Rationalization (psychology)

{{Short description|Psychological defense mechanism}} {{Other uses|Rationalization (economics)|Rationalization (sociology)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Use American English|date=March 2025}} '''Rationalization''' is a defense mechanism (ego defense) in which apparent logical reasons are given to justify behavior that is motivated by unconscious instinctual impulses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rationalization |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/rationalization |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> It is an attempt to find reasons for behaviors, especially one's own.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rationalization |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/rationalization}}</ref> Rationalizations are used to defend against feelings of guilt, maintain self-respect, and protect oneself from criticism.

Rationalization happens in two steps: # A decision, action, judgement is made for a given reason, or no (known) reason at all. # A rationalization is performed, constructing a seemingly good or logical reason, as an attempt to justify the act after the fact (for oneself or others).

Rationalization encourages irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or feelings and often involves ad hoc hypothesizing. This process ranges from fully conscious (e.g. to present an external defense against ridicule from others) to mostly unconscious (e.g. to create a block against internal feelings of guilt or shame). People rationalize for various reasons—sometimes when we think we know ourselves better than we do. Rationalization may differentiate the original deterministic explanation of the behavior or feeling in question.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/defensemech_6.htm |title=Defense Mechanisms – Rationalization |access-date=February 24, 2008 |author=Kendra Van Wagner |publisher=About.com: Psychology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/counseling/defenses.html |title=Defenses |publisher=www.psychpage.com |access-date=March 11, 2008}}</ref>{{Failed verification | date = December 2023 | reason = These two references support NONE of the statements in this paragraph.}}

==History== Quintilian and classical rhetoric used the term ''color'' for the presenting of an action in the most favorable possible perspective.<ref>Peter Green trans., ''Juvenal: The Sixteen Satires'' (Harmondsworth, 1982) p. 156</ref> Laurence Sterne in the eighteenth century took up the point, arguing that, were a man to consider his actions, "he will soon find, that such of them, as strong inclination and custom have prompted him to commit, are generally dressed out and painted with all the false beauties [color] which, a soft and flattering hand can give them".<ref>Laurence Sterne, ''Tristram Shandy'' (Harmondsworth, 1976) p. 147</ref>

==DSM definition== According to the DSM-IV, rationalization occurs "when the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by concealing the true motivations for their own thoughts, actions, or feelings through the elaboration of reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations".<ref>{{cite book|title=DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|date=2000|publisher=American Psychiatric Press Inc (DC)|location=United States|isbn=978-0-89042-025-6|page=812|edition=4th|url=http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890420249.dsm-iv-tr}}</ref>

==Examples==

===Individual=== * Rationalization can be used to avoid admitting disappointment: ''"I didn't get the job that I applied for, but I really didn't want it in the first place."''

Egregious rationalizations intended to deflect blame can also take the form of ad hominem attacks or DARVO. Some rationalizations take the form of a comparison. Commonly, this is done to lessen the perception of an action's negative effects, to justify an action, or to excuse culpability: * ''"At least [what occurred] is not as bad as [a worse outcome]."'' * In response to an accusation: ''"At least I didn't [worse action than accused action]."'' * As a form of false choice: ''"Doing [undesirable action] is a lot better than [a worse action]."'' * In response to unfair or abusive behavior from a separate individual or group to the person: ''"I must have done something wrong if they treat me like this."'' Based on anecdotal and survey evidence, John Banja states that the medical field features a disproportionate amount of rationalization invoked in the "covering up" of mistakes.<ref name="banja1">{{cite book |last=Banja |first=John |title=Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism |year=2004 |location=Sudbury |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |isbn=0-7637-8361-7 }}</ref> Common excuses made are:

*"Why disclose the error? The patient was going to die anyway." *"Telling the family about the error will only make them feel worse." *"It was the patient's fault. If he wasn't so (sick, etc.), this error wouldn't have caused so much harm." *"Well, we did our best. These things happen." *"If we're not totally and absolutely certain the error caused the harm, we don't have to tell." *"They're dead anyway, so there's no point in blaming anyone."

