Lithopone

{{short description|Mixture of inorganic compounds, widely used as a white pigment powder}} {{chembox |Name = Lithopone |OtherNames = Barium zinc sulfate sulfide, Enamel White, Pigment white 5, CI Pigment white 5, Barium zinc sulfate, Barium zinc sulfide, Lithopone B301, ZNS 28-30%, Lithopone 28-30%, LithoponeB311, Zinc sulfide, Barium sulfate Mixture, Pigment White 5 (77115), Becton White, Charlton White, Zincolith |Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | PubChem = 56846444 | CASNo = 1345-05-7 | EC_number = 215-715-5 | ChemSpiderID = 27472957 }} |Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |Formula = {{chem2 | BaSO4*ZnS }} |MolarMass = 330.80 g/mol |Appearance = White powder |Odor = odorless |Density = Approx. 4.36 g/mL |Solubility = Insoluble |MeltingPt = ZnS > 1,180 °C <br /> BaSO4 > 1,350 °C }} |Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards |NFPA-H = 1 |NFPA-F = 0 |NFPA-R = 1 | GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}} | GHSSignalWord = Warning | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|332}} | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|270|271|301+312|304+312|304+340|312|330|501}} }} }}

'''Lithopone''', C.I. Pigment White 5, is a mixture of inorganic compounds, widely used as a white pigment powder. It is composed of a mixture of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide. These insoluble compounds blend well with organic compounds and confer opacity. It was made popular by the cheap production costs, greater coverage. Related white pigments include titanium dioxide, zinc oxide ("zinc white"), zinc sulfide, and white lead.<ref name=Ullmann/>

== History == Lithopone was discovered in the 1870s by DuPont. It was manufactured by Krebs Pigments and Chemical Company and other companies.<ref name=kreb>{{cite web |url=http://www2.dupont.com/Heritage/en_US/related_topics/krebs_pigment_chemical_company.html |title=Krebs Pigment & Chemical Company |accessdate=2011-10-24 |quote=Founded in 1902 by Henrick J. Krebs, Krebs Pigments and Chemical Company produced lithopone, a widely used white paint pigment also manufactured by DuPont. But Krebs' company had another asset of special interest to DuPont. ... |publisher=DuPont |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511062514/http://www2.dupont.com/Heritage/en_US/related_topics/krebs_pigment_chemical_company.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The material came in different "seals", which varied in the content of zinc sulfide. Gold seal and Bronze seals contain 40-50% zinc sulfide, offering more hiding power and strength.<ref name=Booge>{{cite patent| title = Lithopone Composition and Process of Making Same | country = US | number = 1722174A | year = 1929 | inventor = Booge, J. E.}}</ref> Although its popularity peaked around 1920, approximately 223,352 tons were produced in 1990. It is mainly used in paints, putty, and in plastics.<ref name=Ullmann/>

===Stability and darkening=== Although barium sulfate is almost completely inert, zinc sulfide degrades upon exposure to UV light, leading to darkening of the pigment. The severity of this UV reaction is dependent on a combination of two factors; how much zinc sulfide makes up the pigments formulation, and its total accumulated UV exposure. Depending on these factors the pigment itself can vary in shade over time, ranging from pure white all the way to grey or even black. To suppress this effect, a dopant may be used, such as a small amount of cobalt salts, which would be added to the formulation. This process creates cobalt-doped zinc sulfide. The cobalt salts help to stabilize zinc sulfide so it will not have as severe a reaction to UV exposure.

== Production == Lithopone is produced by coprecipitation of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide. Most commonly coprecipitation is effected by combining equimolar amounts of zinc sulfate and barium sulfide: : BaS + ZnSO₄ → ZnS·BaSO₄ This route affords a product that is 29.4 wt % ZnS and 70.6 wt % BaSO₄. Variations exist, for example, more ZnS-rich materials are produced when zinc chloride is added to the mixture of zinc sulfate and barium sulfide.<ref name=Ullmann>Völz, Hans G. ''et al.'' "Pigments, Inorganic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2}}.</ref>

Barium sulfide is produced by carbothermic reduction of barium sulfate. Zinc sulfate is obtained from a variety of zinc products, often waste, by treatment with sulfuric acid. <!--couldn't figure this out=== Method Two: === John L. Mitchell created this method of calcination for production of lithopone in 1918 in hopes of increasing the quality of lithopone while reducing and controlling the formation of zinc oxide waste. Calcining is a thermal treatment process applied a solid material in order to cause thermal decomposition at below the melting point of the product. It begins with a zinc sulfate solution made by the reaction of sulfuric acid and zinc oxide then compressed to obtain the solution. A precipitation of raw materials: barium sulfide and zinc sulfate is dried then thoroughly grounded. The powder is then placed in an airtight furnace and heated from 200 to 950°C. The key is the lack of oxygen preventing the formation of zinc oxide from the desired zinc sulfide therefore maintaining the density and purity of lithopone <ref name=Mitchell /> .<br /> ZnO + H₂SO₄ + 6 H₂O → ZnSO₄(H₂O)₇ ZnSO₄ + BaS → ZnS + BaSO₄ <br />-->

== Safety == Lithopone is rather nontoxic, due to the compound's extreme insolubility. It has been used in medicine as a radiocontrast agent. Lithopone is allowed to be in contact with foodstuffs in the US and Europe.<ref name=Ullmann/>

==See also== * List of inorganic pigments

==References== <references />

==Historical references== *{{cite book|last=Ralston|first=O.C.|title=Electrolytic Deposition and Hydrometallurgy of Zinc|url=https://archive.org/details/electrolyticdep02ralsgoog|date=1921|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=New York}}. *{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=W.J.|title=The Study of Lithopone|journal=J. Phys. Chem.|date=1915|volume=19|issue=2|pages=113–144|doi=10.1021/j150155a002|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428778}}. *{{cite patent | country = US | number = 1478347 | status = | title = Apparatus for calcining lithopone | pubdate = Dec 18, 1923 | gdate = | fdate = Jun 2, 1920 | pridate = Jun 2, 1920 | inventor = Mitchell John L | assign1 = Mitchell John L}} *{{cite journal|last=Goshorn|first=J.H.|author2=Black, C.K. |title=The study of lithopone darkening|journal=Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|date=1929|volume=21|issue=4|pages=348–9|doi=10.1021/ie50232a021}} *{{cite web|last=Sachtleben|title=Material Safety Data Sheet|url=https://www.b2bcomposites.com/msds/ted/78661.pdf|accessdate=29 April 2014}}. *{{cite book|last=Trott|first=L.H.|title=Lithopone and Its Part in Paints|date=1927|publisher=The New Jersey Zinc Company}}.

{{barium compounds}} {{zinc compounds}}

Category:Barium compounds Category:Zinc compounds Category:Sulfides Category:Sulfates Category:Inorganic pigments Category:Radiocontrast agents