{{Short description|Diacritical mark}} {{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̱ |name= |unicode={{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}}}} {| class="wikitable" align="right" !style="background: #ccf; font-size: 300%"|A̱a̱ḆḇC̱c̱ |}
'''Macron below''' is a combining diacritical mark that is used in various orthographies.<ref name="U0300">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf|title=Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref>
A non-combining form is {{unichar|02CD|MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON}}. It is not to be confused with {{Unichar|0320|COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW|nlink=Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|cwith=◌}}, {{Unichar|0332|COMBINING LOW LINE|nlink=Underline|cwith=◌}} and {{Unichar|005F|LOW LINE|nlink=Underline}}. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare <big>a̱ḇc̱</big> and <big>a̲b̲c̲</big> (only the latter should look like <big><u>abc</u></big>).<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch06.pdf|title=The Unicode Standard|version=Version 11.0.0|place=Mountain View, CA|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|publication-date=2018|isbn=978-1-936213-19-1 |chapter=6.2 General Punctuation|page=273|access-date=2018-12-12|quote=Spacing Overscores and Underscores. U+203E OVERLINE is the above-the-line counterpart to U+005F low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE. As with all overscores and underscores, a sequence of these characters should connect in an unbroken line. The overscoring characters also must be distinguished from U+0304 COMBINING MACRON, which does not connect horizontally in this way.}}</ref>
==Unicode== ===Macron below character=== Unicode defines several characters for the macron below:
{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="6" | macron below |- ! colspan="3" | combining || colspan="3" | spacing |- ! character || Unicode || HTML || character || Unicode || HTML |- | <span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌̱}}</span> <br><small>single</small> || U+0331 || &#817; || ˍ<br><small>letter</small> || U+02CD || &#717; <!-- This sample uses <span style="font-family: serif"> because of a rendering limitation in Android (as of v13), that its default sans font fails to render "dotted circle + diacritic", so visitors just get a meaningless (to most) [X] mark. Please retain at least until the issue is resolved because this is a very large proportion of visitors. --> |- | <span style="font-family: serif">{{char|◌͟◌}}</span><br><small>double</small> || U+035F || &#863; || || || |}
There are many similar marks covered elsewhere: * Spacing underscores, including ** {{Unichar|005F|LOW LINE|html=}} ** {{Unichar|2017|DOUBLE LOW LINE|html=}} * Combining underlines, including ** {{Unichar|0332|COMBINING LOW LINE|cwith=◌|html=}} ** {{Unichar|0333|COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE|cwith=◌|html=}} ** {{Unichar|0347|COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}; ** {{Unichar|FE2B|COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}} ** {{Unichar|FE2C|COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}} ** {{Unichar|FE2D|COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}} * International Phonetic Alphabet mark for retracted or backed articulation:<ref name="U0300"/> ** {{Unichar|0320|COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}} ** {{Unichar|02D7|MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN|html=}}
===Precomposed characters=== Various precomposed letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode:
{| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="3" | upper case || colspan="3" | lower case || rowspan="2" | notes |- ! letter || Unicode || HTML || letter || Unicode || HTML |- |{{anchor|B_with_line_below}} <!-- "Ḇ" redirects here. --> Ḇ || U+1E06 || &#7686; || ḇ || U+1E07 || &#7687; || Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter beth ({{lang|he|ב}}) representing [v], or perhaps {{IPAblink|β}}. |- |{{anchor|D_with_line_below}} <!-- "Ḏ" redirects here. --> Ḏ || U+1E0E || &#7694; || ḏ || U+1E0F || &#7695; || Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter dalet (ד), {{IPAblink|ð}}, and in the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex D. