{{Short description|Railway transport used for forestry tasks}} [[File:Comandau train cff.jpg|thumb|right|Forest railway operations in Comandău, Romania]] <!-- [[File:Forest RailwayNasswald1.jpg|thumb|A Naßwald Forest Railway museum railway train]] -->A '''forest railway''', '''forest tram''', '''timber line''', '''logging railway''' or '''logging railroad''' is a mode of railway transport which is used for forestry tasks, primarily the transportation of felled logs to sawmills or railway stations.
In most cases this form of transport utilised narrow gauges, and were temporary in nature, and in rough and sometimes difficult to access terrain.
== History == [[File:Early-Shay.jpg|thumb|Shay locomotive on an American forest railway (Harbor Springs Railway)]] Before the railway was invented, logs were transported in large numbers from the forest down rivers either freely or on wooden rafts. This was not without its problems and wood was often damaged in transit, lost in floods or stranded in shallow water. Suitable rivers were often unavailable in mountainous terrain.
Simple wagonways, using horses and wooden rails, were used from the 18th century. However the invention of the steam locomotive and steel rails soon led to these being employed for forestry. However the difficult terrain within forests meant that narrow-gauge railways, which took up less space, were lighter and easier to build and enabled tight curves to be laid, were preferred. These were the so-called forest railways. In particularly large areas of forest or forests of unusually large trees, such as in the northwestern US, extensive forest railways were even built using standard gauge exclusively for forestry tasks. Special geared locomotives such as the Shay and Climax locomotive were developed for high tractive effort on rough track. Some forest railways became common carriers when cleared forest land was converted to agricultural or recreational use.
[[File:"Perdido", a pole road locomotive.jpg|thumb|''Perdido'', a steam pole road locomotive]] In cases where the railway itself was considered very short-term, or the region was extremely difficult to access, logs would often be laid into the ground as a pole road, rather than the cost and logistics of laying steel rails and sleepers. Pole roads could be extensive; several examples in the southeastern United States extended up to {{convert|20|mi|km}} at the end of the nineteenth century, and used purpose-built steam locomotives.<ref name="Trains_1948">"Pole Road Locomotives of the Early Days," ''Trains'' magazine, February 1948</ref>
In addition to steam traction, diesel and petrol-driven locomotives were also used later on. These largely brought animal-hauled transportation to an end on the forest railways. Also common were routes that just used gravity. Wagons loaded with wood would simply roll downhill in a controlled fashion under the pull of gravity. Foresters also travelled on these, at some risk to their lives on occasions – as brakemen. Empty wagons were hauled uphill again by horses.
From the second half of the 20th century forest railways were threatened by road transportation and by the end of the 1960s they had practically disappeared from western Europe. Roads were often laid in their place on the old trackbeds.
In a few Eastern European countries forest railways survived longer, particularly in Russia where there are still some today. In Hungary too there are several forest railways in active service today, some are also used for tourist traffic. The numerous forest railway operations in Romania were closed, with a few exceptions, by the 1990s. In Western Europe there are very few which are even preserved as museum railways.
In Asia and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) the history and fate of logging tramways/forest railways is similar to Europe, with most lines either converted to motorised truck transport or closing down in the 1960s. Significant numbers of locomotives and other remnants of the former lines are found in museums and museum railways in Australia.
