Linguolabial consonant

{{Use American English|date = February 2019}} {{Short description|Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip}} {{Infobox IPA | above = Linguolabial | ipa symbol = ◌̼ | ipa symbol2 = ◌᫥ | imagefile = IPA_Unicode_0x033C.svg }}

'''Linguolabials''', or more specifically '''apicolabials''' and '''laminolabials''', are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum that extends from labio-lingual to subapical-palatal places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of 17 Southern Oceanic languages in Vanuatu,{{sfnp|Lynch|2019|pp=292, 318}} in the Kajoko dialect of Bijago in Guinea-Bissau, in Umotína (a recently extinct Bororoan language of Brazil), and as paralinguistic sounds elsewhere, such as 'expressive' words in Mochi Chaga. They are also relatively common in disordered speech, and the IPA diacritic is specifically provided for in the extensions to the IPA, as it is otherwise rare enough that speech pathologists might be unaware of it.

== Description == [[Image:Linguolabial stop.png|thumb|Sagittal section of a linguolabial stop.|class=skin-invert-image]] Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of manners of articulation including stops, nasals, and fricatives.

==Transcription== Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with the "seagull"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=521}} diacritic, {{unichar|033C|COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌}}, or potentially the same diacritic above, {{unichar|1AE5|COMBINING SEAGULL ABOVE|cwith=◌}}, if the letter has a descender.

Transcription is inconsistent. The seagull diacritic was adopted by the IPA at the Kiel Convention in 1989. It was to be used on alveolar consonant letters. Only {{angbr IPA|t̼ d̼}} were illustrated, but if the 'alveolar' instruction were followed, the consonant series would be written {{angbr IPA|t̼ d̼ n̼ s̼ z̼}}. This notation is seen in a number of sources. However, linguolabial fricatives are not sibilants, and in the extIPA chart in the IPA ''Handbook'' of 1999, they are illustrated on dental letters, making the series {{angbr IPA|t̼ d̼ n̼ θ̼ ð̼}}. This notation is also seen in a number of sources; indeed some, such as {{harvtxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}}, employ both. More recently, official IPA transcription has used it on labial letters: {{angbr IPA|p᫥ b̼ m̼ f̼ v̼}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guerin |first1=Valerie |last2=Aoyama |first2=Katsura |title=Mavea (Illustrations of the IPA) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=39 |number=2 |year=2009 |pp=249–262 |jstor=44526996}}</ref> The choice of the base consonant may depend on whether the author analyses the linguolabial as being phonologically labial or alveolar.

Twenty years before Kiel, the IPA had transcribed such sounds with the (yet-to-be-approved) apical diacritic, {{unichar|033A|COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌}}, on a labial letter, with the analysis of these sounds as apico-labial.<ref>A. Haudricourt (1968) de lɑ̃ːg melanezjɛn a tɔ̃ ɑ̃ nuvɛl kaledɔni. ''Le Maître Phonétique'', vol. 46 (83), no. 129.</ref> However, {{harvtxt|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2013|p=64}} state that this solution is 'unsuitable' because the articulation of linguolabials may be either apical or laminal.

