Lansium domesticum

{{Short description|Species of tree}} {{redirect|Duku|the malware|Duqu}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} {{Speciesbox | image = Majayjay,Lagunajf8987 06.JPG | image_caption =''Lansium domesticum'' tree with fruits in Laguna, Philippines | image2 =Paete,Lagunajf6182 09.JPG | image2_caption = ''Lansium domesticum'' fruits | taxon = Lansium domesticum | authority = Corrêa | synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Aglaia aquea'' (Jacq.) Kosterm. *''Aglaia domestica'' (Corrêa) Pellegr. *''Aglaia dookoo'' Griff. *''Aglaia intricatoreticulata'' Kosterm. *''Aglaia merrillii'' Elmer nom. inval. *''Aglaia sepalina'' (Kosterm.) Kosterm. *''Aglaia steenisii'' Kosterm. *''Amoora racemosa'' Ridl. *''Lachanodendron domesticum'' (Corrêa) Nees *''Lansium aqueum'' (Jack) Miq. *''Lansium javanicum'' M.Roem. *''Lansium sepalinum'' Kosterm. }} }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=''Lansium domesticum'' Corrêa |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:578879-1#synonyms |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2494222 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref> }}

'''''Lansium domesticum''''',<ref name="powo" /> commonly known as '''langsat''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|ŋ|s|ɑː|t}})<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=4 September 2019 | mode=cs1}}</ref><ref name="EPPO">{{cite web |title=''Lansium domesticum'' |url=https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LNIDO |publisher=European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> or '''lanzones''', {{IPAc-en|l|ɑː|n|ˈ|z|ɔː|n|ɛ|s}},-{{IPAc-en |ˈ|s|ɔː}}-)<ref name="Loquias">{{cite book |last1=Loquias |first1=Virgilio |title=Production Guide for Lanzones |publisher=Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines |url=https://library.buplant.da.gov.ph/images/1641948327LANZONES.pdf |access-date=25 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="pns">{{cite journal |title=Fresh fruits – Lanzones – Grading and classification |journal=Philippine National Standard |issue=PNS/BAFPS 54 |date=2007 |author=Bureau of Product Standards |publisher=Department of Trade and Industry, Republic of the Philippines |url=https://bafs.da.gov.ph/bafs_admin/admin_page/pns_file/2021-02-24-PNS-BAFPS%2054-2007-%20Lanzones.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201163419/https://bafs.da.gov.ph/bafs_admin/admin_page/pns_file/2021-02-24-PNS-BAFPS%2054-2007-%20Lanzones.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Salma" /> is a species of tree in the family Meliaceae with commercially cultivated edible fruits. The species is native to Southeast Asia, from peninsular Thailand and Malaysia to Indonesia and the Philippines.<ref name="powo" /><ref name="GRIN" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coombes |first=Allen J. |title=Dictionary of Plant Names: Botanical Names and Their Common Name Equivalents |publisher=Timber Press |year=2011 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Langsat |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=hort.purdue.edu}}</ref>

==Description== The tree is average sized, reaching {{convert|30|m|ft}} in height and {{convert|75|cm|in}} in diameter. 30 years old trees grown from seed and planted at 8 × 8 meter spacing can have a height of 10 meters and diameter of 25 cm. The trunk grows in an irregular manner, with its buttress roots showing above ground. The tree's bark is a greyish colour, with light and dark spots. Its resin is thick and milk coloured.<ref name=verheij_232>{{cite book |editor1-last=Verheij|editor1-first=E.W.M.|editor2-last=Coronel|editor2-first=R.E. |year=1997 |title=Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan|language=Indonesian|trans-title=Botanical Resources of South-East Asia 2: Edible Fruits|publisher=PROSEA – Gramedia|location=Jakarta|oclc=426214596 |pages=232–237}}</ref>

