use a spatial spacing of {{convert|1|to|40|km|mi|sigfig=1}}<ref>{{cite book |last = Fujita |first = Tetsuya Theodore |author-link = Ted Fujita |title = A Review of Researches on Analytical MesoMeteorology |publisher = University of Chicago |series = SMRP Research Paper |volume = #8 |date = 1962 |location = Chicago |oclc = 7669634 }}</ref> and report conditions every 1 to 15 minutes. '''Micronets''' (see microscale and storm scale), such as in metropolitan areas such as Oklahoma City<ref>[http://weather.ok.gov/index.php/site/research/okc_micronet]</ref><ref name="OKCmicronet">{{cite journal |last = Basara |first = Jeffrey B. |author2 = Illston, B. G. |author3 = Fiebrich, C. A. |author4 = Browder, P. D. |author5 = Morgan, C. R. |author6 = McCombs, A. |author7 = Bostic, J. P. |author8 = McPherson, R. A. |title = The Oklahoma City Micronet |journal = Meteorological Applications |volume = 18 |issue = 3 |pages = 252–61 |date = 2011 |doi = 10.1002/met.189 |doi-access = free }}</ref>, St. Louis<ref>[http://www.slu.edu/department-of-earth-and-atmospheric-sciences-home/research-centers/quantum-weather%E2%84%A2 Quantum Weather™ : Saint Louis University College of Arts and Sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310160719/http://www.slu.edu/department-of-earth-and-atmospheric-sciences-home/research-centers/quantum-weather%E2%84%A2 |date=10 March 2017 }}</ref>, and Birmingham UK<ref>[https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/gees/centres/bucl/index.aspx]</ref>, are denser in spatial and often also in temporal resolution.<ref name="cities">{{cite journal |last = Muller |first = Catherine L. |author2 = Chapman, L. |author3 = Grimmond, C. S. B. |author4 = Young, D. T. |author5 = Cai, X |title = Sensors and the City: A Review of Urban Meteorological Networks |journal = Int. J. Climatol. |volume = 33 |issue = 7 |pages = 1585–600 |date = 2013 |doi = 10.1002/joc.3678 |bibcode = 2013IJCli..33.1585M |s2cid = 140648553 |url = http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/12607285/Muller_2013_Sensors_joc3678.pdf }}</ref>

== Purpose == Thunderstorms and other atmospheric convection, squall lines, drylines,<ref name="dryline">{{cite journal |last = Pietrycha |first = Albert E. |author2 = E. N. Rasmussen |title = Finescale Surface Observations of the Dryline: A Mobile Mesonet Perspective |journal = Weather and Forecasting|volume = 19 |issue = 12 |pages = 1075–88 |date = 2004 |doi = 10.1175/819.1 |bibcode = 2004WtFor..19.1075P |url = https://zenodo.org/record/1234561 |doi-access = free }}</ref> sea and land breezes, mountain breeze and valley breezes, mountain waves, mesolows and mesohighs, wake lows, mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs), tropical cyclone and extratropical cyclone rainbands, macrobursts, gust fronts and outflow boundaries, heat bursts, urban heat islands (UHIs), and other mesoscale phenomena, as well as topographical features, can cause weather and climate conditions in a localized area to be significantly different from that dictated by the ambient large-scale conditions.<ref name="scales">{{cite journal |last = Fujita |first = T. Theodore |author-link = Ted Fujita |title = Tornadoes and Downbursts in the Context of Generalized Planetary Scales |journal = Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|volume = 38 |issue = 8 |pages = 1511–34 |date = 1981 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1511:TADITC>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1981JAtS...38.1511F |issn = 1520-0469 |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="MMF">{{cite book |editor1-last = Ray |editor1-first = Peter S. |title = Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting |publisher = American Meteorological Society |date = 1986 |location = Boston |isbn = 978-0-933876-66-8 }}</ref> As such, meteorologists must understand these phenomena in order to improve forecast skill. Observations are critical to understanding the processes by which these phenomena form, evolve, and dissipate.

The long-term observing networks (ASOS, AWOS, COOP), however, are too sparse and report too infrequently for mesoscale research and forecasting. ASOS and AWOS stations are typically spaced {{convert|50|to|100|km|mi|sigfig=1}} apart and report only hourly at many sites (though over time the frequency of reporting has increased, down to 5–15 minutes in the 2020s at major sites). The Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) database consists of only daily reports recorded manually. That network, like the more recent CoCoRaHS, is large but both are limited in reporting frequency and robustness of equipment. "Mesoscale" weather phenomena occur on spatial scales of a few to hundreds of kilometers and temporal (time) scales of minutes to hours. Thus, an observing network with finer temporal and spatial scales is needed for mesoscale research. This need led to the development of the mesonet.

Mesonet data is directly used by humans for decision making, but also boosts the skill of numerical weather prediction (NWP) and is especially beneficial for short-range mesoscale models. Mesonets, along with remote sensing solutions (data assimilation of weather radar, weather satellites, wind profilers), allow for much greater temporal and spatial resolution in a forecast model. As the atmosphere is a chaotic nonlinear dynamical system (i.e. subject to the Butterfly effect), this increase in data increases understanding of initial conditions and boosts model performance. In addition to meteorology and climatology users, hydrologists, foresters, wildland firefighters, transportation departments, energy producers and distributors, other utility interests, and agricultural entities are prominent in their need for fine scale weather information. These organizations operate dozens of mesonets within the US and globally. Environmental, outdoor recreational, emergency management and public safety, military, and insurance interests also are heavy users of mesonet information.

In many cases, mesonet stations may, by necessity or sometimes by lack of awareness, be located in positions where accurate measurements may be compromised. For instance, this is especially true of citizen science and crowdsourced data systems, such as the stations built for WeatherBug's network, many of which are located on school buildings. The Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP) facilitated by the US National Weather Service (NWS) and other networks such as those collected by Weather Underground help fill gaps with resolutions sometimes meeting or exceeding that of mesonets, but many stations also exhibit biases due to improper siting, calibration, and maintenance. These consumer grade "personal weather stations" (PWS) are also less sensitive and rigorous than scientific grade stations. The potential bias that these stations may cause must be accounted for when ingesting the data into a model, lest the phenomenon of "garbage in, garbage out" occur.

