Leg mechanism

{{Short description|Mechanical system that walks}} thumb|Theo Jansen's Strandbeest, a group of planar walking mechanisms A '''leg mechanism''' (walking mechanism) is a mechanical system designed to provide a propulsive force by intermittent frictional contact with the ground. This is in contrast with wheels or continuous tracks which are intended to maintain continuous frictional contact with the ground. Mechanical legs are linkages that can have one or more actuators, and can perform simple planar or complex motion. Compared to a wheel, a leg mechanism is potentially better fitted to uneven terrain, as it can step over obstacles.<ref name="ghassaei">{{cite thesis |url=http://www.amandaghassaei.com/files/thesis.pdf |title=The Design and Optimization of a Crank-Based Leg Mechanism |author=Ghassaei, Amanda |date=20 April 2011 |publisher=Pomona College |accessdate=27 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029234530/http://www.amandaghassaei.com/files/thesis.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

An early design for a leg mechanism called the ''Plantigrade Machine'' by Pafnuty Chebyshev was shown at the Exposition Universelle (1878). The original engravings for this leg mechanism are available.<ref>{{cite book|author=P. L. Tchebyshev|title=Plantigrade Machine Engraving|publisher=stored in the Musée des arts et métiers du Conservatoire national des arts et métiers Paris, France CNAM 10475-0000|url=http://en.tcheb.ru/1}}</ref> The design of the leg mechanism for the Ohio State Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV) is presented in the 1988 book ''Machines that Walk''.<ref> {{cite book|author=S. M. Song and K. J. Waldron|title=Machines that Walk: The Adaptive Suspension Vehicle|publisher=The MIT Press|date=November 1988| isbn=9780262192743 |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/machines-walk}}</ref> In 1996, W-B. Shieh presented a design methodology for leg mechanisms.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=W. B. Shieh|title=Design and Optimization of Planar Leg Mechanisms Featuring Symmetrical Foot-Point Paths|publisher=PhD Dissertation, The University of Maryland|date=1996|url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/5811}}</ref> The artwork of Theo Jansen,<ref>{{cite book|author=Theo Jansen|title=Strandbeest|url=https://www.strandbeest.com}}</ref> see Jansen's linkage, has been particularly inspiring for the design of leg mechanisms, as well as the Klann patent, which is the basis for the leg mechanism of the Mondo Spider.

== Design goals == * horizontal speed as constant as possible while touching the ground (support phase)<ref name="ghassaei" /><ref name="Shigley">{{cite report |author=Shigley, Joseph E. |title=The Mechanics of Walking Vehicles: A Feasibility Study |publisher=University of Michigan Department of Mechanical Engineering |date=September 1960 |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/419858.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045205/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/419858.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |accessdate=27 July 2016}} [http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/7574 Alt URL]</ref> * while the foot is not touching the ground, it should move as fast as possible * constant torque/force input (or at least no extreme spikes/changes) * stride height (enough for clearance, not too much to conserve energy) * the foot has to touch the ground for at least half of the cycle for a two/four leg mechanism<ref name="ghassaei" /> or respectively, a third of the cycle for a three/six leg mechanism * minimized moving mass * vertical center of mass always inside the base of support<ref name="ghassaei" /> * the speed of each leg or group of legs should be separately controllable for steering<ref name="Shigley" /> * the leg mechanism should allow forward and backward walking<ref name="Shigley" />

Another design goal can be, that stride height and length etc. can be controlled by the operator.<ref name="Shigley" /> This can relatively easily be achieved with a hydraulic leg mechanism, but is not practicable with a crank-based leg mechanism.<ref name="Shigley" />

The optimization has to be done for the whole vehicle – ideally the force/torque variation during a rotation should cancel each other out.<ref name="ghassaei" />

== History == Richard Lovell Edgeworth tried in 1770 to construct a machine he called a "Wooden Horse", but was not successful.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Design and optimization of a one-degree-of-freedom eight-bar leg mechanism for a walking machine |author=Giesbrecht, Daniel |date=8 April 2010 |publisher=University of Manitoba |hdl = 1993/3922}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lunarmenfivefrie00uglo |title=The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World |author=Uglow, Jenny |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |date=2002 |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-374-19440-8 |accessdate=27 July 2016 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

==Patents== Patents for leg mechanism designs range from rotating cranks to four-bar and six-bar linkages.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Michael McCarthy|title=Kinematic Synthesis of Mechanisms: a project based approach|publisher=MDA Press|date=March 2019|url=https://mechanicaldesign101.com/2019/03/25/kinematic-synthesis-of-mechanisms-a-project-based-approach/}}</ref> See for example the following patents:

* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US469169A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+469%2c169+Figure+Toy U.S. Patent No. 469,169 Figure Toy, F. O. Norton (1892)]. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1146700A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+1%2c146%2c700%2c+Animated+Toy U.S. Patent No. 1,146,700, Animated Toy, A. Gund (1915)]. A leg mechanism formed by an inverted slider-crank. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1363460A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+1%2c363%2c460%2c+Walking+Toy U.S. Patent No. 1,363,460, Walking Toy, J. A. Ekelund (1920)]. A leg mechanism formed by a rotating crank with extensions that contact the ground. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1576956A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+1%2c576%2c956%2c+Quadruped+Walking+Mechanism U.S. Patent No. 1,576,956, Quadruped Walking Mechanism, E. Dunshee (1926)]. A four-bar leg mechanism that shows the coupler curve forms the foot trajectory. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1803197A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+1%2c803%2c197%2c+Walking+Toy U.S. Patent No. 1,803,197, Walking Toy, P. C. Marie (1931)]. Another rotating crank leg mechanism. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1819029A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+1%2c819%2c029%2c+Mechanical+Toy+Horse U.S. Patent No. 1,819,029, Mechanical Toy Horse, J. St. C. King (1931)]. A crank-rocker leg mechanism with a one-way friction mechanisms in the foot. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US2591469A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+2%2c591%2c469%2c+Animated+Mechanical+Toy U.S. Patent No. 2,591,469, Animated Mechanical Toy, H. Saito (1952)]. An inverted slider crank mechanism for the front foot and crank-rocker for the back foot. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US4095661A/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+4095661%2c+Walking+Work+Vehicle U.S. Patent No. 4095661, Walking Work Vehicle, J. R. Sturges (1978)]. A lambda mechanism combined with a parallelogram linkage to form a translating leg that follows the coupler curve. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6260862B1/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+6%2c260%2c862%2c+Walking+Device U.S. Patent No. 6,260,862, Walking Device, J. C. Klann (2001)]. The coupler curve of a four-bar linkage guides the lower link of an RR serial chain to form a leg mechanism, known as the Klann linkage. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6481513B2/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+6%2c481%2c513%2c+Single+Actuator+per+Leg+Robotic+Hexapod U.S. Patent No. 6,481,513, Single Actuator per Leg Robotic Hexapod, M. Buehler et al. (2002)]. A leg mechanism that consists of a single rotating crank. * [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6488560B2/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+6%2c488%2c560%2c+Walking+Apparatus U.S. Patent No. 6,488,560, Walking Apparatus, Y. Nishikawa (2002)]. Another rotating crank leg mechanism.

==Gallery== === Stationary === <gallery> File:Strandbeest-Walking-Animation.gif|Jansen linkage File:F4-motion.gif|Klann linkage File:Leg mechanism.gif|Eight-bar leg mechanism <ref>{{cite conference |author1=Simionescu, P.A. |author2=Tempea, I. |title=Kinematic and kinetostatic simulation of a leg mechanism |conference=10th World Congress on the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms |location=Oulu, Finland |date=20–24 June 1999 |pages=572–577 |url=http://faculty.tamucc.edu/psimionescu/PDFs/Simionescu-IFToMM-1999.pdf |accessdate=27 July 2016 }}</ref> File:Tokyo Institute of Technology leg mechanism.gif|Tokyo Institute of Technology walking chair<ref>{{cite conference |author1=Funabashi, H. |author2=Takeda, Y. |author3=Kawabuchi, I. |author4=Higuchi, M. |title=Development of a walking chair with a self-attitude-adjusting mechanism for stable walking on uneven terrain |conference=10th World Congress on the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms |location=Oulu, Finland |date=20–24 June 1999 |pages=1164–1169 }}</ref> File:Strandbeest--Full-Walking-Animation.gif|Strandbeest (applied Jansen linkage) File:Ghassaei Linkage four legs.gif|Ghassaei Linkage<ref name="ghassaei" /> File:Tchebyshevs plantigrade machine.gif|Tchebyshevs plantigrade machine<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://en.tcheb.ru/1 | title=Plantigrade machine — Mechanisms by P. L. Tchebyshev }}</ref> File:TrotBot without Heel Linkage.gif|TrotBot Linkage (without heel linkage)<ref name="TrotBot Linkage Plans">{{cite web |last1=Vagle |first1=Wade |title=TrotBot Linkage Plans |url=https://www.diywalkers.com/trotbot-linkage-plans.html |website=DIYwalkers}}</ref> File:TrotBot - 1 Corner of 12 Leg Robot.gif|TrotBot<ref name="Shigley's Study Applied">{{cite web |title=Shigley's Study Applied |url=https://www.diywalkers.com/blog/walking-tanks-prof-shigleys-pioneering-study-of-mechanical-walkers |website=DIYwalkers}}</ref> Linkage Speed Variability as Ground Height Changes File:Strider Linkage - 1 Corner of 12 Leg Robot.gif|Strider<ref name="Shigley's Study Applied" /> Linkage Speed Variability as Ground Height Changes File:Strider Linkage Animated.gif|Strider Linkage<ref name="Strider Linkage Plans">{{cite web |last1=Vagle |first1=Wade |title=Strider Linkage Plans |url=https://www.diywalkers.com/strider-linkage-plans.html |website=DIYwalkers}}</ref> File:Strandbeest, TrotBot, Strider, Klann Linkages.gif|Foot-Paths of Strandbeest, TrotBot, Strider and Klann Linkages </gallery>

=== Walking === {| class="prettytable" |+ ! * ! 4 legs ! 6 legs |- ! Strandbeest |180px |180px |- ! Ghassaei |180px |180px |- ! Klann linkage 1 |180px |180px |- ! Klann linkage 2 |180px | |- !Plantigrade Mechanism |180px | |- !Trotbot<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.diywalkers.com/trotbot.html | title=TrotBot }}</ref> |180px |center|frameless |- !Strider Linkage<ref name="Strider Linkage Plans" /> |center|framelessStrider Prototype, 4 legs/side |center|frameless |}

== Complex mechanism == Shown above are only planar mechanisms, but there are also more complex mechanisms: <gallery> File:Lauron4c 2009 FZI Karlsruhe.jpg File:Legged robot.jpg File:Sechsbeiniger Laufroboter LAURON aus dem Jahr 1995 im Deutschen Museum in München entwickelt vom Forschungszentrum Informatik, Karlsruhe.jpg </gallery>

==References== {{reflist|30em}}

==External links== {{Wikibooks|Comparison of crank based leg mechanism}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}} *{{Commonscatinline}}

Category:Linkages (mechanical)