Isotopes of lead

{{Short description|none}} {{Infobox lead isotopes}}

Lead (₈₂Pb) has four observationally stable isotopes: ²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb. Lead-204 is entirely a primordial nuclide and is not a radiogenic nuclide. The three isotopes lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 represent the ends of three decay chains: the uranium series (or radium series), the actinium series, and the thorium series, respectively; a fourth decay chain, the neptunium series, terminates with the thallium isotope ²⁰⁵Tl. The three series terminating in lead represent the decay chain products of long-lived primordial ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U, and ²³²Th. Each isotope also occurs, to some extent, as primordial isotopes that were made in supernovae, rather than radiogenically as daughter products. The fixed ratio of lead-204 to the primordial amounts of the other lead isotopes may be used as the baseline to estimate the extra amounts of radiogenic lead present in rocks as a result of decay from uranium and thorium. This is the basis for lead–lead dating and uranium–lead dating.

The longest-lived radioisotopes, both decaying by electron capture, are ²⁰⁵Pb with a half-life of 17.0&nbsp;million years and ²⁰²Pb with a half-life of 52,500 years. A shorter-lived naturally occurring radioisotope, ²¹⁰Pb with a half-life of 22.2 years, is useful for studying the sedimentation chronology of environmental samples on time scales shorter than 100 years.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/terraetaqua/document/0/9/0/90/90/1/terra-et-aqua-nr78-03.pdf |title=Determining the Ages of Recent Sediments Using Measurements of Trace Radioactivity |first=Hewitt W. |last=Jeter |journal=Terra et Aqua |number=78 |pages=21–28 |date=March 2000 |access-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043824/https://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/terraetaqua/document/0/9/0/90/90/1/terra-et-aqua-nr78-03.pdf }}</ref>

The heaviest stable isotope, ²⁰⁸Pb, belongs to this element. (The more massive ²⁰⁹Bi, long considered to be stable, actually has a half-life of 2.01×10¹⁹ years.) ²⁰⁸Pb is also a doubly magic isotope, as it has 82 protons and 126 neutrons.<ref name=magic>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232899048 |last1=Blank |first1=B. |last2=Regan |first2=P.H. |title=Magic and doubly-magic nuclei |journal=Nuclear Physics News |date=2000 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=20–27 |doi=10.1080/10506890109411553|s2cid=121966707}}</ref> It is the heaviest doubly magic nuclide known.

The four primordial isotopes of lead are all observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to undergo radioactive decay but no decay has been observed yet. These four isotopes are predicted to undergo alpha decay and become isotopes of mercury which are themselves radioactive or observationally stable.

There are trace quantities existing of the radioactive isotopes 209–214. The largest and most important is lead-210 as it has by far the longest half-life (22.2 years) and occurs in the abundant uranium decay series. Lead-211, -212, and -214 are present in the decay chains of uranium-235, thorium-232, and uranium-238, further, making these three lead isotopes also detectable in natural sources. The more minute traces of lead-209 arise from three rare decay branches: the beta-delayed-neutron decay of thallium-210 (in the uranium series), the last step of the neptunium series, traces of which are produced by neutron capture in uranium ores, and the very rare cluster decay of radium-223 (yielding also carbon-14). Lead-213 also occurs in a minor branch of the neptunium series. Lead-210 is particularly useful for helping to identify the ages of samples by measuring its ratio to lead-206 (both isotopes are present in a single decay chain).{{sfn|Fiorini|2010|pp=7–8}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2026}}

In total, 43 lead isotopes have been synthesized, from ¹⁷⁸Pb to ²²⁰Pb.

== List of isotopes == {{Anchor|Lead-181m|Lead-196m3}}

<!--Please delete anchor(s) from the list above or table below if adding a dedicated isotope section(s).-->