== Operations == [[File:WSHT.jpg|thumb|left|Kentucky Mesonet station WSHT near Maysville in Mason County]]

Mesonets were born out of the need to conduct mesoscale research. The nature of this research is such that mesonets, like the phenomena they were meant to observe, were (and sometimes still are) short-lived and may change rapidly. Long-term research projects and non-research groups, however, have been able to maintain a mesonet for many years. For example, the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground in Utah has maintained a mesonet for many decades. The research-based origin of mesonets led to the characteristic that mesonet stations may be modular and portable, able to be moved from one field program to another. Nonetheless, most large contemporary mesonets or nodes within consist of permanent stations comprising stationary networks. Some research projects, however, utilize mobile mesonets. Prominent examples include the VORTEX projects.<ref name="Straka">{{cite journal |last = Straka |first = Jerry M. |author-link = Jerry Straka |author2=E. N. Rasmussen |author3=S. E. Fredrickson |title = A Mobile Mesonet for Finescale Meteorological Observations |journal = Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|volume = 13 |issue = 10 |pages = 921–36 |date = 1996 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0921:AMMFFM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode =1996JAtOT..13..921S |issn = 1520-0426 |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="VORTEX2">{{cite journal |last = Wurman |first = Joshua |author-link = Joshua Wurman |author2=D. Dowell |author3=Y. Richardson |author4=P. Markowski |author5=E. Rasmussen |author6=D. Burgess |author7=L. Wicker |author8=H. Bluestein |title = The Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment: VORTEX2 |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume = 93 |issue = 8 |pages = 1147–70 |date = 2012 |doi = 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00010.1 |bibcode=2012BAMS...93.1147W |doi-access = free }}</ref> The problems of implementing and maintaining robust fixed stations are exacerbated by lighter, compact mobile stations and are further worsened by various issues related when moving, such as vehicle slipstream effects, and particularly during rapid changes in the ambient environment associated with traversing severe weather.<ref name="Waugh">{{cite journal |last = Waugh |first = Sean M. |title = The "U-Tube": An Improved Aspirated Temperature System for Mobile Meteorological Observations, Especially in Severe Weather |journal = J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. |volume = 38 |issue = 9 |pages = 1477–1489 |date = 2021 |doi = 10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0008.1 |bibcode = 2021JAtOT..38.1477W |hdl = 11244/24679 |s2cid = 134944456 |doi-access = free |hdl-access = free }}</ref>

Whether the mesonet is temporary or semi-permanent, each weather station is typically independent, drawing power from a battery and solar panels. An on-board computer records readings from several instruments measuring temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure, as well as soil temperature and moisture, and other environmental variables deemed important to the mission of the mesonet, solar irradiance being a common non-meteorological parameter. The computer periodically saves these data to memory, typically using data loggers, and transmits the observations to a base station via radio, telephone (wireless, such as cellular or landline), or satellite transmission. Advancements in computer technology and wireless communications in recent decades made possible the collection of mesonet data in real-time. Some stations or networks report using Wi-Fi and grid powered with backups for redundancy.

The availability of mesonet data in real-time can be extremely valuable to operational forecasters, and particularly for nowcasting,<ref name="Mueller">{{cite journal |last = Mueller |first = Cynthia K. |author2 = J. W. Wilson |author3 = N. A. Crook |title = The Utility of Sounding and Mesonet Data to Nowcast Thunderstorm Initiation |journal = Weather Forecast. |volume = 8 |issue = 1 |pages = 132–146 |date = 1993 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0434(1993)008<0132:TUOSAM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1993WtFor...8..132M |doi-access = free }}</ref> as they can monitor weather conditions from many points in their forecast area. In addition to operational work, and weather, climate, and environmental research, mesonet and micronet data are often important in forensic meteorology.<ref name="Brotzge">{{cite book |last = Brotzge |first = Jerald A. |author2 = C. A. Fiebrich |editor1-last = Foken |editor1-first = Thomas |title = Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements |chapter = Mesometeorological Networks |publisher = Springer |series = |volume = |edition = |date = 2021 |location = |pages = 1233–1245 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-52171-4_45 |isbn = 978-3-030-52170-7 |s2cid = 243969231 }}</ref>

== History == [[Image:Barograph.JPG|thumb|Three-day barograph of the type used by the Meteorological Service of Canada]]

Early mesonets operated differently from modern mesonets. Each constituent instrument of the weather station was purely mechanical and fairly independent of the other sensors. Data were recorded continuously by an inked stylus that pivoted about a point onto a rotating drum covered by a sheath of graphed paper called a trace chart, much like a traditional seismograph station. Data analysis could occur only after the trace charts from the various instruments were collected.

One of the earliest mesonets operated in the summer of 1946 and 1947 and was part of a field campaign called The Thunderstorm Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ssd/tstm/html/tstorm.htm |title=Overview of The Thunderstorm Project|publisher=NOAA|access-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> As the name implies, the objective of this program was to better understand thunderstorm convection. The earliest mesonets were typically funded and operated by government agencies for specific campaigns. In time, universities and other quasi-public entities began implementing permanent mesonets for a wide variety of uses, such as agricultural or maritime interests. Consumer grade stations added to the professional grade synoptic and mesoscale networks by the 1990s and by the 2010s professional grade station networks operated by private companies and public-private consortia increased in prominence. Some of these privately implemented systems are permanent and at fixed locations, but many also service specific users and campaigns/events so may be installed for limited periods, and may also be mobile.

