Melilotus

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae}} {{About|the genus of grassland plants|the moshav|Mlilot}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Bombus lapidarius - Melilotus officinalis - Tallinn.jpg |image_caption = ''Melilotus officinalis'' |taxon = Melilotus |authority = Mill.<ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=325467-2 |title=''Melilotus'' (L.) Mill. |access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> |type_species = ''Melilotus officinalis'' |type_species_authority = (L.) Lam. |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text |synonyms = ''Brachylobus'' Dulac (1867)<ref name=POWO/><ref name="Mediterranean">{{cite book|last1=Woodgate|first1=Katherine |last2=Maxted|first2=Nigel|last3=Bennett|first3=Sarita Jane|editor1-first=Sarita Jane|editor1-last=Bennett|editor2-first=Philip Stanley|editor2-last=Cocks|title=Genetic resources of Mediterranean pasture and forage legumes|series=Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture|volume=33|year=1996|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|location=Norwell, MA|isbn=978-0-7923-5522-9 |page=203}}</ref> ''Melilothus'' Homem. (1819)<ref name="Mediterranean"/> ''Melilota'' Medik. (1787)<ref name=POWO/><ref name="Mediterranean"/> ''Meliotus'' Steud. (1841)<ref name="Mediterranean"/> ''Sertula'' O. Ktze. (1891)<ref name=POWO/><ref name="Mediterranean"/> }}

thumb|''Melilotus albus'' '''''Melilotus''''', known as '''melilot'''<ref name="Streeter">{{cite book | last=Streeter | first=David | title=Collins Flower Guide | publisher=Collins | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-00-718389-0 | page=290}}</ref><ref name="Blamey">{{cite book | last=Blamey | first=Marjorie | last2=Grey-Wilson | first2=Christopher | title=The Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton | publication-place=London | date=1989 | isbn=0-340-40170-2 | page=214}}</ref> or '''sweet clover''' is a genus of legumes in the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Asia, and Africa.<ref name=POWO/> The genus is closely related to ''Trifolium'' (clovers). Several species are common grassland plants and weeds of cultivated ground, and some species are now found worldwide as naturalised plants.<ref name=POWO/>

The scientific and English names both derive from Greek ''melílōtos'' from ''méli'' (honey), and ''lōtos'' (lotus), via Latin ''melilōtos'' and Old French ''mélilot''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Onions | first=Charles Talbut | last2=Friedrichsen | first2=G. W. S. | last3=Burchfield | first3=R. W. | title=The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=1966-05-26 | isbn=0-19-861112-9 | page=567}}</ref> The alternative name "sweet clover" varies in orthography, also cited as sweet-clover and sweetclover. Other names include "kumoniga", from the Cumans.<ref name="Bulgarian Folk Customs pg 27">Bulgarian Folk Customs, Mercia MacDermott, pg 27</ref>

==Description== The species are annual, biennial, or perennial herbaceous plants, growing to 50–150 cm tall, with trifoliate leaves similar to clover but narrower, the leaflets only about half as wide as long, and with a serrated margin; each leaf also has two small basal stipules. The flowers are similar to clover flowers, but produced in open racemes 2–5 cm or more long, rather than the dense ovoid heads of ''Trifolium'' species; they are mostly white or yellow. The seeds are produced singly or in pairs in small pods 1.5–5 mm long.<ref name="Streeter"/><ref name="Blamey"/>

