{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the cashew family Anacardiaceae}} {{speciesbox | name = Mango | image = Mangoes (Magnifera indica) from India.jpg | image_caption = Mangoes in West Bengal, India | status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Ganesan, S.K |date=2021 |title=''Mangifera indica'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T31389A67735735 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T31389A67735735.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Mangifera | species = indica | authority = L.<ref name="POWO">{{Cite web |title=''Mangifera'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:69913-1 |access-date=8 May 2020 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref> | synonyms = {{Species list | Mangifera amba | Forssk. | Mangifera anisodora | Blanco | Mangifera austroyunnanensis | Hu | Mangifera balba | Crevost & Lemarié | Mangifera cambodiana | (Pierre) Anon. | Mangifera domestica | Gaertn. | Mangifera equina | Crevost & Lemarié | Mangifera gladiata | Bojer | Mangifera kukulu | Blume | Mangifera laxiflora | Desr. | Mangifera linnaei | Korth. ex Hassk. | Mangifera maritima | Lechaume | Mangifera mekongensis | (Pierre) Anon. | Mangifera montana | B.Heyne ex Wight & Arn. | Mangifera oryza | Crevost & Lemarié | Mangifera rostrata | Blanco | Mangifera rubra | Bojer | Mangifera sativa | Roem. & Schult. | Mangifera siamensis | Warb. ex Craib | Mangifera viridis | Bojer }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/> }}
'''''Mangifera indica''''', commonly known as the mango after its fruit, is an evergreen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agroforestree Species profile |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/speciesprofile.php?Spid=1112 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=apps.worldagroforestry.org}}</ref> species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae.<ref name="morton">{{Cite web |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |date=1987 |title=Mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html |access-date=24 December 2021 |publisher=In: Fruits of Warm Climates; New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University |pages=221–239}}</ref> It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height and width of {{cvt|100|ft|m|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mango |work=reNature |url=https://www.renature.co/commodities/mango-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724041419/https://www.renature.co/commodities/mango-2 |archive-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes{{Snd}}the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Liang | first1 = Q. | last2 = Pan | first2 = H. | last3 = He | first3 = X. | last4 = Wang | first4 = S. | last5 = Hou | first5 = Y. | last6 = Xiao | first6 = H. | last7 = Xu | first7 = G. | last8 = Yi | first8 = R. | last9 = Lin | first9 = D. | last10 = Yang | first10 = Z. | title = Population structure and genetic diversity of mango (''Mangifera indica L.'') germplasm resources as revealed by single-nucleotide polymorphism markers | journal = Frontiers in Plant Science | volume = 15 | article-number = 1328126 | year = 2024 | doi = 10.3389/fpls.2024.1328126 | doi-access = free | pmid = 39022611 | pmc = 11251951 }}</ref>
==Description== ''Mangifera indica'' is a large green tree, valued mainly for its fruits, both green and ripe.<ref name=morton/> Approximately 500–1000 varieties have been identified, named, or reported, primarily in India.<ref name=morton/> It can grow up to {{convert|15|-|30|m|abbr=off|-1}} tall<ref name="flower">[http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Mango.html Flowers of India]</ref> with a similar crown width and a trunk circumference of more than {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="USDA">{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=USDA Plant guide, ''Mangifera indica'' L. |url=https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_main3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072424/https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_main3.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=USDA, NRCS}}</ref> The leaves are simple, shiny and dark green.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |author=United States Department of the Army |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=66 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> The trees take 2–4 years from planting time to first harvest, and can have a productive life of over 50 years.<ref name=mekarsari>{{cite book |editor-last1= Davison |editor-first1= Julian |date= 1995 |title= Fruit of Indonesia |location= Jakarta |publisher= PT Mekar Unggul Sari |page=47 |isbn= 981-3018-11-9}}</ref>
Yellow-white fragrant flowers appear at the end of winter through the beginning of spring, varying with location. Both male and female flowers are borne on the same tree.<ref name=morton/> Climatic conditions have a significant influence on the time of flowering.<ref name=morton/> In India, flowering starts in December in the south, in January in Bengal, in February in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and in February–March in northern India. The duration of flowering is 20–25 days for the Dasheri variety, while panicle emergence occurs in early December and flower opening is completed by February. The Neelum variety produces two crops a year in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, but it flowers only once in North Indian conditions.<ref>[http://mango-trees.blogspot.in/2009/05/flowering-of-mango.html Flowering of mango]</ref>
The mango is an irregular, egg-shaped fruit which is a fleshy drupe.<ref name=morton/> Mangos are typically {{convert|8-12|cm|abbr=off|0}} long and greenish yellow in color. The fruits can be round, oval, heart, or kidney shaped.<ref name=morton/> Mango fruits are green when they are unripe.<ref name=morton/> The interior flesh is bright orange and soft with a large, flat pit in the middle.<ref name=morton/> Mangos are mature in April and May. Raw mangos can be used in the making of pickles and chutneys.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khaleeli |first=Homa |date=2013-10-22 |title=A global guide to pickles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/oct/22/guide-pickles-kimchi-achar-torshi-recipe |access-date=2023-03-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ripe mangos are a popular fruit throughout the world. The skin and pulp account for 85% of the mango's weight, and the remaining 15% comes from the stone (seed).<ref name="sea">[http://www.seaofindia.com/publcations ''SEA Hand Book 2009'', Solvent Extractors' Association Of India]</ref>
