Media prank

{{Short description|Type of media event}} A '''media prank''' is a type of media event, perpetrated by staged speeches, activities, or press releases, designed to trick legitimate journalists into publishing erroneous or misleading articles. The term may also refer to such stories if planted by fake journalists, as well as the false story thereby published. A media prank is a form of culture jamming generally done as performance art or a practical joke for purposes of a humorous critique of mass media.

==Notable instances== In May 1927, Jean-Paul Sartre, who was known as one of the fiercest pranksters at the ''École Normale Superieure''<ref>Jean-Pierre Boulé [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlukeHj_TKEC&pg=PA53 ''Sartre, self-formation, and masculinities''] p.53</ref><ref name="Cohen-Solal1988p61">Cohen-Solal, Annie (1988) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vWbWlhHG-PEC ''Sartre: A Life''] pp.61-2 quote: {{blockquote|During his first years at the Ecole, Sartre was the fearsome instigator of all the revues, all the jokes, all the scandals.}}</ref> organized with his comrades Nizan, Larroutis, Baillou and Herland,<ref>Godo, Emmanuel (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=oT9lAAAAMAAJ ''Sartre en diable''] p.41</ref> a media prank following Charles Lindbergh's successful New York-Paris flight. Sartre & Co. called newspapers telling them that Lindbergh would be awarded an honorary degree by the ''École''. Many newspapers including ''Le Petit Parisien'' announced the event on May 25 and thousands showed up, unaware that they were witnessing a stunt with a look-alike.<ref>Hayman, Ronald (1987) [https://books.google.com/books?id=eCpBAQAAIAAJ ''Sartre: a life''] pp.69, 318</ref><ref name="Gerassi89p76"/><ref>[http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/sartre.shtml Jean-Paul Sartre - philosopher, social advocate]</ref> A scandal followed resulting in the resignation of the ''École'' director Gustave Lanson.<ref name="Gerassi89p76">John Gerassi (1989) [https://books.google.com/books?id=XStvJEokm7gC&pg=PA76 ''Jean-Paul Sartre: Protestant or protester?''] pp.76-7</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yuL98MtZ5poC&pg=PA26 Sartre By David Drake] p.26</ref>

One well-known 1967 prank, orchestrated by Abbie Hoffman and Allen Ginsberg and chronicled in Norman Mailer's ''Armies of the Night'', involved a mock gathering protesting the Vietnam War (that many media took as a serious but misguided effort) intended to levitate the Pentagon.<ref name=wsj>{{Cite news|publisher=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122119092302626987?mod=googlenews_wsj|date=2008-09-12|title=The New Pranksters|author=Ellen Gamerman}}</ref> Joey Skaggs is one of the most prolific creators of media pranks in the United States, often using actors to stage outlandish public events that are then covered by news media as real stories.<ref name=nyt1>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DF123EF930A15751C1A966958260|work=New York Times|title= The Merry Pranksters And the Art of the Hoax|date=1990-12-23|author=Mark Dery}}</ref> Among his many pranks, he convinced United Press International to report that cockroach hormones had been identified as a cure for arthritis, acne, and radiation poisoning, and tricked WABC-TV in New York City to create a news segment (which was nominated for and won an Emmy Award despite being untrue)<ref>{{Cite web |title=20th Annual New York Emmy Awards |url=https://www.nyemmys.org/media/nominations/20th%20Annual%20New%20York%20Emmy%20Awards.pdf }}</ref> about a supposed "cathouse for dogs".<ref name="nyt1" /> In a 1987 interview, Skaggs said, "I started doing hoaxes to point out the inadequacies and dangers of an irresponsible press".<ref name="nyt1" />

During the late 1980s members of activist group Grevillea hoaxed Australian journalists by creating a fake organization called LILAC WA (Ladies In Line Against Communist Western Australia). The name was slightly altered from that of an existing far-right association. They held a series of events in Perth, including a Walk For Wealth, to raise money for billionaire and owner of the Channel 9 television station, 9 News Perth, Alan Bond, whose businesses were ailing. Their actions were covered by media outlets around the country with some journalists reportedly being fooled by the deception and others playing along with the prank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Iain |date=2023-08-29 |title=Grevillea: Creative Interventions in Western Australia during the 1990s |url=https://commonslibrary.org/grevillea-creative-interventions-in-western-australia-during-the-1990s/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

The band Negativland is (according to Time Magazine) "better known for media pranks than records". The band, as an excuse for cancelling an upcoming tour, issued a press release claiming that a teenager who had committed a multiple axe murder did so after arguing with his parents over the meaning of its song, "Christianity Is Stupid". The story was picked up and reprinted as true by mass media, and the band wrote later songs about having perpetrated the hoax.<ref>{{cite news|work=New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E3D8153BF93AA15751C1A962958260|author=Neil Strauss|date=1994-12-19|title=A Reluctant Success}}{{cite news|publisher=Boston Phoenix|url=http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/04301666.asp|date=2004-12-03|title=Negativ energy:Hosler hits the road|author=Chris Dahlen|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006032023/http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/04301666.asp|archivedate=2007-10-06}}</ref> In 2003 the band issued a series of press releases accusing Seattle, Washington, radio station KJR-FM of playing 1980s music despite claiming it only played "the best of the 60s and 70s" then, after the radio station changed its format, issued more press releases announcing that it had all been a prank.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=02/09/13/5865550|title=Negativland Uses Mosquito Fleet To Bite Clear Channel and the NAB|date=2002-09-13|publisher=Infoshop news}}</ref>

Beginning in 1999 with the fake campaign-oriented website gwbush.com, the Yes Men have impersonated famous celebrities, politicians, and business officials at appearances, interviews, websites, and other media to make political points.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/PULLING-PRANKS-ON-THOSE-IN-POWER-2720224.php|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|title=Pulling Pranks on Those in Power|author=John McMurtrie|date=2004-10-03}}</ref>

In December 2009, an Argentina news station fell victim to a media prank. Acting on a Facebook link, an investigative reporter believed that the latest trend in underage drinking was tied to a new cocktail mix called Grog XD. Unbeknown to the reporter, the recipe was from the video game ''The Secret of Monkey Island''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asylum.com/2009/12/02/reporter-uncovers-the-dangers-of-monkey-island-grog-xd/ |title=Reporter Uncovers the Dangers of Drinking Grog XD |publisher=Asylum.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8274Bk8-Bt8 |title=C5N - La irresponsabilidad de un noticiero |publisher=YouTube |date=2009-08-29 |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

=== Portofess === thumb|Multiple media outlets were fooled by this 1992 Joey Skaggs prank. Joey Skaggs, posing as the fictional Father Anthony Joseph, pedaled a confessional booth mounted on a tricycle to the 1992 Democratic National Convention in New York City.<ref name="portofess">{{Cite web |last=Laskow |first=Sarah |date=July 14, 2017 |title=The Story of the 'Portofess,' the Prank Confessional Booth at the 1992 Democratic Convention |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/portofess-confessional-booth-prank-democratic-convention |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> Dubbed "Portofess", the portable confessional offering "religion on the move for people on the go", fooled dozens of journalists before the hoax was exposed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 1992 |title='Priest', 'portofess' fool media |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/637058093/?match=1&terms=Portofess |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=The Miami Herald |page=7 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Voltswagen joke ===

In March 2021, several major media outlets reported that Volkswagen was rebranding itself as "Voltswagen" to focus on the development of electric vehicles. Despite the company's release of an official statement declaring the name change was an early April Fools' joke, CNN, NBC News, and ''The Washington Post'' fell for the gag.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Telford |first=Taylor |date=March 30, 2021 |title=Volkswagen admits its name change was an April Fools' Day prank |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/03/30/voltswagen-volkswagen-electric-vehicles/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reimann |first=Nicholas |title='Voltswagen' Was A Prank, After All: Volkswagen Rebrand Apparently An Elaborate April Fool's Prank |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2021/03/30/voltswagen-was-a-prank-after-all-volkswagen-rebrand-apparently-an-elaborate-april-fools-prank/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ligma–Johnson hoax ===

On October 28, 2022, a pair of amateur improvisational actors pranked multiple major media outlets with a spontaneous and intentionally transparent hoax that was revealed the same day. As reporters congregated outside Twitter headquarters on the day Elon Musk took control of the company, the instigator, playing the fictional role of Rahul Ligma, "thought it would be really funny" if he and a friend "walked out with a [cardboard] box and they fell for it."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title='Rahul Ligma' Explains How He And 'Daniel Johnson' Trolled The Media By Pretending To Be Laid-Off Twitter Employees |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/rahul-ligma-explains-how-he-and-daniel-johnson-trolled-the-media-by-pretending-to-be-laid-off-twitter-employees/ar-AA13QvKC |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=MSN |language=en-US}}</ref> After interviewing the two pranksters, neither of whom had ever worked for Twitter, journalists at CNBC, Bloomberg, ABC News, and other networks reported that mass layoffs were underway.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Keys |first=Matthew |date=2022-10-28 |title=CNBC, Bloomberg duped by pranksters claiming to be laid-off Twitter workers |url=https://thedesk.net/2022/10/cnbc-bloomberg-rahul-ligma-daniel-johnson-hoax-prank-twitter/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=The Desk |language=en-us}}</ref> On October 31, 2022, CNBC's Deidre Bosa apologized and told ''The Daily Beast'', "They got me" and "I didn't do enough to confirm who they were".<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Bolies |first=Corbin |date=2022-10-31 |title=CNBC Anchor Apologizes for Getting Duped by Twitter Layoff Trolls |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/cnbc-anchor-deirdre-bosa-apologizes-for-being-fooled-by-twitter-troll-rahul-ligma-over-layoffs |access-date=2022-11-22}}</ref>

''The India Times'' called the hoax "perfectly-timed" and "one of the greatest pranks on the internet".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Jakhwal |first=Sejal |date=November 15, 2022 |title=Rahul Ligma, Daniel Johnson Re-Hired, Twitter Boss Elon Musk Says Firing Them Was 'My Biggest Mistake' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/rahul-ligma-daniel-johnson-re-hired-twitter-boss-elon-musk-says-firing-them-was-my-biggest-mistake/ar-AA14aghS |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The India Times |language=en-IN}}</ref> Blake Shuster wrote in USA Today that the journalists involved were "duped by real life trolls" and "all it would’ve taken was 30 seconds to stop and actually do their jobs to avoid the whole news-cycle".<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Shuster |first=Blake |date=2022-10-28 |title=Tech reporters fell for a fake Twitter employee purge story |url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2022/10/fake-twitter-employee-firing-story-problem |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=For The Win |language=en-US}}</ref> One of the actors explained that the stunt was spontaneous, and that "I was hoping at least one guy there would get it and they would turn off the cameras".<ref name=":4" />

The following month, Musk called their October media stunt "one of the best trolls ever" and continued the joke by apologizing for "firing these geniuses", facetiously saying it was "truly one of [my] biggest mistakes" and offered them their jobs back.<ref name=":8" /> The Hindi news channel ''Aaj Tak'' reported the comic duo's fictional rehiring as an actual news story,<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Aishwarya |date=2022-11-18 |title=Aaj Tak Falls For Joke, Shares Video About Musk 'Rehiring' Two 'Ex-Employees' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/aaj-tak-twitter-pranksters-ligma-johnson-elon-musk-fact-check |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Md Mahfooz |date=2022-11-18 |title=Aaj Tak mistakes Elon Musk's joke about re-hiring fired employees for real |url=https://newsmeter.in/fact-check/aaj-tak-mistakes-elon-musks-joke-about-re-hiring-fired-employees-for-real-703786 |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=newsmeter.in |language=en}}</ref> as did ''VOI'' of Indonesia<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Julianto |first=Ari |date=November 17, 2022 |title=Elon Musk hopes to Find a New CEO to Reduce His Working Hours on Twitter |url=https://voi.id/en/technology/228162/elon-musk-hopes-to-find-a-new-ceo-to-reduce-his-working-hours-on-twitter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208200335/https://voi.id/en/technology/228162/elon-musk-hopes-to-find-a-new-ceo-to-reduce-his-working-hours-on-twitter |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan |language=en}}</ref> and ''The Hill'' of the U.S.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk to slash time at Twitter, tells workers to be 'extremely hardcore' |url=https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/3739716-rising-november-17-2022/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Hill |series=Rising: November 17, 2022 |date=17 November 2022 |at=1:05-1:32 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== EcoWarrior Barbie hoax === In August 2023, actor and environment activist Darryl Hannah, in concert with the Yes Men and the Barbie Liberation Organization, produced a press release and a promotional [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi-FpeUByHs video] purportedly by Mattel, promising that the company's Barbie dolls would manufactured without plastic products by 2030.<ref name="Hughes" /> People magazine and the Dow Jones Newswire ran stories, later retracted, about "EcoWarrior Barbie" with comments from impersonators of Mattel representatives.<ref name="Hughes">{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Abby |date=4 August 2023 |title=This Barbie is a hoax: Daryl Hannah teams up with pranksters to announce fake plastic-free doll |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/daryl-hannah-eco-barbie-hoax-1.6928233 |publisher=CBC Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Albeck-Ripka |first=Livia |date=2023-08-02 |title=Barbie Hoax Targets Mattel and Fools Some News Outlets |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/01/business/media/barbie-hoax-plastic-mattel-daryl-hannah.html |access-date=2023-08-06}}</ref> Looper said one of the fake commercials released to the press, featuring the hoax doll's "Pussy Riot Accessory Pack" that contained Molotov cocktails and zip-tie handcuffs, "should have raised editorial eyebrows".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Max |date=2023-08-06 |title=Barbie EcoWarriors: How A Fake 'Green' Doll Campaign Fooled The American Media |url=https://www.looper.com/1357051/barbies-ecowarrior-fake-dolls-fooled-american-media/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Looper |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Deep fakes and AI-driven stunts == In more recent years, Artificial Intelligence tools have given people the ability to perform many "Deep Fakes" or media stunts. The ability to use facial-recognition software in efforts to replicate an individual's identity is becoming more popular. As a result, the United States Congress and United Kingdom have attempted to create new repercussions for those engaging in these creations. The United Kingdom's 2023 Online Safety Act, expanded upon the Sexual Offenses Act 2003 making it illegal to share any explicit images of an individual without their consent. It also made it illegal to threaten sharing images of an individual.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Manasa |date=2024-03-13 |title=The UK's Online Safety Act Is Not Enough To Address Non-consensual Deepfake Pornography {{!}} TechPolicy.Press |url=https://www.techpolicy.press/the-uks-online-safety-act-is-not-enough-to-address-nonconsensual-deepfake-pornography/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Tech Policy Press |language=en}}</ref>