The first known mesonet was operated by Germany from 1939 to 1941. Early mesonets with project based purposes operated for limited periods of time from seasons to a few years. The first permanently operating mesonet began in the United States in the 1970s with more entering operation in the 1980s-1990s as numbers gradually increased preceding a steeper expansion by the 2000s. By the 2010s there was also an increase in mesonets on other continents. Some wealthy densely populated countries also deploy observation networks with the density of a mesonet, such as the AMeDAS in Japan. The US was an early adopter of mesonets, yet funding has long been scattered and meager. By the 2020s declining funding atop the earlier scarcity and uncertainty of funding was leading to understaffing and problems maintaining stations, the closure of some stations, and the viability of entire networks threatened.<ref name="Rembert">{{cite news |last = Rembert |first = Elizabeth |title = Weather stations that provide critical climate data are threatened by unstable funding |newspaper = St. Louis Public Radio |publisher = Harvest Public Media |date = 21 February 2023 |url = https://news.stlpublicradio.org/2023-02-21/weather-stations-that-provide-critical-climate-data-are-threatened-by-unstable-funding |access-date = 2023-02-21 }}</ref>

Mesonets capable of being moved for fixed station deployments in field campaigns came into use in the US by the 1970s<ref name="Brock">{{cite journal |last = Brock |first = F. V. |author2 = P. K. Govind |title = Portable Automated Mesonet in Operation |journal = Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology |volume = 16 |issue = 3 |pages = 299–310 |date = 1977 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0299:PAMIO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1977JApMe..16..299B |doi-access = free }}</ref> and fully mobile vehicle-mounted mesonets became fixtures of large field research projects during the field campaigns of Project VORTEX in 1994 and 1995, in which significant mobile mesonets were deployed.<ref name="VORTEX2"/><ref name="tor hist">{{cite conference |last = Bluestein |first = Howard |title = History of tornado research |book-title = 25th Conference on Severe Local Storms |publisher = American Meteorological Society |date = 2010 |location = Denver, CO |doi = }}</ref> For tornado and other small scale and/or near surface phenomena, mobile radars affixed to surface vehicles and aircraft were developed, often to complement surface and near surface observations by mobile mesonets.<ref name="FARM">{{cite journal |last1 = Wurman |first1 = Joshua |last2 = Kosiba |first2 = Karen |last3 = Brian |first3 = Pereira |last4 = Robinson |first4 = Paul |display-authors=etal |title = The Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) |journal = Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. |volume = 102 |issue = 8 |pages = E1499–E1525 |date = 2021 |doi = 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0285.1 }}</ref>