The pinnately compound leaves occur in odd numbers, with thin hair, and 6 to 9 buds at intervals. The buds are long and elliptical, approximately {{convert|9|to|21|cm|in}} by {{convert|5|to|10|cm|in}} in size. The upper edge shines, and the leaves themselves have pointed bases and tips. The stems of the buds measure {{convert|5|to|12|mm|in}}.<ref name=verheij_232/>

The flowers are located in inflorescences that grow and hang from large branches or the trunk; the bunches may number up to 5 in one place. They are often branched at their base, measure {{convert|10|to|30|cm|in}} in size, and have short fur.<ref name=steenis1981_255>{{cite book|last=Jan van Steenis|first=Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit| year=1987 |title=Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia|language=Indonesian |trans-title=Flora, For Indonesian Schools |publisher=PT Pradnya Paramita| location=Jakarta|isbn=978-979-408-114-3|page=255}}</ref> The flowers are small, with short stems, and are perfect. The sheathe is shaped like a five lobed cup and is coloured a greenish-yellow. The corona is egg-shaped and hard, measuring {{convert|2|to|3|mm|in}} by {{convert|4|to|5|mm|in}}. There is one stamen, measuring {{convert|2|mm|in}} in length. The top of the stamen is round. The pistil is short and thick.<ref name=verheij_232/>

The fruit can be elliptical, ovoid or round, measuring {{convert|2|to|7|cm|in}} by {{convert|1.5|to|5|cm|in}} in size. Fruits look much like small potatoes and are borne in clusters similar to grapes. The larger fruits are on the variety known as duku. It is covered by thin, yellow hair giving a slightly fuzzy aspect. The skin thickness varies with the varieties, from {{convert|2|mm|in}} to approximately {{convert|6|mm|in}}. With the skin removed, the fruit resembles peeled garlic in appearance,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.farmforage.com/6853-langsat-longkong-everything-about-this-fruit.html|title=Langsat (Longkong): Description of the Fruit, Useful and Harmful Properties, Photo - Crop Production}}</ref> with around five white, translucent lobes, some of which contain a flat, bitter tasting seed. The seeds are covered with a thick, clear-white aril that tastes sweet and sour.<ref name=verheij_232/> The taste has been likened to a combination of grape and grapefruit and is considered excellent by most. The sweet juicy flesh contains sucrose, fructose, and glucose.<ref name="Morton1987">{{cite book |last=Morton |first=Julia F. |authorlink=Julia Morton |title=Fruits of warm climates |publisher=Florida Flair Books |year=1987 |location=Miami, Fla. |pages=201–203 |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/langsat.html |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2 }}</ref> For consumption, cultivars with small or undeveloped seeds and thick aril are preferred.

==Cultivars== [[File:Lansium domesticum Blanco1.117.png|200px|thumb|Botanical illustration of ''L. domesticum'' leaves, flowers, and fruits, from ''Flora de Filipinas'' ({{circa|1837}}) by the Spanish friar and botanist Manuel Blanco]] There are numerous cultivars of ''L. domesticum''. Overall, the two most commonly grown cultivars are 'Duku' and 'Langsat'.<ref name=verheij_232/>

* 'Duku' (also variously spelled as 'Duco', 'Doekoe', 'Dookoo', etc.) generally is more robust with an intermediate habit. It has a dense spreading crowns of bright green and broad leaves and conspicuously-veined leaflets. It bears short bunches of few fruit (usually 4 to 12). The individual fruit are around {{convert|3.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|4|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, generally round, and have a somewhat thick skin that has little to no latex when ripe. Each fruit has 1 to 2 seeds. The seeds are small, with thick flesh, a sweet scent, and a sweet or sour taste. Ripe fruits are around 18 °Bx after 3 days from harvest.<ref name=verheij_232/><ref name=heyne_1126>{{cite book|last=Heyne |first=K. |year=1987| title=Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia|language=Indonesian |trans-title=Useful Indonesian Plants |volume=2 |publisher=Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya|location=Jakarta|oclc=21826488 |pages=1126–1128}}</ref><ref name="Loquias"/><ref name="pns"/><ref name="Techavuthiporn"/>