== Forest railways in Europe ==
=== Austria ===
{| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Railway name||Route||Track gauge<br>mm||Length<br>km||Traction||From||To||Operated<r>by||Remarks |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Lower Austria''' |- |Haselbach Forest Railway||Forsthaus-Hochwiese||align=right|600||align=right|~2.5||Gravity, oxen, petrol-driven locos||1915||1918||BMF||demolished |- |Forest Railway im Klauswald||Klauswald, near Puchenstuben ||align=right|600?||align=right|4.5|| ||1930||1937||WbK|| |- |Langau-Lackenhofer Höfe Forest Railway||Langau-Lackenhof ||align=right|1000||align=right|~7||Horses||~1845||1867||WbLL|| |- |Lunz-Langau-Saurüsselboden Forest Railway||Lunz am See-Langau-Saurüsselboden||align=right|700||align=right|18.8||Diesel||1920||1974||WbLL||limited public passenger services, demolished |- |'''Naßwald Forest Railway'''||Schwarzau im Gebirge||align=right|600||align=right|0.6||Diesel, accumulator ||1985|| || ||museum railway |- |Wastl am Wald - Hühnerkogel Forest Railway||Wastl am Wald ||align=right|600||align=right|~4|| ||1934||1945||WbW|| |- |Forest Railway im Weinsberger Forst||Martinsberg-Gutenbrunn -Berglucke||align=right|760||align=right|~36|| ||1920||1933||WWF|| |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Upper Austria''' |- |Offensee Forest Railway||Steinkogl-Steibachl-Obere Moosau|| align=right|800|| align=right|15.5|| ||1899||1954||WbO|| |- |rowspan=3|Reichraming Forest Railway||Schallau-Maieralm-Hansigraben||rowspan=3 align=right|760||align=right|16.5||rowspan=2| ||rowspan=3|1920||rowspan=3|1971||rowspan=3|WbRr||rowspan=3|limited public passenger services, demolished |- |Maieralm-Unterweißwasser||align=right|13.0 |- |Reichraming-Hintergebirge||align=right|32.7||Diesel |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Burgenland''' |- |Dörfl Forest Railway||Dörfl ||align=right|600 ||align=right|9.4|| ||1924||1933||WbD|| |- |Großmürbisch Forest Railway||(Alsörönök-) Großmürbisch-Reinersdorfer Bach||align=right|760 ||align=right|~7.5|| ||1935||1937||WbG||border crossing, demolished |- |Großpetersdorf-Rumpersdorf Forest Railway||Großpetersdorf-Rumpersdorf||align=right|760||align=right|~13.5|| ||1920||~1933 ||WGR|| |- |Güssing - Neuberg im Burgenland Forest Railway||Güssing-Neuberg im Burgenland||align=right|760||align=right|~14|| ||1913||1921||WGN|| |- |Güssing - Rohr im Burgenland Forest Railway ||Güssing-Rohr im Burgenland||align=right|760||align=right|~27|| ||1913||1921||WGR|| |- |Lockenhaus Forest Railway||Lockenhaus||align=right|600 ||align=right|14.9|| ||1926||1956||WbL|| |- |Punitz Forest Railway||Punitz-Punitzer Gemeindewald ||align=right|600||align=right|~9||Horses||1905||~1933||WbP|| |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Salzburg''' |- |Zinkenbach Forest Railway||Lagerplatz Hundsleiten-Königsbachalm||align=right|700||align=right|6.7||Diesel||1921||1967||WbZ||no passenger traffic, demolished |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Styria''' |- |rowspan=2|Deutschlandsberg Forest Railway||Deutschlandsberg-Freiland bei Deutschlandsberg||align=right|760||align=right|9.9||Steam|| || ||rowspan=2|WbD||no passenger traffic, demolished |- |Hofbauer-Kupper-Bärental||align=right|600||align=right|17.9||Steam|| || ||between Kupper and Freiland (3.1 km) with cable car, no passenger traffic between Hofbauer and Kupper, demolished |- |Feistritzwaldbahn||Steinhaus am Semmering-Rettenegg||align=right|600||align=right|22.0||Steam||1902||1958||WbF||limited public passenger services, with two inclined lifts, demolished |- |rowspan=2|Frohnleiten Forest Railway||Frohnleiten-Traninger-Rossstall||rowspan=2 align=right|760||align=right|12.4||rowspan=2| ||rowspan=2|1925||rowspan=2|1951||rowspan=2|WbF||rowspan=4|demolished |- |Traninger-Dionys||align=right|5.6 |- |Gundersdorf Forest Railway||Dampfsäge-Höllein||align=right|760||align=right|4.0|| || || ||WbG |- |Ingering Forest Railway||Ingering-Seeboden||align=right|720||align=right|~10.5|| ||~1885||1938||WbI |- |rowspan=2|Radmer Forest Railway||rowspan=2|Hieflau-Radmer-Neuhaus||align=right|830||rowspan=2 align=right|~14|| ||1920||1967||rowspan=2|WbRa||rowspan=2| |- |align=right|900||1200 V DC||1967||1979 |- |Trieben Forest Railway||Trieben-Lager Seyfried||align=right|800||align=right|~10.8|| ||1900||~1939||WbT|| |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Tyrol''' |- |Klammbachwaldbahn||Achenkirch||align=right|760||align=right|6.6|| ||1914||1960|| || |- |Bächental Forest Railway||Bächentalbahn||align=right|750|| ||align=right|10.2||1930||1956|| ||border crossing |}
