{{Short description|Extinct family of snakes}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = Early Cenomanian-Late Pleistocene<br />~{{fossil range|98|0.012}} | image = Madtsoia bai.JPG | image_caption = Fossil specimen of ''Madtsoia bai'' | taxon = Madtsoiidae | authority = Hoffstetter, 1961 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = *{{extinct}}''Adinophis'' *{{extinct}}''Alamitophis'' *{{extinct}}''Eomadtsoia'' *{{extinct}}''Gigantophis'' *{{extinct}}''Herensugea'' *{{extinct}}''Madtsoia'' *{{extinct}}''Menarana'' *{{extinct}}''Nanowana'' *{{extinct}}''Nidophis'' *{{extinct}}''Patagoniophis'' *{{extinct}}''Platyspondylophis'' *{{extinct}}''Powellophis'' *{{extinct}}''Rionegrophis'' *{{extinct}}''Sanajeh'' *{{extinct}}''Vasuki'' *{{extinct}}''Wonambi'' *{{extinct}}''Yurlunggur'' }}
'''Madtsoiidae''' is an extinct family of mostly Gondwanan snakes with a fossil record extending from early Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) to late Pleistocene strata located in South America, Africa, India, Australia and Southern Europe. Madtsoiidae include very primitive snakes, which like extant boas and pythons would likely dispatch their prey by constriction. Genera include some of the longest snakes known such as ''Vasuki'', measuring at least {{convert|11|-|15|m|ft}} long, and the Australian ''Wonambi'' and ''Yurlunggur''.<ref name="Vasuki">{{Cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=Debajit |last2=Bajpai |first2=Sunil |date=2024-04-18 |title=Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=8054 |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0 |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free |pmc=11549349 }}</ref> As a grouping of basal forms the composition and even the validity of Madtsoiidae is in a state of flux as new pertinent finds are described, with more recent evidence suggesting that it is paraphyletic or polyphyletic as previously defined.<ref name=":0" />
Although madtsoiids persisted on Australia until the Pleistocene, they largely went extinct elsewhere during the Eocene. However, some species persisted in South America and India through the Oligocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wazir |first1=Wasim Abass |last2=Sehgal |first2=Ramesh Kumar |last3=Čerňanský |first3=Andrej |last4=Patnaik |first4=Rajeev |last5=Kumar |first5=Navin |last6=Singh |first6=Abhishek Pratap |last7=Uniyal |first7=Piyush |last8=Singh |first8=Ningthoujam Premjit |date=2022-04-29 |title=A find from the Ladakh Himalaya reveals a survival of madtsoiid snakes (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae) in India through the late Oligocene |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=41 |issue=6 |article-number=e2058401 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2021.2058401 |s2cid=248636111 |issn=0272-4634|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Description == [[File:Sanajeh diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diagram of the fossil of ''Sanajeh'']] Madtsoiidae was first classified as a subfamily of Boidae, Madtsoiinae, in Hoffstetter (1961). Further study and new finds allowed ranking the group as a distinct family in Linnaean systems. With the recent use of cladistics to unravel phylogeny, various analyses have posited Madtsoiidae as a likely clade within Serpentes, or possible paraphyletic stem group outside Serpentes and within a more inclusive Ophidia. Madtsoiid snakes ranged in size from less than {{convert|1|m|ft}} (estimated total length) to over {{convert|11|m|ft}}, and are thought to have been constrictors analogous to modern pythons and boas, but with more primitive jaw structures less highly adapted for swallowing large prey. There are specific anatomical features that diagnose members of this family, such as the presence of hypapophyses only in anterior trunk, that the middle and posterior trunk vertebrae possess a moderately or well-developed haemal keel, except for a few near the cloacal region, often with short laterally paired projections on the posterior part of the keel. Also, all trunk and caudal vertebrae have at least a parazygantral foramen, sometimes several of them, located in a more or less distinct fossa that is lateral to each zygantral facet. Additional features are the prezygapophyseal processes' absence while the paracotylar foramina are present and that the diapophyses are relatively wide, exceeding width across prezygapophyses at least in the posterior trunk vertebrae.<ref name="Vasuki"/> (Scanlon 2005)
Like most fossil snakes the majority of madtsoiids are known only from isolated vertebrae, but several (''Madtsoia bai'', ''M. camposi'', ''Wonambi naracoortensis'', ''Nanowana'' spp., unnamed ''Yurlunggur'' spp., ''Najash rionegrina'') have associated or articulated parts of skeletons. Of the genera listed below, all have been referred to Madtsoiidae in all recent classifications except ''Najash rionegrina'', which is included here based on diagnostic vertebral characters described by Apesteguía and Zaher (2006). These authors didn't include Najash among madtsoiids because they consider that madtsoiids are a paraphyletic assemblage of basal macrostomatans related to ''Madtsoia bai'' and consequently, not related to the Cretaceous alethinophidians from southern continents.