* 'Langsat' generally has more slender trees, with a less dense crown consisting of dark green leaves and stiff branches. The bunches are longer, and each bunch holds between 15 and 25 fruit. Fruits are more ovoid and range from around {{convert|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} to {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. It has around 1 to 5 seeds per fruit. The skin is thin and releases a white sap when ripe. The flesh is watery and tastes sweet and sour.<ref name=verheij_232/><ref name=heyne_1126/><ref name="Techavuthiporn">{{cite journal |last1=Techavuthiporn |first1=Chairat |title=Langsat— Lansium domesticum |journal=Exotic Fruits |date=2018 |pages=279–283 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00036-8|isbn=978-0-12-803138-4 }}</ref>

* 'Longkong' (sometimes referred to as 'Duku Langsat') is a natural cross between 'Duku' and 'Langsat'. It bears round to oblong fruits of around {{convert|4|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter, arranged in long clusters of 15 to 25. The tree has an upright growth habit with dark green leaves. It is the sweetest among all varieties, aromatic, having no latex when ripe, and almost seedless with 0 to 1 seeds per fruit. Ripe fruits are around 18 to 20 °Bx after 3 days from harvest.<ref name="Loquias"/><ref name="pns"/><ref name="Salma">{{cite journal |last1=Salma |first1=I. |last2=Razali |first2=B. |title=The Reproductive Biology of Duku Langsat ''Lansium Domesticum'' Corr. (Meliaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=MARDI Research Bulletin |date=1987 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=141–150 |url=http://jtafs.mardi.gov.my/jtafs/15-2/Duku%20langsat.pdf}}</ref>

In the Philippines, the most commonly cultivated cultivars are the 'Paete' and 'Jolo' cultivars. In addition, 'Duku', 'Longkong', and other native cultivars, are also commercially cultivated in the Philippines.<ref name="Loquias"/><ref name="pns"/>

* 'Paete' (named after Paete, Laguna) is similar to the 'Langsat' cultivar. It is particularly well-known as a regional specialty of Camiguin, Gingoog, and Laguna. It bears long bunches of 15 to 25 fruits that are around {{convert|3.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. It is almost seedless, with each fruit having 0 to 2 seeds. It has an upright habit, with narrower leaves. The sweet thin-skinned fruits exude latex even when ripe. Ripe fruits are around 16 °Bx after 3 days from harvest.<ref name="Loquias"/><ref name="pns"/><ref name="Salma"/>

* 'Jolo' (also known as 'Mindanao') is common in Mindanao, particularly in Davao, Jolo, and the Zamboanga Peninsula. It bears fruits that are around {{convert|3.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3.2|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. Each fruit has 1-3 large seeds. It has spreading dense canopies with broad leaves. It commonly grows in the wild where it is pollinated by fruit bats. It is a bit sour in comparison to other commercial cultivars, but it is usually used as rootstock due to its bigger and more viable seeds. It has a longer shelf-life due to its slightly thicker skin in comparison to 'Paete'. Ripe fruits are around 13 °Bx after 3 days from harvest.<ref name="Loquias"/><ref name="pns"/>

Other notable varieties include 'Concepcion' (often misspelled as 'Conception', named after Concepcion, Talisay, Negros Occidental) from the Philippines; and 'Uttaradit', a cultivar that is a regional specialty of Uttaradit province, Thailand.<ref name="Whitman">{{cite journal |last1=Whitman |first1=William F. |title=Growing and Fruiting the Langsat in Florida |journal=Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society |date=1980 |volume=93 |pages=136–140 |url=http://rfcarchives.org.au/Next/Fruits/LangsatDuku/LangsatFlorida11-84.htm}}</ref><ref name="Morton1987"/><ref name="Ekachai">{{cite news |last1=Ekachai |first1=Sanitsuda |title=Seeing the langsat for the trees |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1540446/seeing-the-langsat-for-the-trees |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Bangkok Post |date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