=== France === * Abreschviller Forest Railway, remains of a once extensive networks in the Vosges, museum railway * Voies Ferrées des Landes a group of short lines built primarily to serve the forestry industry in the Landes forest * The Forest Railway Welschbruch, built and used while the German Empire ruled Alsace, was used to carry wood logs down to the valley of Barr
=== Germany (selection) === {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Railway name||Route||State||Track gauge<br>mm||Length<br>km||From||To||Remarks |- |Ebersberg Forest Railway||Ebersberg||Bavaria|| || || || ||demolished |- |Reichswald Forest Railway||Sebalder Reichswald||Bavaria|| || || || ||demolished |- |Ruhpolding–Reit im Winkl State Forest Railway||Ruhpolding-Reit im Winkl||Bavaria||1000||23||1922||1936/37||demolished |- |Schorfheide Forest Railway ||Döllnkrug-Höpen ||Bradenburg||600|| || || || |- |Spiegelau Forest Railway||Spiegelau-Finsterau||Bavaria||600 ||<100||1909||1960||demolished |- |Waldeisenbahn Muskau || Weißwasser-Bad Muskau ||Saxony||600||>50||1895 || ||museum railway |- |Wasgau Forest Railway||Bundenthal-Rumbach||Rhineland-Palatinate||600||14,5||1921||1930||demolished |- |Zwieselau Forest Railway||Zwieselau-Buchenau||Bavaria||600||14,5||1930||1958||demolished |}
=== Hungary === [[File:Mine lokomotiv El-9 in Kemence.JPG|thumb|right|Tourist trains and narrow gauge museum at the Kemence Forest Museum Railway]] [[Image:Ticket vending at Nagybörzsöny narrow gauge railway station.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Ticket vending on the Szob-Nagybörzsöny forest railway]] All forest railways have tourist trains * Almamellék State Forest Railway * Csömödér State Forest Railway, active forest railway * Debrecen Forest Railway * Felsőtárkány National Forest Railway * Gemenc State Forest Railway, active forest railway * Gyöngyös State Forest Railway * Kaszó Forest Railway * Kemence Forest Museum Railway * Királyrét State Forest Railway * Lillafüred Forest Train * Mesztegnyő Forest Railway * Pálháza State Forest Railway * Szilvásvárad Forest Railway * Szob-Nagybörzsöny forest railway
=== Poland === * Bieszczady Forest Railway * Czarna Białostocka Forest Railway, from 1919 * Hajnówka Museum Railway * Płociczno-Bryzgiel, from 1923
=== Romania === [[Image:Steyrtalbahn 06.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Romanian forest railway loco on the Steyrtalbahn]] * Viseu de Sus, ''Wassertalbahn'', active forest railway used for forestry and tourism * Covasna-Comandău Forest Railway, with cable car, museum operation under construction
===Russia=== [[Image:Udimskaya railway.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Russian loco TU6A with a log train on the Udimskaya Forest Railway]] For passengers and tourist: * Alapayevsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast * Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast * Sharya Forest Museum Railway, Kostroma Oblast Active forest railways: * Apsheronsk, Krasnodar Krai * Belorucheyskaya, Vologda Oblast * Kobrinskaya, Kirov Oblast * Konetsgorskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast * Loyginskaya, Arkhangelsk & Vologda Oblasts * Nyubskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast * Lundanskaya, Kirov Oblast * Oparino, Kirov Oblast * Pizhemskaya, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast * Udimskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast * Zelennikovskaya, Arkhangelsk Oblast
=== Slovakia === All forest railways are only museums * Čierny Hron Railway (''Schwarzgranbahn'') * Historical Logging Switchback Railway * Považská lesná železnica (''Waagwaldbahn'')
=== Sweden === * ''Ohsabanan'', active forest railway and tourist trains
== Logging railroads in North America == A '''logging railroad''' describes railroads, pole roads, tram roads, or similar infrastructure used to transport harvested timber from a logging site to a sawmill. Logging railroads vary in gauge and length, with most forested regions of the world supporting a railroad of this type at some point.
While most railroads of this variety were temporary, it was not uncommon for permanent railroads to take their place as a complement to logging operations or as an independent operation once logging ended.