== Significant mesonets == The following table is an incomplete list of mesonets operating in the past and present: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name of Network, Place ! Years of operation ! Spacing ! No. of Stations (Year) ! Objectives |- | {{ill|Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory|lt=Lindenberger Böennetz|de|Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg}}, {{ill|Lindenberg (Tauche)|lt=Lindenberg|de}}, Tauche, Germany | 1939–1941 | {{convert|3|-|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} | 19-25 | research on convective hazards, including squall lines and wind gusts, to aviation<ref name="MMF"/> |- | Maebashi, Japan | 1940 | {{convert|8|-|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} | 20 (1940) | research on convective hazards to aviation, examined structure of thunderstorms<ref name="MMF"/> |- | Muskingum basin, Ohio | 1941 | {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} | 131 (1941) | rainfall and runoff research<ref name="MMF"/> |- | The Thunderstorm Project, Florida | 1946 | {{convert|1|mi|km|abbr=on}} | 50 (1946) | thunderstorm convection research<ref name="Thunderstorm Project">{{cite book|last=Byers|first=Horace R.|author-link=Horace R. Byers|author2=R. R. Braham Jr.|title=The Thunderstorm: Final Report of the Thunderstorm Project|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1949|location=Washington, DC|oclc= 7944529 }}</ref> |- | The Thunderstorm Project, Ohio | 1947 | {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}} | 58 (1947) | thunderstorm convection research<ref name="Thunderstorm Project"/> |- | New Jersey | 1960 | {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} | 23 (1960) | research on mesoscale pressure systems<ref name="MMF"/> |- | Fort Huachuca, Arizona | 1960 | {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} | 28 (1960) | Army operations (military meteorology) research<ref name="MMF"/> |- | Fort Huachuca, Arizona | 1961 | {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} | 17 (1961) | research on influence of orography<ref name="MMF"/> |- | Dugway Proving Ground, Utah | 1961–Present | {{convert|9|mi|km|abbr=on}} | 26 | air quality modeling and other desert area research |- | Flagstaff, Arizona | 1961 | {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}} | 43 (1961) | cumulonimbus convection research<ref name="MMF"/> |- | National Severe Storms Project (NSSP), Southern Plains US | 1961 | {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} | 36 (1961) | research on structure of severe storms<ref name="MMF"/><ref name="Fujita NSSP">{{cite journal |last = Fujita |first = Tetsuya Theodore |title = Index to the NSSP Surface Network |journal = Mesoscale Meteorology Project |issue = Research Paper #2 |publisher = University of Chicago for US Weather Bureau |date = 1961 |url = |issn = |doi = }}</ref> |- | National Severe Storms Project (NSSP), Southern Plains US | 1962 | {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} | 210 (1962) | research on squall lines and pressure jumps<ref name="MMF"/> |- | NSSL mesonetwork and mesometeorological rawinsonde networks, Oklahoma | 1961–1980s<ref>{{cite journal |last = Barnes |first = Stanley L. |title = Mesonetwork Array: Its Effect on Thunderstorm Flow Resolution |journal = NOAA Technical Memorandum |issue = ERL NSSL 74 |publisher = NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory |location = Norman, OK |date = 1974 |url = https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/17652 |access-date = 2024-03-16 }}</ref> | <6-17 mi (<9–28 km) surface, 18-53 mi (30–85 km) upper (1966-1970) | 30-61 surface, 8-11 upper (1966-1970) | primarily convection and dryline research in partnership with AF and Army, with focus in some years on aviation and particularly airport operations; annual field projects included varying number and spatial density of seasonal surface and upper air stations combined with radar and aircraft observations plus instrumented tower, leading to evolution of storm scale networks<ref name="Barnes">{{cite journal |last = Barnes |first = Stanley L. |author2 = James H. Henderson |author3 = Robert J. Ketchum |title = Rawinsonde observation and processing techniques at the National Severe Storms Laboratory |journal = NOAA Technical Memorandum |issue = ERL NSSL 53 |publisher = ESSA National Severe Storms Laboratory |location = Norman, OK |date = 1971 |url = https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/19276 |access-date = 2024-03-16 }}</ref><ref name="Fankhauser">{{cite journal |last = Fankhauser |first = J. C. |title = Convective Processes Resolved by a Mesoscale Rawinsonde Network |journal = Journal of Applied Meteorology |volume = 8 |issue = 5 |pages = 778–798 |date = 1969 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0450(1969)008<0778:CPRBAM>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access = free }}</ref> and automated networks (e.g. NSSL Surface Automated Mesonetwork); other research projects increasingly arose in 70s-80s |- | Enviro-Weather, Michigan (now also adjacent sections of Wisconsin) | 1972–Present | Varies | 81 | agriculturally centered; archive, varies from 5-60 min observations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://enviroweather.msu.edu/ |title=Enviroweather|work=msu.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> |- | NCAR Portable Automated Mesonet I NCAR Portable Automated Mesonet II | 1976–1982 1982–1987 | | 30<ref name="Brock"/> ≈200<ref name="Brock 86">{{cite journal |last = Brock |first = Fred V. |author2 = George H. Saum |author3 = Steven R. Semmer |title = Portable Automated Mesonet II |journal = Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology |volume = 3 |issue = 4 |pages = 573–582 |date = 1986 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0426(1986)003<0573:PAMI>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access = free }}</ref> | research networks |- | Nebraska Mesonet, Nebraska | 1981–Present | Varies | 69 (2018) | originally agriculturally centered now multipurpose; archive, near real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mesonet.unl.edu/ |title=Mesonet by NSCO|work=unl.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hubbard|first=Kenneth G.|author2=N. J. Rosenberg|author3=D. C. Nielsen|title=Automated Weather Data Network for Agriculture|journal= Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management|volume= 109 |issue= 3 |pages= 213–222|year=1983|doi= 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1983)109:3(213) }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Shulski |first = Martha |author2 = S. Cooper |author3 = G. Roebke |author4 = A. Dutcher |title = The Nebraska Mesonet: Technical Overview of an Automated State Weather Network |journal = Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|volume = 35 |issue = 11|pages = 2189–2200 |date = 2018 |doi = 10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0181.1 |bibcode = 2018JAtOT..35.2189S |url = https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2049&context=natrespapers |doi-access = free }}</ref> |- | South Dakota Mesonet, South Dakota | 1983–Present | 36 km (22 mi) | 109 | archive, real-time 5 min observations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mesonet.sdstate.edu/ |title=South Dakota Mesonet|work=sdstate.edu|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> |- | FAA-Lincoln Laboratory Operational Weather Studies (FLOWS) | 1984–1986+ | | 30 | aviation research network focused on low-level wind shear and microburst hazards with radar (TDWR) and other detection systems that became LLWAS<ref name="Wolfson">{{cite journal |last = Wolfson |first = Marilyn M. |title = The FLOWS Automatic Weather Station Network |journal = Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |pages = 307–326 |date = 1989 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<0307:TFAWSN>2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> |- | Kansas Mesonet, Kansas | 1986–Present | Varies | 72 | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mesonet.k-state.edu/ |title=Kansas Mesonet|work=k-state.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> |- | Arizona Meteorological Network (AZMET), Arizona | 1986–Present | Varies | 27 | agriculturally centered; archive, real-time observations, 15 min - 1 hr<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cals.arizona.edu/azmet/ |title=AZMET: The Arizona Meteorological Network|work=arizona.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> |- | Washington Mesonet/AgWeatherNet, Washington | 1988–Present | Varies | 177 | multi-network system (comprehensive monitoring, agricultural focused); archive, real-time observations, 5 and 15 min<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weather.wsu.edu/ |title=AgWeatherNet at Washington State University|work=wsu.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Elliot|first=T.V.|title=Regional and on-farm wireless sensor networks for agricultural systems in Eastern Washington|journal=Comput. Electron. Agr. |volume= 61 |issue= 1 |pages=32–43|year=2008|doi= 10.1016/j.compag.2007.05.007 }}</ref> |- | Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) Weather System, Ohio | 1989–Present | Varies | 17 | agriculturally centered; archive, hourly observations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/newweather/ |title=OARDC Weather System|work=ohio-state.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> |- | North Dakota Agricultural Weather Network (NDAWN), North Dakota (also adjacent areas of NW-Minnesota and Eastern Montana) | 1990–Present | Varies | {{Convert|91|km}} | agriculturally centered; archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndawn.ndsu.nodak.edu/ |title=NDAWN Current Weather|website=ndsu.nodak.edu|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Owens |first=Jacob |date=2024-12-26 |title=Montana Mesonet more than halfway complete |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/local/montana-mesonet-more-than-halfway-complete |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=KECI NBC Montana |language=en}}</ref> |- | Oklahoma Mesonet, Oklahoma | 1991–Present | Varies | 121 | comprehensive monitoring; archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mesonet.org/ |title=Mesonet|website=mesonet.org|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="OKmesonet">{{cite journal|last=McPherson|first=Renee A.