[[File:Wonambi naracoortensis vs Thylacoleo.jpg|thumb|''Wonambi naracoortensis'' and ''Thylacoleo'']] Rieppel ''et al.'' (2002) classified ''Wonambi naracoortensis'' within the extant radiation (crown group) of snakes as Macrostomata ''incertae sedis'', but many of their character state attributions for this species have been criticised or refuted by Scanlon (2005) and the better-preserved skulls of ''Yurlunggur'' sp./spp. have numerous characters apparently more plesiomorphic than any macrostomatans (Scanlon, 2006). The partial skull attributed to ''Najash rionegrina'' (Apesteguía and Zaher 2006) resembles that of the non-madtsoiid ''Dinilysia patagonica'', and vertebrae support that they are related. The type material of ''Najash'' is the only possible madtsoiid specimen retaining evidence of pelvic and hindlimb elements, which are claimed to be more plesiomorphic than other Cretaceous limbed snakes, such as ''Pachyrhachis'', ''Haasiophis'' or ''Eupodophis'', in retaining a sacro-iliac contact and well-developed limbs, with a huge and well-defined trochanter. The sacro iliac contact is perhaps misleadingly described by Apesteguía and Zaher as unique possession of a sacrum, whereas it has rarely been questioned that the cloacal vertebrae in snakes are homologous to the sacrals of limbed squamates (i.e. the sacrum is present but has lost contact with the reduced ilia in other taxa). It would be unsurprising if other madtsoiids also possessed hindlimbs as complete as those of ''Najash''.
Several madtsoiid genera have been named using indigenous words for legendary Rainbow Serpents or dragons, including ''Wonambi'' (Pitjantjatjara), ''Yurlunggur'' (Yolngu) and ''Nanowana'' (Ancient Greek ''nano''-, 'dwarf' + Warlpiri ''Wana'') in Australia, and ''Herensugea'' (Basque) in Europe. G.G. Simpson (1933) apparently started this trend by compounding ''Madtsoia'' from indigenous roots. In this particular case these originated from the Tehuelche language, although the reference made was geographic rather than mythological, the derivation being from that language's terms ''mad'', "valley" and ''tsoi'', "cow" as a rough translation from Spanish name of the type locality, Cañadón Vaca.
A 2022 morphological study found Madtsoiidae to be polyphyletic, with ''Sanajeh'' being found to be the most basal member of the Ophidia, whereas the Cenozoic Australian madtsoiids were basal alethinophidians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Zaher |first1=Hussam |last2=Mohabey |first2=Dhananjay M |last3=Grazziotin |first3=Felipe G |last4=Wilson Mantilla |first4=Jeffrey A |date=2022-05-13 |title=The skull of ''Sanajeh indicus'', a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=656–697 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001 |issn=0024-4082}}</ref>
== Classification ==
* ''Gigantophis'' Andrews, 1901 ** ''Gigantophis garstini'' Andrews, 1901 (Andrews, 1906; Hoffstetter, 1961b; Paleogene, Late Eocene; Egypt (Birket Qarun and Qasr el-Sagha Formations), Libya) * ''Madtsoia'' Simpson, 1933 ** ''Madtsoia bai'' Simpson, 1933 (Paleogene, Early Eocene Sarmiento Formation; Argentina) ** ''Madtsoia'' cf. ''M. bai'' (Simpson, 1935; Hoffstetter, 1960; Paleogene, Late Paleocene Las Flores Formation; Argentina) ** ''Madtsoia madagascariensis'' Hoffstetter, 1961a (Piveteau, 1933; Cretaceous, Maastrichtian Maevarano Formation; Madagascar) ** ''Madtsoia'' aff. ''madagascariensis'' (de Broin ''et al.'', 1974; Cretaceous, Coniacian or Santonian In Beceten Formation, Niger) ** ''Madtsoia camposi'' Rage, 1998 (Paleogene, middle Paleocene Itaboraí Formation; Brazil) ** ''Madtsoia pisdurensis'' Mohabey ''et al'', 2011 (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian Lameta Formation; India)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mohabey |first=D.M. |author2=Head, J.J. |author3= Wilson, J.A. |year=2011 |title=A new species of the snake ''Madtsoia'' from the Upper Cretaceous of India and its paleobiogeographic implications |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=588–595 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2011.560220 |s2cid=129792355 }}</ref> * ''Wonambi'' Smith, 1976 ** ''Wonambi naracoortensis'' Smith, 1976 (Scanlon and Lee, 2000; Scanlon, 2005; Neogene, Pliocene to Pleistocene; Australia) ** ''Wonambi barriei'' Scanlon in Scanlon and Lee, 2000 (Neogene, early Miocene; Australia) * ''Patagoniophis'' Albino, 1986 ** ''Patagoniophis parvus'' Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian Los Alamitos Formation; Argentina) ** ''Patagoniophis australiensis'' Scanlon, 2005 (Scanlon, 1993; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia) * ''Alamitophis'' Albino, 1986 ** ''Alamitophis argentinus'' Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian Los Alamitos