Another variety grown in Indonesia is 'Kokosan' (also known by various other native names, including ''pisitan'', ''pijetan'', and ''bijitan''). It is distinguished by its hairy leaves, as well as the tightly packed dark yellow fruit on its bunches. The fruit tends to be small, with thin skin and little sap; the skin is difficult to remove. To be eaten, the fruit is bitten and the flesh sucked through the hole created,<ref name=verheij_232/> or rubbed until the skin breaks and the seeds are retrieved. The seeds are relatively large, with thin, sour flesh.<ref name=heyne_1126/>

<gallery> File:Langsat Makassar.JPG|''L. domesticum'' 'Langsat' being sold in Makassar, Indonesia File:Lansium domesticum var domesticum1.jpg|''L. domesticum'' 'Langsat' peeled open, note the thin skin and the five lobes File:Isi duku langsat.JPG|''L. domesticum'' 'Duku' in Malaysia peeled open, note the thick skin File:Lanzones.jpg|''L. domesticum'' 'Jolo' cultivar growing in Valencia, Negros Oriental, Philippines File:Paete,Lagunajf6182_15.JPG|''L. domesticum'' 'Paete' being sold in Paete, Laguna, Philippines File:Lanzones fruits - Mindanao, Philippines.jpg|''L. domesticum'' 'Paete' peeled open File:9796Longkong Lanzones 10.jpg|''L. domesticum'' 'Longkong' in Bulacan, Philippines </gallery>

==Reproduction== thumb|200px|Peeled ''L. domesticum'', showing the clear-white aril around the seed The seeds of ''L. domesticum'' are polyembryonic, the multiple embryos resulting from apomixis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kiew |first1=R. |last2=Teo |first2=L.L. |last3=Gan |first3=Y.Y. |year=2003 |title=Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism |journal=Telopea |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=225–233|doi=10.7751/telopea20035617 |bibcode=2003Telop..10..225K |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''Lansium domesticum'' is traditionally reproduced by spreading seedlings, either cultivated or collected from below the tree.<ref name=woto/> It has been said that new seedlings require 20 to 25 years to bear fruit, with the possibility of the quality being inferior.<ref name=woto>{{cite web |last=Suparwoto |url=http://cybex.deptan.go.id/lokalita/teknik-perbanyakan-duku-dengan-sambung-pucuk-lansium-domesticum-corr |title=Teknik Perbanyakan Duku Dengan Sambung Pucuk (''Lansium domesticum'' Corr.) |language=Indonesian |trans-title=Duku Reproduction with Grafting (''Lansium domesticum'' Corr.) |accessdate=6 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331123634/http://cybex.deptan.go.id/lokalita/teknik-perbanyakan-duku-dengan-sambung-pucuk-lansium-domesticum-corr |archivedate=31 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=Polo>{{cite journal|last=Polo|first=D.C. |year=1926 |title=Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings |journal=The Philippine Agriculturists |volume=14|issue=9 |pages=613–623}}</ref> However, other sources quote 12 years to first production from seed and no variations. Production often varies from year to year, and depends to some extent on having a dry period to induce flowering. One example of ten trees in Costa Rica about twenty-five years old produced during five years the following weights of salable fruits: 2008: 50 kilos, 2009: 2000 kilos, 2010: 1000 kilos, 2011: 100 kilos, 2012: 1500 kilos. Experiments in the Philippines with grafting where two trees are planted close to each other and then grafted when one to two meters tall to leave twin root systems on a single main trunk have resulted in earlier and less erratic fruit production.