|author2=C.A. Fiebrich|author3=K.C. Crawford|author4=J.R. Kilby|author5=D.L. Grimsley|author6=J.E. Martinez|author7=J.B. Basara|author8=B.G. Illston|author9=D.A. Morris|author10=K.A. Kloesel|author11=A.D. Melvin|author12=H. Shrivastava|author13=J. Wolfinbarger|author14=J.P. Bostic|author15=D.B. Demko|author16=R.L. Elliott|author17=S.J. Stadler|author18=J.D. Carlson|author19=A.J. Sutherland|title=Statewide Monitoring of the Mesoscale Environment: A Technical Update on the Oklahoma Mesonet|journal= Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|volume= 24 |issue= 3 |pages=301–21|year=2007|doi= 10.1175/JTECH1976.1 |bibcode=2007JAtOT..24..301M|s2cid=124213569|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | Georgia Automated Weather Network (AEMN), Georgia | 1991–Present | Varies | 91<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia Weather - Automated Environmental Monitoring Network Page |url=http://georgiaweather.net/?variable=ID&content=SP |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=georgiaweather.net}}</ref> | agriculture and hydrometeorology; archive, real-time observations, 15 min<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.uga.edu/ |title=Georgia Weather - Automated Environmental Monitoring Network Page|work=uga.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first=Gerrit|last=Hoogenboom|author2=D.D. Coker|author3=J.M. Edenfield|author4=D.M. Evans|author5=C. Fang|title=The Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network: Ten Years of Weather Information for Water Resources Management|book-title= Proceedings of the 2003 Georgia Water Resources Conference |publisher=University of Georgia|year=2003|location=Athens, GA|url=https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/48498 }}</ref> |- | Colorado Agricultural Meteorological Network (CoAgMet), Colorado | 1992–Present<ref name="Tucker">{{cite journal |last = Tucker |first = Donna F. |title = Surface Mesonets of the Western United States |journal = Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. |volume = 78 |issue = 7 |pages = 1485–1496 |date = 1997 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1485:SMOTWU>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1997BAMS...78.1485T |hdl = 1808/15914 |hdl-access = free }}</ref> | | | agriculturally centered; 5 min data, archived<ref name="CoAgMet">{{cite web |url = http://coagmet.com/ |title = COAgMET |last = Schumacher |first = Russ |publisher = Colorado State University |access-date = 2023-02-24 }}</ref> |- | Missouri Mesonet, Missouri | 1994–Present | Varies | 35 | agriculturally centered; archive, real-time observations at 21 stations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agebb.missouri.edu/weather/stations/ |title=Missouri Mesonet|work=missouri.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first=Patrick|last=Guinan|title=Missouri's transition to a near real-time mesonet|book-title= 17th Conference on Applied Climatology |publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=2008-08-11|location=Whistler, BC, Canada|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/13MontMet17AP/techprogram/paper_140960.htm }}</ref> |- | WeatherBug (AWS), across United States | 1994–Present | Varies | >8,000 ** | real-time observations for schools and television stations; collection of multiple mesonets, each typically centered around a host television station's media market<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.earthnetworks.com/why-us/networks/weather/ |title=Extensive Weather Observations & Analytics|work=earthnetworks.com|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="WeatherBug">{{cite conference|first=James E.|last=Anderson|author2=J. Usher|title=Mesonet Programs|book-title= WMO Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation (TECO-2010) |publisher=World Meteorological Organization|year=2010|location=Helsinki|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/IOM-104_TECO-2010/P1_39_Usher_USA.pdf }}</ref> |- | Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN), Florida | 1997–Present | Varies | 42 | agriculturally-centered; archive, real-time<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/ |title=FAWN - Florida Automated Weather Network|work=ufl.edu|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lusher|first1=William R.|first2=John L.|last2=Jackson|first3=Kelly T.|last3=Morgan|title=The Florida Automated Weather Network: Ten Years of Providing Weather Information to Florida Growers|journal= Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. |volume= 121 |pages=69–74|year=2008|url=http://journals.fcla.edu/fshs/article/view/87350 }}</ref> |- | West Texas Mesonet, West Texas | 1999–Present | Varies | 63+ | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mesonet.ttu.edu/ |title=West Texas Mesonet|work=Texas Tech University|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="WTXmesonet">{{cite journal|last=Schroeder|first=John L.|author2=W.S. Burgett|author3=K.B. Haynie|author4=I.I. Sonmez|author5=G.D. Skwira|author6=A.L. Doggett|author7=J.W. Lipe|title=The West Texas Mesonet: A Technical Overview|journal= Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|volume= 22 |issue= 2 |pages=211–22|year=2005|doi= 10.1175/JTECH-1690.1 |bibcode=2005JAtOT..22..211S|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | Iowa Environmental Mesonet, Iowa | 2001–Present | Varies | 469* | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/ |title=Iowa Environmental Mesonet|first=Daryl|last=Herzmann|website=iastate.edu|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first=Dennis P.|last=Todey|author2=E. S. Takle|author3=S. E. Taylor|title=The Iowa Environmental Mesonet|book-title= 13th Conference on Applied Climatology and 10th Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology |publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=2002-05-13|location=Portland, Oregon|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/13ac10av/techprogram/paper_41314.htm }}</ref> |- | WeatherFlow, global but concentrated in US | –Present | Varies | 450+ mesonet stations in proprietary network; 27,000 in total * ** | real-time and archive for variety of purposes, proprietary but reports to public forecasters and numerical modeling systems; operates specialty mesonets and offers PWSs<ref name="WeatherFlow networks">{{cite web | url = https://weatherflownetworks.com/ | title = WeatherFlow Networks | date = | publisher = WeatherFlow | access-date = 2022-04-24 }}</ref> |- | Solutions Mesonet, Eastern Canada | 2002–Present | Varies | 600+ * | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solutions-mesonet.org/|title=Solutions Mesonet|date=2019-04-12|website=Solutions Mesonet}}</ref> |- | Western Turkey Mesonet, Turkey | 2002–Present | Varies | 206+ | nowcasting, hydrometeorology<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sönmez|first=İbrahim|title=Quality control tests for western Turkey Mesonet|journal= Meteorological Applications|volume= 20 |issue= 3 |pages=330–7|year=2013|doi= 10.1002/met.1286 |bibcode=2013MeApp..20..330S|doi-access=free}}</ref> |- | Delaware Environmental Observing System (DEOS), Delaware | 2003–Present | Varies | 57 | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deos.udel.edu/ |title=DEOS Home|website=udel.edu|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first=David R.|last=Legates|author2=D. J. Leathers|author3=T. L. DeLiberty|author4=G. E. Quelch|author5=K. Brinson|author6=J. Butke|author7=R. Mahmood|author8=S. A. Foster|title=DEOS: The Delaware Environmental Observing System|book-title= 21st International Conference on Interactive Information Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology |publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=2005-01-13|location=San Diego|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2005/techprogram/paper_87687.htm }}</ref> |- | South Alabama Mesonet (USA Mesonet), Alabama | 2004–Present | Varies | 26 | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chiliweb.southalabama.edu/|title=CHILI - Center for Hurricane Intensity and Landfall Investigation|website=chiliweb.southalabama.edu|access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref> |- | Foothills Climate Array, Alberta, Canada | 2004–2010 | {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} average | 300 | research on spatial-temporal meteorological variation, and on weather and climate model performance, across adjoining mountain, foothills, and prairie topographies<ref>{{cite journal |last = Roberts |first = David R. |author2 = W. H, Wood |author3 = S. J. Marshall |title = Assessments of downscaled climate data with a high-resolution weather station network reveal consistent but predictable bias |journal = Int. J. Climatol. |volume = 39|issue = 6|pages = 3091–3103|date = 2019 |doi = 10.1002/joc.6005 |bibcode = 2019IJCli..39.3091R |s2cid = 134732294 }}</ref> |- | Kentucky Mesonet, Kentucky | 2007–Present | Varies | 82 | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kymesonet.org/ |title=Kentucky Mesonet|website=kymesonet.org|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first=Michael|last=Grogan|author2=S. A. Foster|author3=R. Mahmood|title=The Kentucky Mesonet|book-title= 26th Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology |publisher=American Meteorological Society|date=2010-01-21|location=Atlanta, Georgia|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/90annual/techprogram/paper_159736.