{{Isotopes table |symbol=Pb |refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II, <!--(was updated as of 2024-09-23) --> IsotopeFRIB, IsomerFRIB |notes=m, histname, unc(), mass#, exen#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, daughter-nst, IT, EC, discoveryname }} |-id=Lead-178 | rowspan=2|¹⁷⁸Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96 | rowspan=2|178.003836(25) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/178.pdf 2016] | rowspan=2|250(80)&nbsp;μs | α | ¹⁷⁴Hg | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? | ¹⁷⁸Tl |-id=Lead-179 | ¹⁷⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 97 | 179.002(87) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/179.pdf 2010] | 2.7(2)&nbsp;ms | α | ¹⁷⁵Hg | (9/2−) | | |-id=Lead-180 | ¹⁸⁰Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 98 | 179.997916(13) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/180.pdf 1996] | 4.1(3)&nbsp;ms | α | ¹⁷⁶Hg | 0+ | | |-id=Lead-181 | rowspan=2|¹⁸¹Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 99 | rowspan=2|180.996661(91) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/181.pdf 1989] | rowspan=2|39.0(8)&nbsp;ms | α | ¹⁷⁷Hg | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? | ¹⁸¹Tl |-id=Lead-182 | rowspan=2|¹⁸²Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 100 | rowspan=2|181.992674(13) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/182.pdf 1986] | rowspan=2|55(5)&nbsp;ms | α | ¹⁷⁸Hg | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? | ¹⁸²Tl |-id=Lead-183 | rowspan=2|¹⁸³Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101 | rowspan=2|182.991863(31) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/183.pdf 1980] | rowspan=2|535(30)&nbsp;ms | α | ¹⁷⁹Hg | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? | ¹⁸³Tl |-id=Lead-183m | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^183mPb | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 94(8)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/183Pb-1.pdf 1986] | rowspan=3|415(20)&nbsp;ms | α | ¹⁷⁹Hg | rowspan=3|13/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺? | ¹⁸³Tl |- | IT? | ¹⁸³Pb |-id=Lead-184 | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁴Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102 | rowspan=2|183.988136(14) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/184.pdf 1980] | rowspan=2|490(25)&nbsp;ms | α (80%) | ¹⁸⁰Hg | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? (20%) | ¹⁸⁴Tl |-id=Lead-185 | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁵Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=2|184.987610(17) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/185.pdf 1975] | rowspan=2|6.3(4)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (66%) | ¹⁸⁵Tl | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (34%) | ¹⁸¹Hg |-id=Lead-185m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^185mPb<ref group="n" name="order">Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.</ref> | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 70(50)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/185Pb-1.pdf 1975] | rowspan=2|4.07(15)&nbsp;s | α (50%) | ¹⁸¹Hg | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? (50%) | ¹⁸⁵Tl |-id=Lead-186 | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁶Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104 | rowspan=2|185.984239(12) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/186.pdf 1972] | rowspan=2|4.82(3)&nbsp;s | β⁺? (60%) | ¹⁸⁶Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (40%) | ¹⁸²Hg |-id=Lead-187 | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁷Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105 | rowspan=2|186.9839108(55) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/187.pdf 1972] | rowspan=2|15.2(3)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (90.5%) | ¹⁸⁷Tl | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (9.5%) | ¹⁸³Hg |-id=Lead-187m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^187mPb<ref group="n" name="order"/> | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 19(10)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/187Pb-1.pdf 1981] | rowspan=2|18.3(3)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (88%) | ¹⁸⁷Tl | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (12%) | ¹⁸³Hg |-id=Lead-188 | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁸Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106 | rowspan=2|187.980879(11) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/188.pdf 1972] | rowspan=2|25.1(1)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (91.5%) | ¹⁸⁸Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (8.5%) | ¹⁸⁴Hg |-id=Lead-188m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^188m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2577.2(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/188Pb-1.pdf 1999] | 800(20)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁸⁸Pb | 8− | | |-id=Lead-188m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^188m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2709.8(5)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/188Pb-2.pdf 1999] | 94(12)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁸⁸Pb | 12+ | | |-id=Lead-188m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^188m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4783.4(7)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/188Pb-3.pdf 2000] | 440(60)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁸⁸Pb | (19−) | | |-id=Lead-189 | rowspan=2|¹⁸⁹Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 107 | rowspan=2|188.980844(15) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/189.pdf 1972] | rowspan=2|39(8)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (99.58%) | ¹⁸⁹Tl | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.42%) | ¹⁸⁵Hg |-id=Lead-189m1 | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | ^189m1Pb | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(4)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/189Pb-2.pdf 2009] | rowspan=3|50.5(21)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (99.6%) | ¹⁸⁹Tl | rowspan=3|13/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | α (0.4%) | ¹⁸⁵Hg |- | IT? | ¹⁸⁹Pb |-id=Lead-189m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^189m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2475(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/189Pb-1.pdf 2005] | 26(5)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁸⁹Pb | 31/2− | | |-id=Lead-190 | rowspan=2|¹⁹⁰Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 108 | rowspan=2|189.978082(13) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/190.pdf 1972] | rowspan=2|71(1)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (99.60%) | ¹⁹⁰Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.40%) | ¹⁸⁶Hg |-id=Lead-190m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^190m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2614.8(8)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/190Pb-3.pdf 1998] | 150(14)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁰Pb | 10+ | | |-id=Lead-190m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^190m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2665(50)#&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/190Pb-1.pdf 1985] | 24.3(21)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁹⁰Pb | (12+) | | |-id=Lead-190m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^190m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2658.2(8)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/190Pb-2.pdf 1998] | 7.7(3)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁹⁰Pb | 11− | | |-id=Lead-191 | rowspan=2|¹⁹¹Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 109 | rowspan=2|190.9782165(71) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/191.pdf 1974] | rowspan=2|1.33(8)&nbsp;min | β⁺ (99.49%) | ¹⁹¹Tl | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.51%) | ¹⁸⁷Hg |-id=Lead-191m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^191m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 58(10)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/191Pb-1.pdf 1981] | rowspan=2|2.18(8)&nbsp;min | β⁺ (99.98%) | ¹⁹¹Tl | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.02%) | ¹⁸⁷Hg |-id=Lead-191m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^191m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2659(10)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/191Pb-2.pdf 1999] | 180(80)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹¹Pb | 33/2+ | | |-id=Lead-192 | rowspan=2|¹⁹²Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110 | rowspan=2|191.9757896(61) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/192.pdf 1974] | rowspan=2|3.5(1)&nbsp;min | β⁺ (99.99%) | ¹⁹²Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0.0059%) | ¹⁸⁸Hg |-id=Lead-192m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^192m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2581.1(1)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/192Pb-2.pdf 1985] | 166(6)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹²Pb | 10+ | | |-id=Lead-192m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^192m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2625.1(11)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/192Pb-1.pdf 1979] | 1.09(4)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁹²Pb | 12+ | | |-id=Lead-192m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^192m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2743.5(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/192Pb-3.pdf 2001] | 756(14)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹²Pb | 11− | | |-id=Lead-193 | ¹⁹³Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 111 | 192.976136(11) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/193.pdf 1974] | 4#&nbsp;min | β⁺? | ¹⁹³Tl | 3/2−# | | |-id=Lead-193m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^193m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 93(12)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/193Pb-1.pdf 1974] | 5.8(2)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ¹⁹³Tl | 13/2+ | | |-id=Lead-193m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^193m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2707(13)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/193Pb-2.pdf 1991] | 180(15)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹³Pb | 33/2+ | | |-id=Lead-194 | rowspan=2|¹⁹⁴Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112 | rowspan=2|193.974012(19) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/194.pdf 1960] | rowspan=2|10.7(6)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁴Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (7.3×10⁻⁶%) | ¹⁹⁰Hg |-id=Lead-194m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^194m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2628.1(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/194Pb-1.pdf 1972] | 370(13)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁴Pb | 12+ | | |-id=Lead-194m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^194m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2933.0(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/194Pb-2.pdf 1986] | 133(7)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁴Pb | 11− | | |-id=Lead-195 | ¹⁹⁵Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 113 | 194.9745162(55) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/195.pdf 1957] | 15.0(14)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁵Tl | 3/2- | | |-id=Lead-195m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^195m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 202.9(7)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/195Pb-2.pdf 1982] | rowspan=2|15.0(12)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁵Tl | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT? | ¹⁹⁵Pb |-id=Lead-195m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^195m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1759.0(7)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/195Pb-1.pdf 1977] | 10.0(7)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁹⁵Pb | 21/2− | | |-id=Lead-195m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^195m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2901.7(8)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | (1982)<ref group="n">Only published in a conference proceeding and not a refereed journal</ref> | 95(20)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁵Pb | 33/2+ | | |-id=Lead-196 | rowspan=2|¹⁹⁶Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114 | rowspan=2|195.9727876(83) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/196.pdf 1957] | rowspan=2|37(3)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁶Tl | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (<3×10⁻⁵%) | ¹⁹²Hg |-id=Lead-196m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^196m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1797.51(14)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/196Pb-2.pdf 1973] | 140(14)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁶Pb | 5− | | |-id=Lead-196m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^196m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2694.6(3)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/196Pb-1.pdf 1973] | 270(4)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁶Pb | 12+ | | |-id=Lead-197 | ¹⁹⁷Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 196.9734347(52) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/197.pdf 1955] | 8.1(17)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁷Tl | 3/2− | | |-id=Lead-197m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^197m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 319.31(11)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/197Pb-1.pdf 1957] | rowspan=2|42.9(9)&nbsp;min | β⁺ (81%) | ¹⁹⁷Tl | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (19%) | ¹⁹⁷Pb |-id=Lead-197m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^197m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1914.10(25)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/197Pb-2.pdf 1977] | 1.15(20)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁹⁷Pb | 21/2− | | |-id=Lead-198 | ¹⁹⁸Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 197.9720155(94) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/198.pdf 1955] | 2.4(1)&nbsp;h | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁸Tl | 0+ | | |-id=Lead-198m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^198m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2141.4(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/198Pb-1.pdf 1972] | 4.12(7)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁹⁸Pb | 7− | | |-id=Lead-198m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^198m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2231.4(5)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/198Pb-3.pdf 1973] | 137(10)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁸Pb | 9− | | |-id=Lead-198m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^198m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2821.7(6)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/198Pb-2.pdf 1973] | 212(4)&nbsp;ns | IT | ¹⁹⁸Pb | 12+ | | |-id=Lead-199 | ¹⁹⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 198.9729126(73) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/199.pdf 1950] | 90(10)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ¹⁹⁹Tl | 3/2− | | |-id=Lead-199m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^199m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 429.5(27)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/199Pb-1.pdf 1955] | rowspan=2|12.2(3)&nbsp;min | IT | ¹⁹⁹Pb | rowspan=2|(13/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? | ¹⁹⁹Tl |-id=Lead-199m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^199m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2563.8(27)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/199Pb-2.pdf 1977] | 10.1(2)&nbsp;μs | IT | ¹⁹⁹Pb | (29/2−) | | |-id=Lead-200 | ²⁰⁰Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 118 | 199.971819(11) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/200.pdf 1950] | 21.5(4)&nbsp;h | EC | ²⁰⁰Tl | 0+ | | |-id=Lead-200m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^200m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2183.3(11)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/200Pb-1.pdf 1972] | 456(6)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²⁰⁰Pb | (9−) | | |-id=Lead-200m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^200m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3005.8(12)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/200Pb-2.pdf 1973] | 198(3)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²⁰⁰Pb | 12+) | | |-id=Lead-201 | ²⁰¹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 119 | 200.972870(15) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/201.pdf 1950] | 9.33(3)&nbsp;h | β⁺ | ²⁰¹Tl | 5/2− | | |-id=Lead-201m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^201m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 629.1(3)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/201Pb-1.pdf 1952] | rowspan=2|60.8(18)&nbsp;s | IT | ²⁰¹Pb | rowspan=2|13/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺? | ²⁰¹Tl |-id=Lead-201m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^201m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2953(20)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/201Pb-2.pdf 1981] | 508(3)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²⁰¹Pb | (29/2−) | | |-id=Lead-202 | ²⁰²Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 120 | 201.9721516(41) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/202.pdf 1954] | 5.25(28)×10⁴&nbsp;y | EC | ²⁰²Tl | 0+ | | |-id=Lead-202m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^202m1Pb | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2169.85(8)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/202Pb-1.pdf 1954] | rowspan=2|3.54(2)&nbsp;h | IT (90.5%) | ²⁰²Pb | rowspan=2|9− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (9.5%) | ²⁰²Tl |-id=Lead-202m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^202m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4140(50)#&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/202Pb-2.pdf 1986] | 100(3)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²⁰²Pb | 16+ | | |-id=Lead-202m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^202m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 5300(50)#&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/202Pb-3.pdf 1987] | 108(3)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²⁰²Pb | 19− | | |-id=Lead-203 | ²⁰³Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 202.9733906(70) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/203.pdf 1942] | 51.924(15)&nbsp;h | EC | '''²⁰³Tl''' | 5/2− | | |-id=Lead-203m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^203m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 825.2(3)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/203Pb-1.pdf 1955] | 6.21(8)&nbsp;s | IT | ²⁰³Pb | 13/2+ | | |-id=Lead-203m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^203m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2949.2(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/203Pb-2.pdf 1977] | 480(7)&nbsp;ms | IT | ²⁰³Pb | 29/2− | | |-id=Lead-203m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^203m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2970(50)#&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/203Pb-3.pdf 1988] | 122(4)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²⁰³Pb | 25/2−# | | |-id=Lead-204 | ²⁰⁴Pb<ref group="n" name="rd">Used in lead–lead dating</ref> | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 203.9730435(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/204.pdf 1932] | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Observationally stable'''{{refn|group="n"|Believed to undergo α decay to '''²⁰⁰Hg''' with a half-life over 1.4×10²⁰ years; the theoretical lifetime is around ~10^35–37 years.<ref name="Bellini">{{cite journal |last1=Beeman |first1=J.W. |last2=Bellini |first2=F. |display-authors=1 |title=New experimental limits on the alpha decays of lead isotopes |journal=European Physical Journal A |date=2013 |volume=49 |issue=4 |page=50 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2013-13050-7|arxiv=1212.2422 |bibcode=2013EPJA...49...50B |s2cid=254111888}}</ref>}} | 0+ | 0.014(6) | 0.0000–0.0158<ref name="CW">{{cite web|url=https://www.ciaaw.org/lead.htm|title=Standard Atomic Weights: Lead|date=2020|publisher=CIAAW}}</ref> |-id=Lead-204m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^204m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1274.13(5)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/204Pb-2.pdf 1950] | 265(6)&nbsp;ns | IT | '''²⁰⁴Pb''' | 4+ | | |-id=Lead-204m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^204m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2185.88(8)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/204Pb-1.pdf 1947] | 66.93(10)&nbsp;min | IT | '''²⁰⁴Pb''' | 9− | | |-id=Lead-204m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^204m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2264.42(6)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/204Pb-3.pdf 1978] | 490(70)&nbsp;ns | IT | '''²⁰⁴Pb''' | 7− | | |-id=Lead-205 | ²⁰⁵Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 123 | 204.9744817(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/205.pdf 1954] | 1.70(9)×10⁷&nbsp;y | EC | '''²⁰⁵Tl''' | 5/2− | | |-id=Lead-205m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^205m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2.329(7)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/205Pb-3.pdf 1976] | 24.2(4)&nbsp;μs | IT | ²⁰⁵Pb | 1/2− | | |-id=Lead-205m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^205m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1013.85(3)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/205Pb-1.pdf 1960] | 5.55(2)&nbsp;ms | IT | ²⁰⁵Pb | 13/2+ | | |-id=Lead-205m3 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^205m3Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3195.8(6)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/205Pb-2.pdf 1973] | 217(5)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²⁰⁵Pb | 25/2− | | |-id=Lead-206 | ²⁰⁶Pb<ref group="n" name="rd" /><ref group="n">Final decay product of 4n+2 decay chain (the Radium or Uranium series)</ref> | Radium G<ref name="Kuhn1929">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=W. |title=LXVIII. Scattering of thorium C" γ-radiation by radium G and ordinary lead |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date=1929 |volume=8 |issue=52 |page=628 |doi=10.1080/14786441108564923}}</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 124 | 205.9744652(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/206.pdf 1927] | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Observationally stable'''{{refn|group="n"|Believed to undergo α decay to '''²⁰²Hg''' with a half-life over 2.5×10²¹ years; the theoretical lifetime is ~10^65–68 years.