and La Colonia Formations; Argentina) ** ''Alamitophis elongatus'' Albino, 1994 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian Allen Formation; Argentina) ** ''Alamitophis tingamarra'' Scanlon, 2005 (Scanlon, 1993; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia) * ''Rionegrophis'' Albino, 1986 ** ''Rionegrophis madtsoioides'' Albino, 1986 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian Los Alamitos Formation; Argentina) * ''Yurlunggur'' Scanlon, 1992 ** ''Yurlunggur camfieldensis'' Scanlon, 1992 (Neogene, middle Miocene Bullock Creek (Northern Territory); Australia) ** ''Yurlunggur'' spp. (Scanlon, 2004; 2006; Paleogene-Neogene, Oligocene to Miocene; Australia) * ''Herensugea'' Rage, 1996 ** ''Herensugea caristiorum'' Rage, 1996 (Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian Vitoria Formation; Spain) * ''Nanowana'' Scanlon, 1997 ** ''Nanowana godthelpi'' Scanlon, 1997 (Neogene, early-to-middle Miocene Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh); Australia) ** ''Nanowana schrenki'' Scanlon, 1997 (Neogene, early-to-middle Miocene; Australia) * ''Sanajeh'' Wilson ''et al.'', 2010 ** ''Sanajeh indicus'' Wilson ''et al.'', 2010 (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian Lameta Formation; India)<ref name=Wetal10>{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=J.A. |author2=Mohabey, D.M. |author3=Peters, S.E. |author4= Head, J.J. |year=2010 |title=Predation upon Hatchling Dinosaurs by a New Snake from the Late Cretaceous of India |article-number=e1000322 |pmid=20209142 |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=8 |pmc=2830453 |issue=3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322 |editor1-last=Benton |editor1-first=Michael J. |doi-access=free }}</ref> * ''Menarana'' Laduke ''et al.'', 2010 ** ''Menarana nosymena'' Laduke ''et al.'', 2010 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian Maevarano Formation; Madagascar)<ref name="Laduke">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/02724630903409188|author=Laduke, T.C., Krause, D.W., Scanlon, J.D. and Kley, N.J.|year=2010|title=A Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) snake assemblage from the Maevarano Formation, Mahjanga Basin, Madagascar|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=30|issue=1|pages=109–138|doi-access=free}}</ref> ** ''Menarana laurasiae'' Rage, 1996 (Astibia ''et al.'', 1990; Cretaceous, Campanian or Maastrichtian; Spain)<ref name="Laduke"/> * ''Nidophis'' Vasile ''et al.'', 2013 ** ''Nidophis insularis'' Vasile ''et al.'', 2013 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian Densus-Ciula Formation; Romania) *''Adinophis'' Pritchard ''et al.'', 2014 **''Adinophis fisaka'' Pritchard ''et al.,'' 2014 (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian Maevarano Formation; Madagascar) *''Platyspondylophis'' Smith ''et al.'', 2016 **''Platyspondylophis tadkeshwarensis'' Smith ''et al.'', 2016 (Paleogene, Eocene Cambay Shale; India) *''Eomadtsoia'' Gómez ''et al.,'' 2019 **''Eomadtsoia ragei'' Gómez ''et al.'', 2019 (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation; Argentina) *''Powellophis'' Garberoglio ''et al.'', 2022 ** ''Powellophis andina'' Garberoglio ''et al.,'' 2022 (Paleogene, Paleocene Mealla Formation; Argentina) *''Vasuki'' Datta & Bajpai, 2024 **''Vasuki indicus'' Datta & Bajpai, 2024 (Paleogene, Eocene Naredi Formation; India)
=== Unnamed specimens === * Madtsoiidae indet. (Rage, 1987; Paleogene, Paleocene; Morocco) * Madtsoiidae indet. (Werner and Rage, 1994, Rage and Werner 1999; Cretaceous, Cenomanian; Sudan) *?Madtsoiid (Rage and Prasad, 1992; Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; India) *?Madtsoiid (Rage, 1991; Paleogene, early Paleocene Santa Lucía Formation; Bolivia) *?Madtsoiidae indet. cf. ''Madtsoia'' sp. (Scanlon, 2005; Paleogene, early Eocene; Australia) * Madtsoiidae indet. (Folie and Codrea, 2005; Cretaceous, Maastrichtian; Romania) * Madtsoiidae nov. (Gomez and Baez, 2006; Cretaceous, late Campanian or early Maastrichtian; Argentina) * Madtsoiidae indet. (Wazir et al., 2022; Late-Oligocene, India)<ref>Wasim Abass Wazir, Ramesh Kumar Sehgal, Andrej Čerňanský, Rajeev Patnaik, Navin Kumar, Abhishek Pratap Singh, Piyush Uniyal & Ningthoujam Premjit Singh (2022): A find from the Ladakh Himalaya reveals a survival of madtsoiid snakes (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae) in India through the late Oligocene, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.2058401 </ref>
=== Phylogeny === According to a cladistic analysis by Scanlon (2006), ''Wonambi'' and ''Yurlunggur'' as representative genera of Madtsoiidae form a monophyletic assembly. However, as '' Madtsoia'' is not included, its grouping in the same family is questionable.