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Mahmood |first = Rezaul |author2 = M. Schargorodski |author3 = S. Foster |author4 = A. Quilligan |title = A Technical Overview of the Kentucky Mesonet |journal = Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|volume = 36 |issue = 9 |pages = 1753–1771 |date = 2019 |doi = 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0198.1 |bibcode = 2019JAtOT..36.1753M |url = https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/hprccpubs/8 |doi-access = free }}</ref> |- | Mount Washington Regional Mesonet, New Hampshire | 2007–Present | | 18 (2022) | archive, near-real time observations primarily for orography, operated by Mount Washington Observatory<ref name="Mt. Washington">{{cite web |url = https://www.mountwashington.org/experience-the-weather/mount-washington-regional-mesonet.aspx |title = Mount Washington Regional Observatory |date = |publisher = Mount Washington Observatory |access-date = 2022-05-28 }}</ref><ref name="Garrett">{{cite conference |last = Garrett |first = Keith |title = Robust Solutions to Maintaining the Mount Washington Regional Mesonet through Extreme Weather Conditions |book-title = 20th Symposium on Meteorological Observation and Instrumentation Joint Session with the National Network of Networks Committee |pages = |publisher = American Meteorological Society |date = 2020 |location = Boston, MA |url = https://ams.confex.com/ams/2020Annual/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/370191 |doi = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Fitzgerald |first = Brian J. |author2 = J. Broccolo |author3 = K. Garrett |title = The Mount Washington Observatory Regional Mesonet: A Technical Overview of a Mountain-Based Mesonet |journal = J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. |volume = 40 |issue = 4 |pages = 439–453 |date = 2023 |doi = 10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0054.1 }}</ref> |- | Quantum Weather Mesonet, St. Louis metropolitan area, Missouri | 2008–Present | Varies (average ~{{convert|5|mi|km}}) | 100 (proprietary) | utility and nowcasting; archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ameren.com/sites/aue/OutageCenter/Pages/QuantumWeatherHome.aspx |title=Ameren website |website=ameren.com |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316003947/http://www.ameren.com/sites/aue/OutageCenter/Pages/QuantumWeatherHome.aspx |archive-date=16 March 2014 }}</ref> |- | North Carolina ECONet, North Carolina | –Present | Varies | 99 | archive, real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/econet |title=North Carolina Environment and Climate Observing Network|work=State Climate Office of North Carolina|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> |- | Weather Telenatics, North America | 2010–Present | Varies | (proprietary) | real-time and archived, proprietary; operates micronets, focused on ground transportation and airports but also serves other uses<ref name="WeatherTelematics">{{cite web |url=http://www.weathertelematics.com/ |title=Weather Telematics |date= |publisher=Weather Telematics |access-date=2022-04-24 }}</ref> |- | Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory (BUCL) Mesonet, Birmingham UK | 2012–Present | 3 per {{convert|1|km2|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} | 24 | urban heat island (UHI) monitoring<ref>{{cite journal |last = Chapman |first = Lee |author2 = Muller, C.L. |author3 = Young, D.T. |author4 = Warren, E.L. |author5 = Grimmond C.S.B. |author6 = Cai, X.-M. |author7 = Ferranti, J.S. |title = The Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory: An Open Meteorological Test Bed and Challenges of the Smart City |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume = 96 |issue = 9 |pages = 1545–60 |date = 2015 |doi = 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00193.1 |bibcode = 2015BAMS...96.1545C |s2cid = 26884748 |url = http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/24950692/Chapman_et_al_the_Birmingham_Urban_2014.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Warren |first = Elliot L. |author2 = D. T. Young |author3 = L. Chapman |author4 = C. Muller |author5 = C.S.B. Grimmond |author6 = X.-M. Cai |title = The Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory—A high density, urban meteorological dataset, from 2012–2014 |journal = Scientific Data |volume = 3 |issue = 160038 |page = 160038 |date = 2016 |doi = 10.1038/sdata.2016.38 |pmid = 27272103 |bibcode = 2016NatSD...360038W |pmc = 4896132 }}</ref> |- | New York State Mesonet, New York | 2015–Present | Varies, averages {{convert|20|mi|km}} | 127 | real-time observations, improved forecasting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nysmesonet.org/ |title=NYS Mesonet|website=nysmesonet.org|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref> |- | TexMesonet, Texas | 2016–Present | Varies | 100 in network; 3,151 total * ** | hydrometeorology and hydrology focused network operated by the Texas Water Development Board, plus network of networks; some real-time observations, archival<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.texmesonet.org/ |title=TexMesonet |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref> |- | New Jersey Weather & Climate Network (NJWxNet), New Jersey | –Present | Varies | 66 | real-time observations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.njweather.org/ |title=New Jersey Weather and Climate Network|work=njweather.org|access-date=12 April 2017}}</ref> |- | Keystone Mesonet, Pennsylvania | –Present | Varies | | real-time observations, archived; variety of uses, network of networks<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keystone-mesonet.org/ |title=Keystone Mesonet |access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> |- | Cape Breton Mesonet, Cape Breton Island, with some stations in Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and mainland Nova Scotia | –Present | Varies | 141+ | real-time observations, with archived data available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://capebretonweather.ca/ |title=Cape Breton Mesonet |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> |- | COtL (Conditions Over the Landscape) Mesonet, South Australia | 2019–Present | | | agriculturally focused with a particular emphasis on monitoring amenability of weather conditions for crop spraying; a merger of Mid North Mesonet that began operating in 2019 and Riverland & Mallee Mesonet which began in 2021 with additional networks anticipated<ref name="COtL">{{cite web |url=https://cotl.com.au/ |title=COtL |access-date=2023-02-24 }}</ref> |- | Umbria region mesonet, Umbria, Central Italy | ≈2020–Present | Varies | | network of preexisting networks emerging since 2020 in part to monitor complex topography but with various purposes for constituent networks<ref name="Silvestri">{{cite journal |last = Silvestri |first = Lorenzo |author2 = M. Saraceni |author3 = P. B. Cerlini |title = Quality management system and design of an integrated mesoscale meteorological network in Central Italy |journal = Meteorol. Appl. |volume = 29 |issue = 2 |article-number = e2060 |date = 2022 |language = English |doi = 10.1002/met.2060 |s2cid = 248221267 |doi-access = free }}</ref> |- |Maryland Mesonet, Maryland, USA | 2022–Present |Varies |72 planned (2022) 34 operational (2025) |A network that will eventually total 72 stations across Maryland to promote: public safety,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland Celebrates Unveiling of its First Mesonet Tower |url=https://news.maryland.gov/mdem/2023/10/30/maryland-celebrates-unveiling-of-its-first-mesonet-tower/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=news.maryland.gov |language=en}}</ref> transportation, agriculture, climate, and K-12 science. The program is managed by the University of Maryland,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Maryland Celebrates Unveiling of its First Mesonet Tower |url=https://cmns.umd.edu/news-events/news/maryland-mesonet-unveils-first-tower |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences {{!}} University of Maryland |language=en}}</ref> with significant input from state and local government agencies, and local partner organizations. |- | Hawaiʻi Mesonet, Hawaiian Islands | 2022–Present | Varies | >95 (2022) | near real-time observations with archives,<ref name="HI mesonet">{{cite web | url =https://www.hawaii.edu/climate-data-portal/hawaii-mesonet/ | title = Hawaiʻi Mesonet | last = | first = | date = 2022 | website = Hawaiʻi Climate Data Portal | publisher = University of Hawaiʻi | access-date = 2022-04-24 }}</ref> for a variety of weather and climate uses designed to measure the stark microclimates of Hawaii<ref name="Longman">{{cite journal | last = Longman | first = Ryan J. | author2 = A. G. Frazier | author3 = A. J. Newman | author4 = T. W. Giambelluca | author5 = D. Schanzenbach | author6 = A. Kagawa-Viviani | author7 = H. Needham | author8 = J. R. Arnold | author9 = M. P. Clark | title = High-Resolution Gridded Daily Rainfall and Temperature for the Hawaiian Islands (1990–2014) | journal = J. Hydrometeorol. | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 489–508 | date = 2019 | doi = 10.1175/JHM-D-18-0112.1 | bibcode = 2019JHyMe..20..489L | s2cid = 134742459 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and as an expansion to local micronets such as HaleNet, HavoNet, HIPPNET, and CraterNet<ref name="HI climate monitoring history">{{cite web | url = https://www.hawaii.edu/climate-data-portal/climate-monitoring-history/ | title = Climate Monitoring History | last = | first = | date = 2022 | website = Hawaiʻi Climate Data Portal | publisher = University of Hawaiʻi | access-date = 2022-04-24 }}</ref> |- | Wisconsin Environmental Mesonet (Wisconet), Wisconsin | ''In development'' | | 90 | near real-time observations with archives, agriculturally focused<ref name="Kremer">{{cite news |last = Kremer |first = Rich |title = Federal grant to spur construction of weather, soil monitoring network to aid Wisconsin farmers |newspaper = Wisconsin Public Radio |date = 16 December 2022 |url = https://www.wpr.org/usda-federal-grant-rural-weather-soil-monitoring-network-aid-wisconsin-farmers |access-date = 2023-02-24 }}</ref> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Not all stations owned or operated by network. <nowiki>**</nowiki> As these are private stations, although QA/QC measures may be taken, these may not be scientific grade, and may lack proper siting, calibration, sensitivity, durability, and maintenance.