=== Canada ===
* Emery Lumber Company Railway, Greater Sudbury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trainweb.org/oldtimetrains/sudbury/mining.htm|title=Sudbury Area Mining Railways|website=Old Time Trains|access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Ontario * Englewood Railway, British Columbia * Shaw Logging Railroad, Saskatchewan * Stone Lumber Company Railway, St. Joseph Island,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sootoday.com/columns/remember-this/remember-this-did-you-know-there-was-a-railway-on-st-joseph-island-511112|title=Remember this? Did you know there was a railway on St. Joseph Island?|date=15 January 2017|access-date=22 November 2020|website=SooToday.com}}</ref> Ontario * Springfield Railway,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hswdpi.ca/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Springfield_Railway|access-date=14 April 2021|title=Category:Springfield Railway - HSWwiki}}</ref> Nova Scotia *Weymouth and New France Railway,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yarmouthhistory.ca/yarmouthhistory/Albums/Pages/Remains_of_Nova_Scotias_New_France.html |access-date=14 April 2021|title=Remains of Nova Scotia's New France}}</ref> Nova Scotia
=== Mexico === * Ferrocarril Cazadero la Torre y Tepetongo * Bosques de Chihuahua
=== United States ===
==== California ==== * Almanor Railroad * Arcata and Mad River Railroad * Bear Harbor and Eel River Railroad * Boca and Loyalton Railroad * Bucksport and Elk River Railroad * California Western Railroad * Camino, Placerville and Lake Tahoe Railroad * Caspar, South Fork and Eastern Railroad * Diamond and Caldor Railway * Diamond Match Company * Feather River Railway * Fort Bragg and Southeastern Railroad * Goodyear Redwood Company * Gualala River Railroad * Lake Valley Railroad * Madera Sugar Pine Company * McCloud Railway * Mendocino Lumber Company * Metropolitan Redwood Lumber Company * Michigan-California Lumber Company * North Pacific Coast Railroad * Oregon and Eureka Railroad * Pacific Lumber Company * Rockport Redwood Company * Santa Cruz Lumber Company * Sugar Pine Lumber Company * Usal Redwood Company * West Side Lumber Company railway * Yosemite Lumber Company '''Minnesota'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Minnesota logging railroads: a pictorial history of the era when white pine and the logging railroad reigned supreme|publisher=Golden West Books|date=1981|location=San Marino, Calif|isbn=978-0-87095-076-6|first=Frank Alexander|last=King|pages=182-183}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|edition=1st University of Minnesota Press|title=Rails to the North Star: a Minnesota railroad atlas|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=2007|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-5267-9|series=The Fesler-Lampert Minnesota heritage book series|first=Richard S.|last=Prosser|pages=83-93}}</ref>
* Brainerd and Northern Minnesota Railway * Duluth and Iron Range Railroad * Duluth and Northeastern Railroad * Duluth and Northern Minnesota Railway * Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway * Duluth, Mississippi River and Northern Railroad * Duluth, Rainy Lake and Winnipeg Railway * Duluth, Virginia & Rainy Lake Railway * Gull Lake and Northern Railway * Mesabe Southern Railway Company * Minneapolis and Rainy River Railway * Minneapolis, Red Lake and Manitoba Railway * Minnesota and North Wisconsin Railroad * Minnesota, Dakota and Western Railway * Mitchell and McClure Logging Railroad * Tower Logging Railway * Wilton and Northern Railway
==== Nevada ==== * Carson and Tahoe Lumber and Fluming Company
==== New England ==== {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Railway name||Route||Track gauge<br>mm ||Length<br>km||From||To||Operated<br>by||Remarks |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''Maine''' |- |Bald Mountain Railroad ||Jackman ||align=right| 1435 ||align=right| ||1915 ||1926 || || dismantled |- |Calais Railway ||Calais - Woodland ||align=right| 1435 ||align=right| 33 ||1835 || ||Pan Am Railways ||freight only |- |Carry Pond and Carry Brook Railroad ||Moosehead Lake - Seboomook Lake ||align=right|610 ||align=right| 3 ||1914 ||1916 || ||horse-drawn flat cars; dismantled<ref name="dmr">Rice, Douglas M. ''Log and Lumber Railroads of New England'' (3rd edition) The 470 Railroad Club (1982) p.2</ref> |- |Eagle Lake and West Branch Railroad ||Eagle Lake - Umbazooksus Lake ||align=right|1435 ||align=right| 21<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eaglelakeandwestbranchrailroad.info/|title=Eagle Lake & West Branch Railroad|publisher=Richard N. Symonds, Jr.