==Species== The genus ''Melilotus'' currently has 23 accepted species and two natural hybrids:<ref name=POWO/> * ''Melilotus albus'' Medik. (white melilot, white sweet clover) * ''Melilotus altissimus'' Thuill. (tall melilot, tall yellow sweet clover) * ''Melilotus arenarius'' Grecescu * ''Melilotus bicolor'' Boiss. & Balansa * ''Melilotus dentatus'' (Waldst. & Kit.) Desf. (small-flowered melilot) * ''Melilotus elegans'' Salzm. ex Ser. (elegant melilot) * ''Melilotus gorkemii'' Yıld. * ''Melilotus hirsutus'' Lipsky (hairy melilot) * ''Melilotus indicus'' (L.) All. (small melilot, annual yellow sweet clover, Indian sweet clover) * ''Melilotus infestus'' Guss. (round-fruited melilot) * ''Melilotus italicus'' (L.) Lam. (Italian melilot) * ''Melilotus macrocarpus'' Coss. & Durieu * ''Melilotus neapolitanus'' Ten. (Neapolitan melilot; syn. ''M. spicatus'' (Sm.) Breistr.) * ''Melilotus officinalis'' (L.) Pall. (ribbed melilot, yellow sweet clover) * ''Melilotus polonicus'' (L.) Desr. (Polish melilot) * ''Melilotus segetalis'' (Brot.) Ser. (corn melilot) * ''Melilotus serratifolius'' Täckh. & Boulos * ''Melilotus siculus'' (Turra) Steud. (southern melilot, messina) * ''Melilotus speciosus'' Durieu * ''Melilotus suaveolens'' Ledeb. (common yellow melilot) * ''Melilotus sulcatus'' Desf. (furrowed melilot, Mediterranean melilot) * ''Melilotus tauricus'' (M.Bieb.) Ser. (Crimean melilot) * ''Melilotus wolgicus'' Poir. (Russian melilot, Volga sweet clover)

;Hybrids: * ''Melilotus × haussknechtianus'' O.E.Schulz (''M. altissimus'' × ''M. officinalis'') * ''Melilotus × schoenheitianus'' Hausskn. (''M. albus'' × ''M. officinalis'')

==Others== Blue melilot (''Trigonella caerulea''; more often known as blue fenugreek) is not a member of the genus, despite the English name.

==Uses== ''Melilotus'' species are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, such as those of the genus ''Coleophora'', including ''C. frischella'' and ''C. trifolii''.

The plants have a sweet smell, which is due to the presence of coumarin in the tissues. Coumarin, though responsible for the sweet smell of hay and newly mowed grass, has a bitter taste, and, as such, possibly acts as a means for the plant to discourage consumption by animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/coumarin.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927134634/http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/coumarin.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 27, 2006|access-date=26 November 2011|title=Phytochemicals.info:Coumarin}}</ref> Some mould fungi (including ''Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium'', and ''Mucor''<ref>Edwards WC, Burrows GE, Tyr RJ: 1984, ''Toxic plants of Oklahoma: clovers''. Okla Vet Med Assoc 36:30-32.</ref>) can convert coumarin into dicoumarol, a toxic anticoagulant. Consequently, dicoumarol may be found in decaying ''Melilotus'', and was the cause of the so-called "sweet-clover disease", identified in cattle in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1995|journal=J Vet Diagn Invest|volume=7|issue=3|pages=420–422|title=Dicoumarol (moldy sweet clover) toxicosis in a group of Holstein calves|author=Behzad Yamini |author2=Robert H. Poppenga |author3=W. Emmett Braselton Jr. |author4=Lawrence J. Judge |doi=10.1177/104063879500700328|pmid = 7578469|doi-access=free}}</ref> A few cultivars have been developed with low coumarin content and are safer for forage and silage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/sweet_clovers|title=Sweet clovers: What is the difference between yellow sweet clover and white sweet clover?|author=Christina Curell|publisher=Michigan State University|date=July 2, 2013|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

Some species are used as a green manure, grown for a while and then ploughed into the soil to increase the soil nitrogen and organic matter content. It is especially valuable in heavy soils because of its deep rooting. However, it may fail if the soil is too acidic. Unscarified seed is best sown in spring when the ground is not too dry; scarified seed is better sown in late fall or even in the snow, so it will germinate before competing weeds the following spring.<ref>''Five Acres and Independence'' by M. G. Kains. 1973.</ref>

''Melilotus siculus'' is notable for its high combined tolerance to salinity and waterlogging. As of 2019, the cultivar 'Neptune' has the highest tolerance and persistence under salinity among all pasture legumes, according to the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. The salt-tolerant symbiont ''Ensifer medicae'' SRDI554 is recommended.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neptune messina – a new pasture legume for saline soils prone to waterlogging |url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/neptune |website=www.agric.wa.gov.au |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126095036/https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/neptune|archive-date=2021-01-26}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Fabaceae genera Category:Medicinal plants Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops Category:Trifolieae Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller