Martelé (bowstroke)

{{Short description|Percussive bow stroke}} thumb|317x317px|Two ways in which the martelé bowstroke is commonly notated. thumb|288x288px|An excerpt from Dotzauer's cello étude no. 6, played with martelé bowing '''''Martelé''''' ({{IPA|fr|maʁt(ə)le}}; literally meaning "hammered")<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Bachmann|first1=Werner|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03753|chapter=Bow|last2=Seletsky|first2=Robert E.|last3=Boyden|first3=David D.|last4=Liivoja-Lorius|first4=Jaak|last5=Walls|first5=Peter|last6=Cooke|first6=Peter|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03753|isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17877|title=Martelé|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17877}}</ref> is a percussive bow stroke used when playing bowed string instruments, though the Italian ''martellando'' and ''martellato'' are also applied to piano and vocal technique, and even (by Franz Liszt) to the organ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford companion to music|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Alison Latham|isbn=0-19-866212-2|location=Oxford|oclc=59376677}}</ref> The effect is usually produced by holding the bow against the string with pressure, then releasing it explosively to produce a sharp, biting attack with a rest between strokes.<ref name=":0" />

== History == Bows made in the 18th century and earlier, due to their lack of a ferrule, were unable to support the pressure needed to perform the martelé stroke. It wasn't until François Tourte made changes to the bow between 1785 and 1790, including the addition of a ferrule, that the bow was suited for supporting that kind of pressure.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Childs|first=Paul|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28231|chapter=Tourte family|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28231|isbn=9781561592630 }}</ref>

Typically, martelé is notated with triangular wedged accents, but throughout history they have been notated with combinations of staccato markings and accents, as well as implied through indications of sforzando markings.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-02-07|title=How to Master Martele|url=https://stringsmagazine.com/how-to-master-martele/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Strings Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Technique == Martelé is a form of détaché, which is a term for any bow stroke that is separate from those adjacent to it.<ref name=":0" /> To perform the martelé stroke on a string instrument, the player begins by using their index finger to apply pressure to the string. Then the pressure is released, and the wrist moves to perform a short détaché stroke before stopping on the string. A pause is given before proceeding to the next stroke.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Richard.|first=Scholz|title=The technique of the violin. In its entirety, presented according to the latest system ... together with the art of musical interpretation with special references to the art of violin-playing|date=1900|publisher=C. Fischer|oclc=603759}}</ref>

Due to the pause and need for preparation between strokes, martelé is unable to be performed on passages of exceptional speed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==See also== *Spiccato *Pizzicato *Violin technique

== References == {{Reflist}}{{Violin family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martele (bowstroke)}} Category:Articulations (music) Category:String performance techniques