<ref name="Bellini"/>}} | 0+ | 0.241(30) | 0.0190–0.8673<ref name="CW" /> |-id=Lead-206m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^206m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2200.16(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/206Pb-1.pdf 1953] | 125(2)&nbsp;μs | IT | '''²⁰⁶Pb''' | 7− | | |-id=Lead-206m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^206m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4027.3(7)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/206Pb-2.pdf 1971] | 202(3)&nbsp;ns | IT | '''²⁰⁶Pb''' | 12+ | | |-id=Lead-207m | ²⁰⁷Pb<ref group="n" name="rd" /><ref group="n">Final decay product of 4n+3 decay chain (the Actinium series)</ref> | Actinium D | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 125 | 206.9758968(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/207.pdf 1927] | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Observationally stable'''{{refn|group="n"|Believed to undergo α decay to ²⁰³Hg with a half-life over 1.9×10²¹ years; the theoretical lifetime is ~10^152–189 years.<ref name="Bellini"/>}} | 1/2− | 0.221(50) | 0.0035–0.2351<ref name="CW" /> |-id=Lead-207m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^207mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1633.356(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/207Pb-1.pdf 1954] | 806(5)&nbsp;ms | IT | '''²⁰⁷Pb''' | 13/2+ | | |-id=Lead-208 | ²⁰⁸Pb<ref group="n">Heaviest observationally stable nuclide; final decay product of 4n decay chain (the Thorium series)</ref> | Thorium D | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 126 | 207.9766520(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/208.pdf 1927] | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|'''Observationally stable'''{{refn|group="n"|Believed to undergo α decay to '''²⁰⁴Hg''' with a half-life over 2.6×10²¹ years; the theoretical lifetime is ~10^124–132 years.<ref name="Bellini"/>}} | 0+ | 0.524(70) | 0.0338–0.9775<ref name="CW" /> |-id=Lead-208m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^208mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4895.23(5)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/208Pb-1.pdf 1989] | 535(35)&nbsp;ns | IT | '''²⁰⁸Pb''' | 10+ | | |-id=Lead-209 | ²⁰⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 127 | 208.9810900(19) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/209.pdf 1940] | 3.235(5)&nbsp;h | β⁻ | '''''²⁰⁹Bi''''' | 9/2+ | Trace<ref group=n name="ns">Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np</ref> | |-id=Lead-210 | rowspan=2|²¹⁰Pb | rowspan=2|Radium D<br/>Radiolead<br/>Radio-lead | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128 | rowspan=2|209.9841884(16) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/210.pdf 1900] | rowspan=2|22.20(22)&nbsp;y | β⁻ (100%) | ²¹⁰Bi | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2|Trace<ref group="n" name="RS">Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U</ref> | rowspan=2| |- | α (1.9×10⁻⁶%) | ²⁰⁶Hg |-id=Lead-210m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^210m1Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1194.61(18)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/210Pb-2.pdf 2018] | 92(10)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²¹⁰Pb | 6+ | | |-id=Lead-210m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^210m2Pb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1274.8(3)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/210Pb-1.pdf 1980] | 201(17)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²¹⁰Pb | 8+ | | |-id=Lead-211 | ²¹¹Pb | Actinium B | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 129 | 210.9887353(24) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/211.pdf 1904] | 36.1628(25)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | ²¹¹Bi | 9/2+ | Trace<ref group="n">Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U</ref> | |-id=Lead-211m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^211mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1719(23)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/211Pb-1.pdf 2011] | 159(28)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²¹¹Pb | (27/2+) | | |-id=Lead-212 | ²¹²Pb | Thorium B | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 130 | 211.9918959(20) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/212.pdf 1900] | 10.627(6)&nbsp;h | β⁻ | ²¹²Bi | 0+ | Trace<ref group="n">Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th</ref> | |-id=Lead-212m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^212mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1335(2)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/212Pb-1.pdf 1998] | 6.0(8)&nbsp;μs | IT | ²¹²Pb | 8+# | | |-id=Lead-213 | ²¹³Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 131 | 212.9965608(75) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/213.pdf 1964] | 10.2(3)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | ²¹³Bi | (9/2+) | Trace<ref group=n name="ns"/> | |-id=Lead-213m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^213mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1331.0(17)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/213Pb-1.pdf 2021] | 260(20)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²¹³Pb | (21/2+) | | |-id=Lead-214 | ²¹⁴Pb | Radium B | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 132 | 213.9998035(21) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/214.pdf 1904] | 27.06(7)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | ²¹⁴Bi | 0+ | Trace<ref group="n" name="RS" /> | |-id=Lead-214m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^214mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1420(20)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/214Pb-1.pdf 2012] | 6.2(3)&nbsp;μs | IT | ²¹⁴Pb | 8+# | | |-id=Lead-215 | ²¹⁵Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 133 | 215.004662(57) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/215.pdf 1998] | 142(11)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ²¹⁵Bi | 9/2+# | | |-id=Lead-216 | ²¹⁶Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 134 | 216.00806(22)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/216.pdf 2010] | 1.66(20)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | ²¹⁶Bi | 0+ | | |-id=Lead-216m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^216mPb | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1514(20)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/82/216Pb-1.pdf 2012] | 400(40)&nbsp;ns | IT | ²¹⁶Pb | 8+# | | |-id=Lead-217 | ²¹⁷Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 135 | 217.01316(32)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/217.pdf 2010] | 19.9(53)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ²¹⁷Bi | 9/2+# | | |-id=Lead-218 | ²¹⁸Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 136 | 218.01678(32)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/218.pdf 2010] | 14.8(68)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ²¹⁸Bi | 0+ | | |-id=Lead-219 | ²¹⁹Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 137 | 219.02214(43)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/219.pdf 2010] | 3#&nbsp;s<br />[>300&nbsp;ns] | β⁻? | ²¹⁹Bi | 11/2+# | | |-id=Lead-220 | ²²⁰Pb | | style="text-align:right" | 82 | style="text-align:right" | 138 | 220.02591(43)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/82/220.pdf 2010] | 1#&nbsp;s<br />[>300&nbsp;ns] | β⁻? | ²²⁰Bi | 0+ | | {{Isotopes table/footer}}