Although not labeled a mesonet, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) also maintains a nationwide surface observation network with the density of a mesonet. JMA operates AMeDAS, consisting of approximately 1,300 stations at a spacing of {{convert|17|km|mi}}. The network began operating in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Activities/observations.html |title=Japan Meteorological Agency|website=jma.go.jp|access-date=7 February 2017}}</ref>

==References== {{reflist|3}} * {{cite journal|last = Dahlia |first = John |title = The National Mesonet Program: Filling in the Gaps |journal = Weatherwise |volume = 66 |issue = 4 |pages = 26–33 |date = 2013 |doi = 10.1080/00431672.2013.800418 |s2cid = 192090710 }} * {{cite journal |last = Mahmood |first = Rezaul |title = Mesonets: Meso-Scale Weather and Climate Observations for the U.S. |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume = 98|issue = 7|page = 1349|doi = 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00258.1 |bibcode = 2017BAMS...98.1349M|year = 2017 |doi-access = free}} * {{cite journal|last = Horel |first = John D. |author2 = M.M. Splitt |author3 = L.L. Dunn |author4 = J.J. Pechmann |author5 = B.B. White |author6 = C.C. Ciliberti |author7 = S.S. Lazarus |author8 = J.J. Slemmer |author9 = D.D. Zaff |author10 = J.J. Burks |title = Mesowest: Cooperative Mesonets in the Western United States |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume = 83 |issue = 2 |pages = 211–24 |date = 2002 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0211:MCMITW>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode = 2002BAMS...83..211H |doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal|last = Fiebrich |first = Christopher A. |author2 = C.R. Morgan |author3 = A.G. McCombs |author4 = P.K. Hall |author5 = R.A. McPherson |title = Quality Assurance Procedures for Mesoscale Meteorological Data |journal = Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|volume = 27 |issue = 10 |pages = 1565–82 |date = 2010 |doi = 10.1175/2010JTECHA1433.1 |bibcode = 2010JAtOT..27.1565F |doi-access = free }} * {{cite book|author = ((Committee on Developing Mesoscale Meteorological Observational Capabilities to Meet Multiple National Needs, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council of the National Academies)) |title = Observing Weather and Climate from the Ground Up: A Nationwide Network of Networks |publisher = National Academies Press |date = 2009 |location = Washington |doi = 10.17226/12540 |isbn = 978-0-309-12986-2 }} * {{cite journal|last = Fiebrich |first = Christopher A. |title = History of surface weather observations in the United States |journal = Earth-Science Reviews |volume = 93 |issue = 3–4 |pages = 77–84 |date = 2009 |doi = 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.01.001 |bibcode = 2009ESRv...93...77F }} *{{cite journal|last=Tyndall|first=Daniel P.|author2=J. D. Horel|title=Impacts of Mesonet Observations on Meteorological Surface Analyses|journal= Weather and Forecasting|volume=28|issue=2|pages=254–69|date=2013|doi=10.1175/WAF-D-12-00027.1|bibcode=2013WtFor..28..254T|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last = Dabberdt |first = Walter F. |author2 = W. Schlatter |author3 = F.H. Carr |author4 = E.W. Joe Friday |author5 = D. Jorgensen |author6 = S. Koch |author7 = M. Pirone |author8 = F. Ralph |author9 = J. Sun |author10 = P. Welsh |author11 = J.W. Wilson |author12 = X. Zou |title = Multifunctional Mesoscale Observing Networks |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume = 86 |issue = 8 |pages = 961–82 |date = 2005 |doi = 10.1175/BAMS-86-7-961 |bibcode = 2005BAMS...86..961D |doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal|last = Meyer |first = Steven J. |author2 = K. G. Hubbard |title = Nonfederal Automated Weather Stations and Networks in the United States in the United States and Canada: A Preliminary Survey |journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume = 73 |issue = 4 |pages = 449–57 |date = 1992 |doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0449:NAWSAN>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode = 1992BAMS...73..449M |issn = 1520-0477 |doi-access = free }} * {{cite conference|first = Michael F. |last = Barth |author2 = P. A. Miller |author3 = D. Helms |title = Enhancing metadata available from MADIS for the National Mesonet |book-title = 26th Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology |publisher = American Meteorological Society |date = 2010-01-18 |location = Atlanta, GA |url = https://ams.confex.com/ams/90annual/techprogram/paper_164087.htm }}