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |1={{clade |1=''Pachyrhachis''† |label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |2={{clade |1=''Haasiophis''† |label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |2={{clade |label1=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |1={{clade |1=''Wonambi''† |2=''Yurlunggur''† }} |label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |2={{clade |1=''Dinilysia''† |label2=<span style="color:white;">unnamed</span> |2={{clade |1=Scolecophidia |2=Alethinophidia }} }} }} }} }} }}
== References == {{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography and further reading === {{refbegin}} * Albino, A.M. 1986. Nuevos Boidae Madtsoiinae en el Cretacico tardio de Patagonia (Formacion Los Alamitos, Rio Negro, Argentina). pp. 15–21 in J.F. Bonaparte (ed.), Simposio Evolucion de los Vertebrados Mesozoicos. Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía, Mendoza. * {{cite journal | last1 = Albino | first1 = A.M. | year = 1994 | title = Una nueva serpiente (Reptilia) del Cretácico Superior de Patagonia, Argentina | journal = Pesquisas | volume = 21 | pages = 58–63 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Andrews | first1 = C.W. | year = 1901 | title = Preliminary note on some recently discovered extinct vertebrates from Egypt (Part II) | doi = 10.1017/s0016756800179750 | journal = Geological Magazine | volume = 8 | issue = 10| pages = 434–444 | bibcode = 1901GeoM....8..436A | s2cid = 86545487 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1428610 }} * Andrews, C.W. 1906. A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt. British Museum (Natural History), London. * {{cite journal | last1 = Apesteguía | first1 = S. | last2 = Zaher | first2 = H. | year = 2006 | title = A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum | journal = Nature | volume = 440 | issue = 7087| pages = 1037–1040 | doi=10.1038/nature04413 | pmid=16625194| bibcode = 2006Natur.440.1037A | s2cid = 4417196 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Astibia | first1 = H. | last2 = Buffetaut | first2 = E. | last3 = Buscalioni | first3 = A.D. | last4 = Cappetta | first4 = H. | last5 = Corral | first5 = C. | last6 = Estes | first6 = R. | last7 = Garcia-Garmilla | first7 = F. | last8 = Jaeger | first8 = J.J. | last9 = Jimenez-Fuentes | first9 = E. | last10 = Loeuff | first10 = J. Le | last11 = Mazin | first11 = J.M. | last12 = Orue-Extebarria | first12 = X. | last13 = Pereda-Suberbiola | first13 = J. | last14 = Powell | first14 = J.E. | last15 = Rage | first15 = J.-C. | last16 = Rodriguez-Lazaro | first16 = J. | last17 = Sanz | first17 = J.L. | last18 = Tong | first18 = H. | year = 1991 | title = The fossil vertebrates from Laño (Basque Country, Spain); new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous continental faunas of Europe | journal = Terra Nova | volume = 2 | issue = 5| pages = 460–466 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00103.x}} * {{cite journal | last1 = de Broin | first1 = F. | last2 = Buffetaut | first2 = E. | last3 = Koeniguer | first3 = J.C. | last4 = Rage | first4 = J.-C. | last5 = Taquet | first5 = P. | last6 = Vergnaud-Grazzini | first6 = C. | last7 = Wenz | first7 = S. | year = 1974 | title = La faune de Vertébrés continentaux du gisement d'In Beceten (Sénonien du Niger) | journal = Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris | volume = 279 | pages = 469–472 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Folie | first1 = A. | last2 = Codrea | first2 = V. | year = 2005 | title = New lissamphibians and squamates from the Maastrichtian of Hateg Basin, Romania | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 50 | pages = 57–71 }} *Gomez, R.O. and A.M. 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{{Fossil snakes}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q622892}}
† Category:Cretaceous snakes Category:Cenomanian first appearances Category:Pleistocene extinctions Category:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary Category:Taxa named by Robert Hoffstetter