|access-date=2012-12-20}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ||1927 ||1933 || ||transferred log drive pulpwood between river basins; dismantled<ref name="dmr"/> |- |Franklin and Megantic Railway ||Strong - Bigelow ||align=right|610 ||align=right| 48 ||1884 ||1935 ||Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad ||dismantled |- |Phillips and Rangeley Railroad ||Phillips - Rangeley ||align=right|610 ||align=right| 46 ||1890 ||1932 ||Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad ||Victorian resort passenger service; dismantled |- |Ray Lumber Company ||Bowerbank Township ||align=right| 1435 ||align=right| ||1912 ||1929|| ||dismantled |- |Rumford Falls and Rangeley Lakes Railroad ||Rumford - Kennebago ||align=right| 1435 ||align=right|75 ||1894 ||1936 ||Maine Central Railroad ||dismantled |- |Seboomook Lake and Saint John Railroad ||Seboomook Lake - Baker Branch Saint John River ||align=right| 1435 ||align=right|29 ||1919 ||1929 || ||dismantled<ref>Pike, Robert E. ''Tall Trees, Tough Men'' W.W.Norton & Company (1999) {{ISBN|0393319172}} p.164</ref> |- |Somerset Railroad ||Bingham - Moosehead Lake ||align=right| 1435 ||align=right| 81 ||1890 ||1933 ||Maine Central Railroad ||Victorian resort passenger service; dismantled |- |Wild River Railroad ||Gilead - Hastings ||align=right| 1435 ||align=right| 16 ||1891 ||1904 || ||dismantled |- | colspan="10" style="background:#ffdead;"|'''New Hampshire''' |- |Saco Valley Railroad ||Mount Carrigain ||align=right|1435 ||align=right| 11 ||1892 ||1898 || ||dismantled |- |Sawyer River Railroad ||Sawyer River ||align=right|1435 ||align=right| 14 ||1877 ||1927 || ||dismantled |- |Success Pond Railroad || Berlin - Success ||align=right|1435 ||align=right| 42 ||1893 ||1906 || ||dismantled |}
====New Mexico==== * Alamogordo and Sacramento Mountain Railway
====Oregon==== * Oregon, California and Eastern Railway * Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railway * Sumpter Valley Railroad
====South Carolina==== * Argent Lumber Company
====West Virginia==== * Cass Scenic Railroad State Park
====Washington==== * Chehalis Western Railroad * Mosquito and Coal Creek Railroad * Siler Logging Railroad * White River Lumber Company Railway
== Forest railways in Asia ==
=== Indonesia === * Cepu Forest Railway
=== Japan === * Oigawa Railway Ikawa Line, regauged for passenger service * Anbō (Yakushima) Forest Railway * Kiso Forest Railway, demolished but later restored as the [https://kiso-hinoki.jp/en/01akasawa2.html Akasawa Forest Railway], open seasonally * {{Ill|魚梁瀬森林鉄道|lt=Yanase Forest Railway|ja}}, preserved in working order at Yanase Maruyama Park, and the nearby Umaji Onsen Umaji Forest Railway, operating on weekends
=== Taiwan === * Alishan Forest Railway
== Forest railways in Oceania ==
=== Australia === * Powelltown Tramway, Victoria * Tyers Valley Tramway, Victoria * Timber railway lines of Western Australia
=== New Zealand === * Ellis and Burnand Tramway, Ongarue * Brownlee Tramway, in operation from c.1881 through to 1915
== Other railways for the transport of goods == * Field railways (see: Feldbahn) for the transportation of rural produce; also originally for military use as well * Harbour or port railways for loading and unloading goods within a port * Industrial railways for transporting goods from factories * ''Hallig railways'' for transporting coastal defence materiel. * ''Bush tramways'' in New Zealand, see West coast trams in New Zealand * Light railway * Military railways (see also: Heeresfeldbahn) for transporting military supplies and troops * Mining railways for ore transportation * Tramway (industrial) * Wagonway * Rail transport
== Notes == {{reflist}}
== Sources == * Manfred Hohn, Waldbahnen in Österreich, Verlag Slezak 1989, {{ISBN|3-85416-148-4}} * L.Reiner/H.Beiler/R.Sliwinski, Die Spiegelauer Forest Railway, Ohetaler Verlag Riedlhütte 2005, {{ISBN|3-937067-14-0}} * Friedemann Tischer, Die Muskauer Waldeisenbahn, Verlag Kenning, Nordhorn 2003, {{ISBN|3-933613-63-9}}
== External links == {{Commons category|Logging railways|Forest railways}} * [http://www.pospichal.net/lokstatistik/54881-waldbahnen%20sk.htm Overview of forest railways in Slovakia] * [http://www.bdyg.de/Buenos_Dias/spiegelauer_waldbahn_spiegelau/spiegelauer_waldbahn_spiegelau.html Photos from the Spiegelau Forest Railway today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810042326/http://bdyg.de/Buenos_Dias/spiegelauer_waldbahn_spiegelau/spiegelauer_waldbahn_spiegelau.html |date=2013-08-10 }}
{{Forestry}} {{Forestry tools}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Forest Railway}} * Category:Narrow-gauge railways Railway