==Lead-206== {{See also|Decay chain}} ²⁰⁶Pb is the final step in the decay chain of ²³⁸U, the "radium series" or "uranium series". In a closed system, over time, a given mass of ²³⁸U will decay in a sequence of steps culminating in ²⁰⁶Pb. The production of intermediate products eventually reaches an equilibrium (though this takes a long time, as the half-life of ²³⁴U is 245,500 years). Once this stabilized system is reached, the ratio of ²³⁸U to ²⁰⁶Pb will steadily decrease, while the ratios of the other intermediate products to each other remain constant.

Like most radioisotopes found in the radium series, ²⁰⁶Pb was initially named as a variation of radium, specifically '''radium G'''. It is the decay product of both ²¹⁰Po (historically called '''radium F''') by alpha decay, and the much rarer ²⁰⁶Tl ('''radium E^II''') by beta decay.

Lead-206 has been proposed for use in fast breeder nuclear fission reactor coolant over the use of natural lead mixture (which also includes other stable lead isotopes) as a mechanism to improve neutron economy and greatly suppress unwanted production of highly radioactive byproducts.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255203791 |title=Polonium Issue in Fast Reactor Lead Coolants and One of the Ways of Its Solution |last1=Khorasanov |first1=G. L. |last2=Ivanov |first2=A. P. |last3=Blokhin |first3=A. I. |conference=10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering |date=2002 |number=ICONE10-22330 |pages=711–717 |doi=10.1115/ICONE10-22330}}</ref>