Another common method is by air layering. Although the process requires up to several months,<ref name=Polo/> the new rooted tree produced is itself ready to bear fruit within two years. Trees cultivated with this method have a high death rate,<ref name=verheij_232/> and the growths are less resilient.<ref name=ipteknet/>

The third common way to reproduce ''L. domesticum'' is with grafting. This results in the new trees having the same genetic characteristics as their parent, and being ready to bear fruit within five to six years. The offspring are relatively stronger than transplanted shoots.<ref name=woto/>

==Ecology== [[File:Lans dom 061203 1735 mura.jpg|thumb|200px|A ''Lansium domesticum'' agroforest in Musi Rawas, Sumatra, Indonesia]] ''Lansium domesticum'' grows well in mixed agroforests. The plant, especially the ''duku'' variant, prefers damp, shaded areas. It can be grown in the same agroforest as durian, petai, and jengkol, as well as wood-producing trees.<ref name=verheij_232/><ref name=ipteknet>{{cite web|url=http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45 |title=Duku Condet |accessdate=6 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030150512/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=45| archivedate=30 October 2009|work=Iptek.net| language=Indonesian |publisher=Sentra Informasi IPTEK}}</ref>

''Lansium domesticum'' is grown from low grounds up to heights of {{convert|600|m|ft}} above sea level, in areas with an average rainfall of {{convert|1500|to|2500|mm|in}} a year. The plant can grow and blossom in latosol, yellow podzol, and alluvium.<ref name=ipteknet/> The plant prefers slightly acidic soil with good drainage and rich in mulch. The ''langsat'' variant is hardier, and can weather dry seasons with a little shade and water.<ref name=verheij_232/> The plant cannot handle floods.<ref name="Morton1987"/>

''Lansium domesticum'' generally bears fruit once a year. This period can vary between areas, but blooming is generally after the beginning of the rainy season and fruit production some four months later.

==Distribution== [[File:La vendedora de lanzones, de Félix Resurrección Hidalgo.jpg|thumb|200px|''La Vendedora de Lanzones'' ("The Lanzones Seller") by the Filipino painter Félix Resurrección Hidalgo (1875) in the Museo del Prado]] ''Lansium domesticum'' is native to the Malesian phytochorion of Southeast Asia, from Peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, to Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines (Luzon, Camiguin, Basilan, and Mindanao), Sulawesi, and the Lesser Sunda Islands.<ref name="powo"/><ref name="Hassler">{{cite web |last1=Hassler |first1=M. |title=''Lansium domesticum'' Correa |url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/e8642908f34dd46653f3eed07618b673/synonym/e6b2049a1d07289489af426454a60e94 |website=World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (version Nov 2018) |publisher=Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist |accessdate=24 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="Pelser">{{cite web |last1=Pelser |first1=P.B. |last2=Barcelona |first2=J.F. |last3=Nickrent |first3=D.L. |title=Meliaceae |url=https://www.philippineplants.org/Families/Meliaceae.html |website=Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines |accessdate=24 September 2019}}</ref>

It has also been introduced to Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Micronesia, Hawaii, Sri Lanka, India, the Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname, among others.<ref name="powo"/><ref name="Hassler"/><ref name="Morton1987"/>

The tree is cultivated commercially in the Philippines (Filipino {{lang|fil|lansones}}, Cebuano {{lang|ceb|buwabuwa}} or {{lang|ceb|buahan}}, among other names), Thailand ({{langx|th|ลางสาด}}, ''langsat''), Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It grows well in the wetter areas (120 inches/3 meters or more annual rainfall) of Costa Rica, where it is still very rare, having been introduced decades ago by the United Fruit Company. A major hindrance to its acceptance seems to be that it is very slow in bearing, said to take 12 years or more from seed. However, air layering from mature trees, as well as grafting, are said to work well and produce much faster.<ref name="Morton1987"/>

==Uses== The largest producers of ''Lansium domesticum'' are the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. The production is mostly for internal consumption, although some are exported to Singapore, Hong Kong and Kuwait.