==List of consonants== {|class=wikitable |- ! colspan="2" | IPA letter ! rowspan="2" | Description ! colspan="5" | Example |- ! Coronal ! Labial ! Language ! Orthography ! colspan="2" | IPA ! Meaning |- ! text-align:center"|{{IPA common/audiocell|n̼}} ! text-align:center"|{{IPA common/audiocell|m̼}} | linguolabial nasal | Araki | {{lang|akr|'''m̈'''ana}} | {{IPA|[n̼ana]}} || {{IPA|[m̼ana]}} | "laugh"<ref>{{cite book |last=François|first=Alexandre|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)|year=2002|title=Araki: A disappearing language of Vanuatu|publisher=Australian National University|series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=522 |location=Canberra|isbn=0-85883-493-6 |url=https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Araki-grammar_2002_PL522.pdf |hdl-access=free |hdl=1885/146137 |pages=15, 270|ref=francois02}}</ref><ref>François, Alexandre (2008). ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/m%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94m%CC%88ana entry ''m̈ana'']</ref><ref>Audio link: [https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0002296#S75 excerpt from a text in Araki language] (sentence s75), showcasing the form {{lang|akr|m̈ana}} (source: Pangloss archive).</ref> |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|t̼}} ! {{IPA common/audiocell|p̼}} | voiceless linguolabial plosive | Tangoa | {{lang|tgp|'''p̈'''e'''p̈'''e}} | {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}} || {{IPA|[p̼ep̼e]}} | "butterfly"{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=19}} |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|d̼}} ! {{IPA common/audiocell|b̼}} | voiced linguolabial plosive | Kajoko dialect of Bijago | | {{IPA|[nɔ̀d̼ɔ́ːɡ]}} || {{IPA|[nɔ̀b̼ɔ́ːɡ]}} | "stone"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=523}} |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|θ̼}} ! rowspan="2" | {{IPA common/audiocell|f̼}} | rowspan="2" | voiceless linguolabial fricative | rowspan="2" | Big Nambas | rowspan="2" | | {{IPA|[ˈinɛθ̼]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈinɛf̼]}} | rowspan="2" | "he is asthmatic" (Voiceless word-initially and -finally.) |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|s̼}} | {{IPA|[ˈinɛs̼]}} |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|ð̼}} ! rowspan="2" | {{IPA common/audiocell|v̼}} | rowspan="2" | voiced linguolabial fricative | rowspan="2" | Tangoa | rowspan="2" | {{lang|tgp|'''v̈'''atu}} | {{IPA|[ð̼atu]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[v̼atu]}} | rowspan="2" | "stone"{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=19}} |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|z̼}} | {{IPA|[z̼atu]}} |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|ǀ̼}} ! {{IPA common/audiocell|ʘ̼}} | rowspan="2" | linguolabial click release (potentially multiple consonants) | rowspan="2" | Coatlán Zapotec | rowspan="2" | (paralinguistic) | {{IPA|[ǀ̼ʔ]}} || {{IPA|[ʘ̼ʔ]}} | rowspan="2" | Mimesis of eating soup or of a pig drinking water.<ref name=Azcona>{{cite web |first=Rosemary |last=Beam de Azcona |title=Sound Symbolism |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |access-date=2008-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145306/http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-23 }}</ref> |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|ʇ̼}} ! {{IPA common/audiocell|ɋ᫥}} | {{IPA|[ʇ̼ʔ]}} || {{IPA|[ɋ᫥ʔ]}} |}

=={{vanchor|Labiolinguals}}== By analogy of the distinction made between labiodentals and dentolabials, '''labiolinguals''' may be distinguished as consonants articulated by touching the tongue to the lower lip. Such sounds could conceivably be distinguished by placing the diacritic above the letter, as with dentolabials, but that is not an established convention.

{|class=wikitable |- ! colspan="2" | Transcription ! rowspan="2" | Description ! colspan="5" | Example |- ! IPA ! ExtIPA ! Language ! Orthography ! colspan="2" | IPA ! Meaning |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|r̼̊}} ! rowspan="2" | {{IPA common/audiocell|ↀr̪͆}} | rowspan="2" | A voiceless labiolingual trill; common mimetic sound worldwide carrying various meanings, but not used as a part of typical speech. | rowspan="2" | Coatlán Zapotec | rowspan="2" | (paralinguistic) | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[r̼̊ʔ]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʙ̼̊ʔ]}} | rowspan="2" | Mimesis of a child's flatulence.<ref name=Azcona/> |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|ʙ̼̊}} |- ! {{IPA common/audiocell|ɺ̼}} ! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|¡᫥}} | rowspan="2" | The release of {{IPA|[ɺɺ̼]~[ɺ¡᫥]}}, a lateral double-flap allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} used in special speech performance, which is a sublaminal strike of the lower lip.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Everett |first=Daniel Leonard |author-link=Daniel Everett |title=Phonetic rarities in Pirahã |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1982 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300002498 |jstor=44526660 |s2cid=143928460 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/44526660 |access-date=27 September 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | rowspan="2" | Pirahã | rowspan="2" | {{lang|myp|too'''g'''ixi}} | colspan=2 rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[tòːɺɺ̼ìʔì]}} | rowspan="2" | "hoe" |- ! {{IPA|ɾ᫥}} |}

==Linguolabials as a diachronic stage in sound shifts== In Vanuatu, some of the Santo–Malekula languages have shifted historically from bilabial to alveolar consonants via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages.{{sfnp|Lynch|2019|pp=298-304}}

While labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels in various languages (e.g. Tangoa, Araki, Nese), the sound shift went further in languages such as Tolomako, which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b > *[p] > ''p̈'' {{IPA|[t̼]}} > ''t'' [t]; *m > ''m̈'' {{IPA|[n̼]}} > ''n'' [n]. Thus, POc *bebe {{gloss|butterfly}} > {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}} (spelled {{lang|tgp|p̈ep̈e}} in Tangoa or in Araki<ref>François, Alexandre (2008). ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/p%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94p%CC%88ep%CC%88e entry ''p̈ep̈e'']</ref>) later became {{IPA|[tete]}} in Tolomako. Likewise, POc *tama {{gloss|father}} > {{IPA|[tan̼a]}} (cf. Tangoa {{lang|tgp|tam̈a}}, Araki {{lang|akr|r̄am̈a}}<ref>François, Alexandre (2008). ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/r%CC%84.htm#%E2%93%94r%CC%84am%CC%88a~ entry ''r̄am̈a'']</ref>) > Tolomako {{IPA|[tana]}}.

However, in several languages linguolabials are shifting back to bilabial, namely in Tutuba, Vʼënen Taut, Tangoa, Mavʼea.

==Distribution== Languages that have linguolabials as ordinary speech sounds:<ref>François (2002), pp. 14–16.</ref>{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2013|pp=62-63}}{{sfnp|Lynch|2019|p=318}}

{| class="wikitable" |+ ! rowspan=2| Country ! rowspan=2| Language ! colspan=2| Phonemes |- ! (Coronal letter) ! (Labial letter) |- ! rowspan="4" | Vanuatu |Aore, Araki, Mafea, Mpotovoro, Tangoa | {{IPA|/t̼, n̼, ð̼/}} || {{IPA|/p᫥, m̼, v̼/}} |- |Vʼënen Taut | {{IPA|/t̼, n̼, θ̼~ð̼/}} || {{IPA|/p᫥, m̼, f̼~v̼/}} |- |Nese, Vao | {{IPA|/ⁿd̼, n̼, ð̼/}} || {{IPA|/ᵐb̼, m̼, v̼/}} |- |Tutuba | {{IPA|/ⁿd̼, n̼/}} || {{IPA|/ᵐb̼, m̼/}} |- !Guinea-Bissau |Bijago, Kajoko dialect | {{IPA|/d̼/}} || {{IPA|/b̼/}} |}

==Notes== {{reflist}}

==References== * {{SOWL}} * {{Cite journal| last = Lynch| first = John |authorlink=John Lynch (linguist) | title = The bilabial-to-linguolabial shift in Southern Oceanic: A subgrouping diagnostic?| journal = Oceanic Linguistics | doi = 10.1353/ol.2019.0010| issn = 1527-9421| volume = 58| issue = 2| pages = 292–323 | access-date = 2026-02-12| date = 2019| url = https://muse.jhu.edu/article/751106| url-access = subscription}} * {{cite conference|last=Maddieson|first=Ian|title=Linguo-labials|series=VICAL: Papers from the 5th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics|publisher=Linguistic Society of New Zealand|volume=I|year=1987|pp=21-45|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344271933_Maddieson_1987_Linguo-labials_WPP_version_Published_version_as_Maddieson_Ian_1989_Linguo-labials_In_VICAL_Papers_from_the_5th_International_Conference_on_Austronesian_Linguistics_Vol_I_Oceanic_Languag|place=Auckland, NZ}} * {{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Kenneth|last2=Reiman|first2=D. William|last3=Sabio|first3=Fernando|last4=da Silva|first4=Filipe Alberto|year=2009|title=The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko|journal=Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society|number=1|volume=45|pages=519–530|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/58794}} ** {{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Kenneth|last2=Reiman|first2=D. William|last3=Sabio|first3=Fernando|last4=da Silva|first4=Filipe Alberto|author-mask1=0|author-mask2=0|author-mask3=0|author-mask4=0|year=2013|title=The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko|journal=Journal of West African Languages|number=2|volume=40|pages=61-71|url=https://journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/index.php/downloads/download/117-volume-40-number-2/606-the-voiced-linguolabial-plosive-in-kajoko}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Linguolabial Consonant}} Category:Place of articulation Category:Linguolabial consonants