==External links== {{commons}} * [https://nationalmesonet.us/ National Mesonet Program] * [https://madis.noaa.gov/mesonet_providers.html MADIS Meteorological Surface Integrated Mesonet Data Providers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326050305/https://madis.noaa.gov/mesonet_providers.html |date=26 March 2017 }} ([https://madis.ncep.noaa.gov/ MADIS])  ** [https://madis.ncep.noaa.gov/national_mesonet.shtml National Mesonet/UrbaNet Data Overview] (NCEP Central Operations) * [https://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/hydrometnet/ Hydrometeorological Networks in the United States] * [https://mesowest.utah.edu/ MesoWest]  * [https://developers.synopticdata.com/about/station-providers/ Synoptic Data PBC's Station Networks & Providers] * [https://www.wunderground.com/weatherstation/overview.asp Personal Weather Station Network] (Weather Underground)  * [http://www.wxqa.com/ Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)] (wxqa.com) ** [http://findu.com/ FindU.com] (APRS)  * [https://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/data_serv/dataNetworks.jsp Midwest Mesonets and Specialized Instrumented Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603164609/http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/data_serv/dataNetworks.jsp |date=3 June 2018 }} (Midwestern Regional Climate Center)  * [https://faesr.ucar.edu/cat/11 FAESR: Surface In-Situ Networks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195149/http://faesr.ucar.edu/cat/11 |date=18 March 2016 }} (NCAR's Facilities for Atmospheric and Earth Science Research)  ** [https://faesr.ucar.edu/cat/7 Surface Remote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030043735/http://faesr.ucar.edu/cat/7 |date=30 October 2017 }} and [https://faesr.ucar.edu/cat/2 Emerging Technologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309202937/http://faesr.ucar.edu/cat/2 |date=9 March 2016 }}

Category:Mesoscale meteorology Category:Meteorological data and networks