''Lansium domesticum'' is cultivated mainly for its fruit, which can be eaten raw. The fruit can also be bottled in syrup.<ref name=verheij_232/> The wood is hard, thick, heavy, and resilient, allowing it to be used in the construction of rural houses.<ref name=heyne_1126/>

== In culture == [[File:Lanzones Festival - Camiguin.jpg|200px|thumb|Street dancers in traditional Kamigin Manobo attire in the Lanzones Festival of Camiguin Island, Philippines]] In the Philippines, the island of Camiguin holds an annual Lanzones Festival in October in celebration of the fruit and the indigenous culture of the island's Kamigin Manobo people.<ref name="Deere">{{cite book |last1=Deere |first1=Kiki |title=Journey Through the Philippines An Unforgettable Journey from Manila to Mindanao |date=2017 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=9781462918867 |page=102}}</ref><ref name="Atiyah">{{cite book |last1=Atiyah |first1=Jeremy |last2=Backshall |first2=Stephen |last3=Cranmer |first3=Jeff |last4=Dalton |first4=David |last5=Dodd |first5=Jan |last6=Gray |first6=Paul |last7=Knight |first7=Jonathan |last8=de Ledesma |first8=Charles |last9=Leffman |first9=David |last10=Lewis |first10=Mark |last11=Lewis |first11=Simon |last12=Martin |first12=Steven |last13=Reader |first13=Lesley |last14=Ridout |first14=Lucy |last15=Savage |first15=Pauline |last16=Stedman |first16=Henry |title=The Rough Guide to Southeast Asia |date=2002 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781858288932 |page=807}}</ref> The town of Paete, Laguna in the northern Philippines, also holds the annual Paet-Taka-Lanzones Festival every third week of September.<ref name="Balita">{{cite journal |title='Buahanan 2015', and ika-36 na Lanzones Festival |journal=Balita |date=19 October 2015 |page=6 |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/balita/20151019/281638189049387}}</ref> The barangay of Concepcion in the city of Talisay, Negros Occidental, where the cultivar 'Concepcion' originates from, also celebrates the fruit in the Maradula Festival (an acronym for Marang, Mangosteen, Rambutan, Durian and Lanzones). Maradula Festival was originally also known as the "Lanzones Festival" in the 1980s, but the name was changed in 2009 to include other local fruit products and to avoid confusion with the Camiguin festival.<ref name="SunStar">{{cite news |title=The "lansium domesticum" invasion |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/more-articles/the-lansium-domesticum-invasion |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=SunStar |date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="Haguisan">{{cite journal |last1=Haguisan |first1=Ismael A. III |last2=Ituriaga |first2=Christian Angelo B. |last3=Arinal |first3=Ronald John T. |last4=de Guzman |first4=Johnson D. |last5=Lopez |first5=Xilron Rex G. |last6=Sanz |first6=Darlene S. |last7=Vinson |first7=Carla Joy M. |title=Maradula Festival: The Experiences of the Host Community in Festival Management |journal=Philippine Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management |date=2019 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=136–154 |url=https://lcc.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/07-Maradula-Festival-The-Experiences-of-the-Host-Community-in-Festival-Mgt..pdf}}</ref>

In Thailand, an annual Langsat Festival is held in Uttaradit province every September.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttaradit Langsat Festival: 16-25 September 2011 |url=http://thaifestivalblogs.com/festivals-of-thailand/uttaradit-langsat-festival.html |website=Thailand Festivals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030124431/http://thaifestivalblogs.com/festivals-of-thailand/uttaradit-langsat-festival.html |access-date=25 April 2024|archive-date=30 October 2012 }}</ref>

==See also== *Lychee *Longan * ''Baccaurea macrocarpa'' (tampoi) * ''Epicharis parasitica'': species corresponding with the synonym "''Lansium parasiticum''" * ''Sandoricum koetjape'' (santol) * ''Willughbeia angustifolia'' {{-}}

==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links== *{{Commons-inline|italic=1}} *{{unimelb|Lansium.html}} *[http://db.worldagroforestry.org//species/properties/Lansium_domesticum ''Lansium domesticum''] at Tree Functional Attributes and Ecological Database (World Agro Forestry)

Category:Meliaceae Category:Tropical fruit Category:Fruits originating in Asia Category:Trees of Indo-China Category:Trees of Malesia Category:Fruit trees