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar {{nowrap|{{IPAslink|d}}}}. |- |{{anchor|h_with_line_below}} || || || ẖ || U+1E96 || &#7830; || Sometimes used for Arabic {{lang|ar|خ}} ''ẖāʼ'', Hebrew ח ''heth'', Egyptian <big>{{lang|egy|𓄡}}</big> |(''ẖ'').<br>There is no precomposed upper case equivalent of '''ẖ''' so it uses a combining macron below instead: '''H̱'''. |- |{{anchor|K_with_line_below}} <!-- "Ḵ" redirects here. --> Ḵ || U+1E34 || &#7732; || ḵ || U+1E35 || &#7733; || Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter kaph ({{lang|he|כ}}) representing {{IPAblink|x}}.<br>Used in Tlingit and Haida (among other Pacific Northwest languages) for the voiceless uvular stop {{IPAblink|q}}. Close to Korean ㄲ kk; closest English "sho'''<u>ck</u>'''ing".<br>Used optionally in the K-dialect of Māori in the South Island of New Zealand, where an original ng has merged with k. The ḵ indicates that it corresponds to ng in other dialects. There is no difference in pronunciation between ḵ and k. |- |{{anchor|L_with_line_below}} <!-- "Ḻ" redirects here. --> Ḻ || U+1E3A || &#7738; || ḻ || U+1E3B || &#7739; || Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent {{IPAblink|ɭ}}. One possible transliteration of the Dravidian retroflex approximant {{nowrap|{{IPAslink|ɻ}}}} as in Tamil letter ழ. Ḻ is used in the Seri language to represent {{IPAblink|l}}, like English ''l'', while unmodified "l" represents {{IPAblink|ɬ}}, like Welsh ''ll''. It is also used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun. |- |{{anchor|N_with_line_below}} <!-- "Ṉ" redirects here. --> Ṉ || U+1E48 || &#7752; || ṉ || U+1E49 || &#7753; || Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent {{IPAblink|ɳ}}, and in Saanich to represent both plain and glottalized {{IPAblink|ɴ}}. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex N. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar {{nowrap|{{IPAslink|n}}}}. |- |{{anchor|R_with_line_below}}<!-- "Ṟ" redirects here. --> Ṟ || U+1E5E || &#7774; || ṟ || U+1E5F || &#7775; || Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent {{IPAblink|ɻ}}, and sometimes in the romanization of Pashto to represent the retroflex R. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar trill {{nowrap|{{IPAslink|r}}}}. |- |{{anchor|T_with_line_below}} <!-- "Ṯ" redirects here. --> Ṯ || U+1E6E || &#7790; || ṯ || U+1E6F || &#7791; || Used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun language representing {{IPAblink|t̪}}. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex T. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar {{nowrap|{{IPAslink|t}}}}. In the romanization of Arabic this letter is used to transcribe the letter Ṯāʾ. |- |{{anchor|Z_with_line_below}} <!-- "Ẕ" redirects here. --> Ẕ || U+1E94 || &#7828; || ẕ || U+1E95 || &#7829; || Used in the 1953 Hebrew Academy Romanization of Hebrew to represent tsade ({{lang|he|צ}}). |- | || || || ₫ || U+20AB || &#8363; || Vietnamese đồng. |}
Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whose decompositions contain {{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}} use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus, {{Unichar|1E07|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW}} decomposes to {{Unichar|0062|LATIN SMALL LETTER B}} and {{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref>
The Vietnamese đồng currency sign resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below: {{Unichar|20AB|DONG SIGN|html=}} but is neither a letter nor decomposable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}</ref>
==Use== In Comanche, voiceless vowels are marked with a macron below (these are {{angbr|a̱}}, {{angbr|e̱}}, {{angbr|i̠}}, {{angbr|o̱}}, {{angbr|u̱}}, and {{angbr|ʉ̱}}).<ref>Ager, Simon. [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/comanche.htm Comanche (nʉmʉ tekwap<u>ʉ</u>)]. Omniglot, 1998-2026</ref>
In Swedish, {{char|o̱}} is frequently used as a substitute for {{char|&}}, particularly in handwriting and in prose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sprakradet.se/16094|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402001718/http://www.sprakradet.se/16094|archive-date=2014-04-02|date=2013-04-14|title=Varifrån kommer o med streck under?|publisher=Språkrådet|lang=sv}}</ref>
==See also== *Underscore *Macron
==References== {{reflist}}
{{Navbox diacritical marks}} {{Latin script||macron}}
Category:Latin-script diacritics Category:Aramaic languages Category:Arabic language