=== Facebook === The United States has experienced a variety of different Deep Fakes. In 2019, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO and founder of Facebook, was quoted in a video stating, "Imagine this for a second: One man, with total control of billions of people’s stolen data, all their secrets, their lives, their futures”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Rachel Metz, Donie |date=2019-06-11 |title=A deepfake video of Mark Zuckerberg presents a new challenge for Facebook {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/tech/zuckerberg-deepfake/index.html |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> This caused commotion for Facebook users, making them question Zuckerberg's loyalty and respect for their privacy.

=== Fake AI images === In January 2024, AI-generated pornographic images of music artist Taylor Swift went viral on Twitter. These images were spread in efforts to hurt Swift's reputation and to shock her fans. Some US Congress members said they were "appalled" by the images and called for an investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title=Taylor Swift deepfakes spark calls in Congress for new legislation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-68110476 |access-date=2024-11-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== The 2024 presidential election === The use of Deep Fakes has shifted into audial forms in recent years. This year, during the 2024 presidential election, President Joe Biden's voice was replicated by [https://www.wmur.com/article/joe-biden-ai-robocall-new-hampshire-steve-kramer/60005189 Steve Kramer], a political consultant, and used to prank call voters of the New Hampshire state. His voice emphasized that these voters should not go to the polls and vote, causing controversy amongst Democrats as they once believed Biden was in favor of voting for Presidential Candidate Kamala Harris, and in support of the election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Political consultant who admitted deepfaking Biden's voice is indicted, fined $6 million |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/steve-kramer-admitted-deepfaking-bidens-voice-new-hampshire-primary-rcna153626 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Upon reviewal, Kramer's was fined six million dollars and charged 26 times for their actions. As a result, journalists began publishing concerns regarding the Deep Fake technology that could have an impact on the election results.

==Critique== Although media pranks may serve as legitimate criticism of the press, and artistic creations in their own right, they are often criticized not only for the disruption they cause but as simple publicity stunts that take advantage of the very failures of mass media that they ostensibly oppose.<ref name=nyt1/> Skaggs has criticized the Flash mob movement, as being frivolous and lacking the countercultural element of more serious protest art.<ref name="wsj" />

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== *[http://artoftheprank.com/ artoftheprank.com] - website devoted, among other things, to covering media pranks

Category:Political art Category:Culture jamming techniques Category:Media bias Category:News media manipulation Category:Publicity stunts Category:Lists of practical jokes