In 2018, Muel Kaptein and Martien van Helvoort developed a model, called the Amoralizations Alarm Clock, that covers all existing amoralizations in a logical way. Amoralizations, also called neutralizations, or rationalizations, are defined as justifications and excuses for deviant behavior. Amoralizations are important explanations for the rise and persistence of deviant behavior. There exist many different and overlapping techniques of amoralizations.<Ref> [https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1491696 A Model of Neutralization Techniques]</Ref>

===Collective===

*Collective rationalizations are regularly constructed for acts of aggression,{{sfn|Smith|Mackie|2007|p=513}} based on exaltation of the in-group and demonization of the opposite side: as Fritz Perls put it, "Our own soldiers take care of the poor families; the enemy rapes them".<ref>Fritz Perls, ''Gestalt Theory Verbatim'' (Bantam 1971) p. 9</ref> *Celebrity culture can be seen as rationalizing the gap between rich and poor, powerful and powerless, by offering participation to both dominant and subaltern views of reality.<ref>P. D. Marshall, ''Celebrity and Power'' (1997) pp. 48–9</ref>

==Psychoanalysis== {{Main|Psychoanalysis}} Ernest Jones introduced the term "rationalization" to psychoanalysis in 1908, defining it as "the inventing of a reason for an attitude or action the motive of which is not recognized"<ref>Adam Phillips, ''On Flirtation'' (London 1994) p. 109</ref>—an explanation which (though false) could seem plausible.<ref>Brenda Maddox, ''Freud's Wizard'' (London 2006) p. 61</ref> The term (''Rationalisierung'' in German) was taken up almost immediately by Sigmund Freud to account for the explanations offered by patients for their own neurotic symptoms.<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''Case Histories II'' (London 1991) p. 184</ref><ref>Sigmund Freud, "Psychoanalytische Bemerkungen über einen autobiographisch beschriebenen Fall von Paranoia (Dementia Paranoides)", 1911</ref>

As psychoanalysts continued to explore the glossed of unconscious motives, Otto Fenichel distinguished different sorts of rationalization—both the justifying of irrational instinctive actions on the grounds that they were reasonable or normatively validated and the rationalizing of defensive structures, whose purpose is unknown on the grounds that they have some quite different but somehow logical meaning.<ref>Otto Fenichel, ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (London 1946) pp. 485–6</ref>

Later psychoanalysts are divided between a positive view of rationalization as a stepping stone on the way to maturity,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bateman|first1=Anthony|last2=Holmes|first2=Jeremy|title=Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contemporary Theory and Practice|date=1995|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415107396|pages=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo2r2_aBeDIC&pg=PA92|language=en}}</ref> and a more destructive view of it as splitting feeling from thought, and so undermining the powers of reason.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Symington|first1=Neville|title=Narcissism: A New Theory|date=1993|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=9781781811252|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZPHA4grXMMC&pg=PA119|language=en}}</ref>

==Cognitive dissonance== {{Main|Cognitive dissonance}} Leon Festinger highlighted in 1957 the discomfort caused to people by awareness of their inconsistent thought.{{sfn|Smith|Mackie|2007|pp=277–8}} Rationalization can reduce such discomfort by explaining away the discrepancy in question, as when people who take up smoking after previously quitting decide that the evidence for it being harmful is less than they previously thought.{{sfn|Smith|Mackie|2007|pp=280–4}}

==References== {{reflist|30em}} ===Bibliography=== *{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Eliot R.|last2=Mackie|first2=Diane M.|title=Social Psychology|date=2007|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781841694092|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkTEjgEACAAJ|language=en|edition=3rd}}

==Further reading== *{{cite book|editor1-last=McLaughlin|editor1-first=Brian P.|editor2-last=Rorty|editor2-first=Amélie|title=Perspectives on Self-deception|date=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520061231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6Psh4rXKTEC|language=en}} *{{cite journal|doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.25|title=Moral rationalization and the integration of situational factors and psychological processes in immoral behavior|journal=Review of General Psychology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=25–50|year=2002|last1=Tsang|first1=Jo-Ann|s2cid=3869738|url=http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/25042.pdf}}

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