== Lead-204, -207, and -208== ²⁰⁴Pb is entirely primordial, and is thus useful for estimating the fraction of the other lead isotopes in a given sample that are also primordial, since the relative fractions of the various primordial lead isotopes is constant everywhere.<ref name="pb204">{{cite report|last=Woods|first=G.D.|date=November 2014|url= https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/5991-5270EN_AppNote8800_ICP-QQQ_Pb.pdf|title=Lead isotope analysis: Removal of 204Hg isobaric interference from 204Pb using ICP-QQQ in MS/MS mode|publisher=Agilent Technologies|place=Stockport, UK}}</ref> Any excess lead-206, -207, and -208 is thus assumed to be radiogenic in origin,<ref name="pb204 " /> allowing various uranium and thorium dating schemes to be used to estimate the age of rocks (time since their formation) based on the relative abundance of lead-204 to other isotopes. {{anchor|Lead-207}} ²⁰⁷Pb is the end of the actinium series from ²³⁵U.

²⁰⁸Pb is the end of the thorium series from ²³²Th. While it only makes up approximately half of the composition of lead in most places on Earth, it can be found naturally enriched up to around 90% in thorium ores.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Yu. Smirnov |author2=V. D. Borisevich |author3=A. Sulaberidze |title=Evaluation of specific cost of obtainment of lead-208 isotope by gas centrifuges using various raw materials |journal=Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering |date=July 2012 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=373–378 |doi=10.1134/S0040579512040161 |s2cid=98821122}}</ref> ²⁰⁸Pb is the heaviest known stable nuclide and also the heaviest known doubly magic nucleus, as ''Z'' = 82 and ''N'' = 126 correspond to closed nuclear shells.<ref name="dmagic">{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232899048 |last1=Blank |first1=B. |last2=Regan |first2=P.H. |title=Magic and doubly-magic nuclei |journal=Nuclear Physics News |date=2000 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=20–27 |doi=10.1080/10506890109411553|s2cid=121966707}}</ref> As a consequence of this particularly stable configuration, its neutron capture cross section is very low (even lower than that of deuterium in the thermal spectrum), making it of interest for lead-cooled fast reactors.

In 2025 a published study suggested that the nucleus of ²⁰⁸Pb is not perfectly spherical as previously believed, but rather is a "prolate spheroid", more commonly described as the shape of a rugby ball.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Henderson |first1=J. |last2=Heery |first2=J. |last3=Rocchini |first3=M. |last4=Siciliano |first4=M. |last5=Sensharma |first5=N. |last6=Ayangeakaa |first6=A. D. |last7=Janssens |first7=R. V. F. |last8=Kowalewski |first8=T. M. |last9=Abhishek |last10=Stevenson |first10=P. D. |last11=Yüksel |first11=E. |last12=Brown |first12=B. A. |last13=Rodriguez |first13=T. R. |last14=Robledo |first14=L. M. |last15=Wu |first15=C. Y. |date=2025-02-14 |title=Deformation and Collectivity in Doubly Magic Pb208 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=134 |issue=6 |article-number=062502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.062502|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Lead-210 == '''Lead-210''' ('''²¹⁰Pb''') is a radiogenic isotope of lead, found in the decay chain of uranium-238. It is a beta emitter with a half-life of 22.20 years. In addition to dating recent sediments, ²¹⁰Pb is widely applied for studying soil erosion and sedimentation dynamics in agricultural and natural environments. The unsupported or excess component (²¹⁰Pb_ex), derived from atmospheric fallout of radon-222 decay products, accumulates in surface soils and decays with a half-life of 22.3 years. Its depth-dependent activity profile enables reconstruction of soil redistribution over the past century.

Because ²¹⁰Pb deposition is continuous and globally widespread, the method provides a long-term perspective that complements the medium-term records obtained from anthropogenic radionuclides such as ¹³⁷Cs. It has been used to quantify erosion and deposition rates, assess land degradation, and evaluate soil conservation practices, offering valuable data for geomorphic and environmental research.<ref name="IAEA2014">{{cite book |title=Guidelines for Using Fallout Radionuclides to Assess Erosion and Effectiveness of Soil Conservation Strategies |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |location=Vienna |year=2014 |series=IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1741 |isbn=978-92-0-105414-2|url=https://www.iaea.org/publications/10501/guidelines-for-using-fallout-radionuclides-to-assess-erosion-and-effectiveness-of-soil-conservation-strategies}}</ref>

The radiation emitted by lead-210 can cause issues for some particle physics experiments which has resulted in the use of ancient Roman lead in such applications where the lead-210 has had time to decay to far lower levels.<ref name=Moskowitz>{{cite magazine |last=Moskowitz |first=Clara |date=18 December 2013 |title=Ancient Roman Metal Used for Physics Experiments Ignites Science Feud |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-roman-lead-physics-archaeology-controversy/ |magazine=Scientific American|publisher=Springer Nature |access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref>

== Lead-212 == '''Lead-212''' ('''²¹²Pb''') is a radioactive isotope of lead that has gained significant attention in nuclear medicine, particularly in targeted alpha therapy (TAT).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Makvandi |first1=Mehran |last2=Dupis |first2=Edouard |last3=Engle |first3=Jonathan W. |last4=Nortier |first4=F. Meiring |last5=Fassbender |first5=Michael E. |last6=Simon |first6=Sam |last7=Birnbaum |first7=Eva R. |last8=Atcher |first8=Robert W. |last9=John |first9=Kevin D. |last10=Rixe |first10=Olivier |last11=Norenberg |first11=Jeffrey P. |date=2018-02-08 |title=Alpha-Emitters and Targeted Alpha Therapy in Oncology: from Basic Science to Clinical Investigations |journal=Targeted Oncology |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=189–203 |doi=10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9 |pmid=29423595 |osti=1459839 |issn=1776-2596}}</ref> This isotope is part of the thorium decay series and serves as an important intermediate in various radioactive decay chains.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kokov |first1=K.V. |last2=Egorova |first2=B.V. |last3=German |first3=M.N. |last4=Klabukov |first4=I.D. |last5=Krasheninnikov |first5=M.E. |last6=Larkin-Kondrov |first6=A.A. |last7=Makoveeva |first7=K.A. |last8=Ovchinnikov |first8=M.V. |last9=Sidorova |first9=M.V. |last10=Chuvilin |first10=D.Y. |date=2022 |title=212Pb: Production Approaches and Targeted Therapy Applications |journal=Pharmaceutics |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=189 |doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics14010189 |issn=1999-4923 |pmc=8777968 |pmid=35057083 |bibcode=2022Phmcs..14..189K |doi-access=free}}</ref> ²¹²Pb is produced through the decay of radon-220 (²²⁰Rn), an intermediate product of thorium-228 (²²⁸Th) decay.<ref name=":0" /> It undergoes radioactive decay through beta emission to form bismuth-212 (²¹²Bi), which further decays to emit alpha particles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zimmermann |first=Richard |date=February 2024 |title=Is 212 Pb Really Happening? The Post- 177 Lu/ 225 Ac Blockbuster? |url=http://jnm.snmjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.2967/jnumed.123.266774 |journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=176–177 |doi=10.2967/jnumed.123.266774 |pmid=38176723 |issn=0161-5505}}</ref> This decay chain is particularly important in medical applications, as it is an in-vivo generator system of alpha particles, that can be utilized for therapeutic purposes, particularly TAT, by delivering potent, localized radiation to cancer cells.