==Chemistry== Mangiferin (a pharmacologically active hydroxylated xanthone C-glycoside) is extracted from mango at high concentrations from the young leaves (172 g/kg), bark (107 g/kg), and from old leaves (94 g/kg).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barreto J.C. |last2=Trevisan M.T.S. |last3=Hull W.E. |last4=Erben G. |last5=De Brito E.S. |last6=Pfundstein B. |last7=Würtele G. |last8=Spiegelhalder B. |last9=Owen R.W. |year=2008 |title=Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (Mangifera indica L.) |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=56 |issue=14 |pages=5599–5610 |doi=10.1021/jf800738r |pmid=18558692|bibcode=2008JAFC...56.5599B }}</ref> Allergenic urushiols are present in the fruit peel.<ref name="TOXNET">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085343/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7485 Urushiol CASRN: 53237-59-5] TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network) NLM (NIH). Retrieved 22 January 2014.</ref>
==Taxonomy== Mangoes are believed to have originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, eastern and northeastern India. ''M. indica'' were domesticated separately in India and Southeast Asia over centuries, resulting in two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes{{Snd}}the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".<ref name="morton" /><ref name="Kuhn">{{Cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |date=20 April 2017 |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=8 |page=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmc=5397511 |pmid=28473837 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{Cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |date=June 2019 |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W |hdl=20.500.14849/285 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1753.<ref name="grin">{{GRIN|access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat== Since their domestication in southeastern Asia, mangoes have been introduced to other warm regions of the world.<ref name="morton" /><ref name="Kuhn" /><ref name="Warschefsky" /> Generally, mango trees can withstand a minimum temperature of {{convert|17|F|C}}.<ref name="NRCS">{{PLANTS |symbol=MAIN3 |taxon=Mangifera indica |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
Its broader native range extends from Pakistan<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317785934_Morphological_and_physico-chemical_diversity_in_some_indigenous_mango_Mangifera_indica_L_germplasm_of_Pakistan <nowiki>[PDF] Morphological and physico-chemical diversity in some indigenous mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm of Pakistan.</nowiki>]</ref> to Malesia<ref>Conservation and Commercial Development of Mangifera Species (Wild Mangos) in Florida</ref> in subtropical and tropical climates with its origin point being around Western Indo-Burma.
The tree grows best in well-drained sandy loam; it does not grow well in heavy wet soils. The optimal pH of the soil should be between 5.2 and 7.5.<ref name="flower" />
==Cultivation== {{main|List of mango cultivars}}
==Toxicity== Urushiols in the fruit peel can trigger contact dermatitis in sensitised individuals.<ref name="TOXNET" /> This reaction is more likely to occur in people who have been exposed to other plants from the family Anacardiaceae, such as poison oak and poison ivy, which are widespread in the United States.<ref name="TOXNET" />
The wood is known to produce phenolic substances that can cause contact dermatitis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tu |first=Anthony T. |title=Handbook of natural toxins |date=1983 |publisher=Dekker |isbn=0-8247-1893-3 |location=New York |page=425}}</ref>
==Uses==
{{Main|Mango}}
The tree is better known for its fruit than for its timber. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit-bearing lifespan has finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects.<ref name="Database">{{Cite web |title=Mango |url=http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111123922/http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango |archive-date=11 January 2015 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=The Wood Database}}</ref> The wood is used for musical instruments such as ukuleles,<ref name="Database" /> plywood and low-cost furniture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic importance of Mangifera indica |url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207140530/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/ |archive-date=7 February 2015 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Green Clean Guide}}</ref>
The bark is used to produce a yellow dye.<ref name="yellow">{{Cite web |title=Yellow dyes |url=http://www.asiantextilestudies.com/yellow.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=asiantextilestudies.com}}</ref>
==Culture== The mango is the national fruit of India, Pakistan, and the Philippines, and is the national tree of Bangladesh.<ref name="bdnews24.com">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2010 |title=Mango tree, national tree |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree |access-date=16 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030611/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
The Indian mango is exported from India to the United States, where it has high demand.<ref name="Bhutani2026">{{cite web |last1=Bhutani |first1=Anvee |title=Americans Will Do Anything to Get Indian Mangoes |url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/americans-will-do-anything-to-get-indian-mangoes-3a711ce8 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=5 May 2026 |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:Mangifera indica 1z.jpg|Young mango tree File:Mangifera indica 2z .jpg|Mature mango tree File:Mango tree - Dadaga.jpg|Tree with unripe fruits Image:Mangifera indica inflorescence.jpg|Mango flowers Image:Small baby mangoes from West Bengal, India.jpg|Baby mangoes File:Mangos - single and halved.jpg|Indian type mango fruit, cut File:Mango LangraBenarsi Asit fs8.jpg|Typical Indian mangoes File:Carabao mangoes (Philippines).jpg|Typical Southeast Asian mangoes </gallery>
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading== * Litz, Richard E. (ed. 2009). ''The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses'' (2nd edition). CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-489-7}}.
==External links== * {{Commons-inline}} * {{Wikispecies inline}} * {{Cookbook inline|Mango}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm Crop of the Day: Mango, ''Mangifera indica''] has a list of helpful resources about this species.
{{Mangoes}} {{Anacardiaceae genera}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3919027}} {{Authority control}}
indica Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Flora of Assam (region) Category:Flora of Myanmar Category:National symbols of India Category:National symbols of Pakistan Category:National symbols of Bangladesh Category:Flora of Maharashtra Category:Fruit trees Category:Trees in Buddhism Category:Symbols of Gujarat Category:Symbols of Maharashtra