The isotope is part of the thorium decay series, which begins with natural thorium-232. Its beta decay (10.627 hours) results in the formation of bismuth-212 (²¹²Bi), which then emits alpha particles (6.1 MeV), crucial for the effectiveness of TAT in cancer treatment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Kokov |first1=Konstantin V. |last2=Egorova |first2=Bayirta V. |last3=German |first3=Marina N. |last4=Klabukov |first4=Ilya D. |last5=Krasheninnikov |first5=Michael E. |last6=Larkin-Kondrov |first6=Antonius A. |last7=Makoveeva |first7=Kseniya A. |last8=Ovchinnikov |first8=Michael V. |last9=Sidorova |first9=Maria V. |last10=Chuvilin |first10=Dmitry Y. |date=2022-01-13 |title=212Pb: Production Approaches and Targeted Therapy Applications |journal=Pharmaceutics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=189 |doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics14010189 |doi-access=free |pmid=35057083 |issn=1999-4923|pmc=8777968 |bibcode=2022Phmcs..14..189K }}</ref>

While in aqueous solutions, free Pb²⁺ tends to hydrolyze under physiological pH conditions to form species like Pb(OH)⁺, which can impact its biodistribution if not properly chelated,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bauer |first1=David |last2=Carter |first2=Lukas M. |last3=Atmane |first3=Mohamed I. |last4=De Gregorio |first4=Roberto |last5=Michel |first5=Alexa |last6=Kaminsky |first6=Spencer |last7=Monette |first7=Sebastien |last8=Li |first8=Mengshi |last9=Schultz |first9=Michael K. |last10=Lewis |first10=Jason S. |date=January 2024 |title=212 Pb-Pretargeted Theranostics for Pancreatic Cancer |journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=109–116 |doi=10.2967/jnumed.123.266388 |issn=0161-5505 |pmc=10755526 |pmid=37945380}}</ref> chelator-modified complexes have demonstrated high stability in saline and serum environments for extended periods (e.g., 24–72 hours), which is critical for therapeutic applications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Mengshi |last2=Baumhover |first2=Nicholas J. |last3=Liu |first3=Dijie |last4=Cagle |first4=Brianna S. |last5=Boschetti |first5=Frédéric |last6=Paulin |first6=Guillaume |last7=Lee |first7=Dongyoul |last8=Dai |first8=Zhiming |last9=Obot |first9=Ephraim R. |last10=Marks |first10=Brenna M. |last11=Okeil |first11=Ibrahim |last12=Sagastume |first12=Edwin A. |last13=Gabr |first13=Moustafa |last14=Pigge |first14=F. Christopher |last15=Johnson |first15=Frances L. |date=2023-01-26 |title=Preclinical Evaluation of a Lead Specific Chelator (PSC) Conjugated to Radiopeptides for 203Pb and 212Pb-Based Theranostics |journal=Pharmaceutics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=414 |doi=10.3390/pharmaceutics15020414 |doi-access=free |issn=1999-4923 |pmc=9966725 |pmid=36839736}}</ref>

Lead-212 can be synthesized through several methods, with generator-based production utilizing the decay of ²²⁸Th being the most common. This includes direct extraction from ²²⁸Th, ²²⁴Ra/²¹²Pb generators, and ²²⁰Rn-based generation. Each of these methods has its own advantages and complexities. These various production routes cater to different industrial needs and regulatory considerations in the field of radioisotope production.<ref name=":1" /> {{clear}}

==See also== '''Daughter products other than lead''' * Isotopes of bismuth * Isotopes of thallium * Isotopes of mercury

== References == {{Reflist}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Isotopes of lead Category:Lead Lead