{{short description|Consonantal sound}} {{Infobox IPA | above = {{nowrap|Bilabial click type}} | ipa symbol = ʘ{{nbsp|3}}ɋ | ipa number = 176 | decimal = 664 | imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x0298.svg | x-sampa = O\ | braille = and | braille2 = p }} {{Infobox IPA | above = {{nowrap|Tenuis labial click}}<br /><small>(velar)</small> | ipa symbol = kʘ{{nbsp|3}}kɋ | ipa symbol2 = ᵏʘ{{nbsp|3}}ᵏɋ | ipa symbol3 = ʘ{{nbsp|3}}ɋ }} {{Infobox IPA | above = Voiced labial click<br /><small>(velar)</small> | ipa symbol = ɡʘ{{nbsp|3}}ɡɋ | ipa symbol2 = ᶢʘ{{nbsp|3}}ᶢɋ | ipa symbol3 = ᵇʘ | ipa symbol4 = ʘ̬{{nbsp|3}}ɋ̬ | x-sampa = O\_t }} {{Infobox IPA |above=Nasal labial click<br /><small>(velar)</small> |ipa symbol = ŋʘ{{nbsp|3}}ŋɋ |ipa symbol2 = ᵑʘ{{nbsp|3}}ᵑɋ |ipa symbol3 = ᵐʘ |ipa symbol4 = ʘ̃{{nbsp|3}}ɋ̃ |x-sampa=O\_~ }} {{Infobox IPA |above={{nowrap|Tenuis labial click}}<br /><small>(uvular)</small> |ipa symbol = qʘ{{nbsp|3}}qɋ |ipa symbol2 = 𐞥ʘ{{nbsp|3}}𐞥ɋ }} {{Infobox IPA |above=Voiced labial click<br /><small>(uvular)</small> |ipa symbol = ɢʘ{{nbsp|3}}ɢɋ |ipa symbol2 = 𐞒ʘ{{nbsp|3}}𐞒ɋ }} {{Infobox IPA |above=Nasal labial click<br /><small>(uvular)</small> |ipa symbol = ɴʘ{{nbsp|3}}ɴɋ |ipa symbol2 = ᶰʘ{{nbsp|3}}ᶰɋ }}
The '''bilabial clicks''' are a family of click consonants that sound like a smack of the lips. They are found as phonemes only in the small Tuu language family (currently two languages, one down to its last speaker), in the ǂ’Amkoe language of Botswana (also moribund), and in the extinct Damin ritual jargon of Australia. However, bilabial clicks are found paralinguistically for a kiss in various languages, including integrated into a greeting in the Hadza language of Tanzania, and as allophones of labial–velar stops in some West African languages (Ladefoged 1968), as of /mw/ in some of the languages neighboring Shona, such as Ndau and Tonga.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the place of articulation of these sounds is {{angbr IPA|ʘ}} (sometimes called ''bullseye'').<ref>{{cite book|author=International Phonetic Association|year=1999|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-52163751-1|pp=169, 178}}</ref> An uncommon old-style para-IPA letter for bilabial clicks is a turned ''b'' with a hook, {{angbr IPA|ɋ }}.<ref>E.g. in Larry Mattes & Donald Omark (1984) Speech and language assessment for the bilingual handicapped. College-Hill Press, San Diego, p. 132.</ref> Either letter may be combined with a second letter or a diacritic to indicate voicing and the manner of articulation, though this is commonly omitted for tenuis clicks.
[[File:Bilabial click.ogg|thumb|Tenuis bilabial click in the airstream on the ejective click of the lips.]]
== Bilabial click consonants and their transcription == In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a {{angbr IPA|k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ}} via a tie bar, though {{angbr IPA|k}} is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript {{angbr IPA|k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ}} without the tie bar, again often neglecting the {{angbr IPA|k}}. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; this would require something like the guttural diacritic {{IPA|◌̴}} to distinguish uvular–labial clicks. Common labial clicks in these three transcriptions are:
{| class="wikitable" ! Trans. I !! Trans. II !! Trans. III !! Description |- ! colspan=4| (velar) |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|k͜ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᵏʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ʘ}} | ''tenuis bilabial click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|k͜ʘʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᵏʘʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ʘʰ}} | ''aspirated bilabial click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ɡ͜ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᶢʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ʘ̬}} | ''voiced bilabial click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ŋ͜ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᵑʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ʘ̬̃}} | ''bilabial nasal click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ŋ̊͜ʘʰʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᵑ̊ʘʰʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ʘ̥̃ʰʰ}} | ''aspirated bilabial nasal click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ŋ͜ʘˀ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᵑʘˀ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ʘ̃ˀ}} | ''glottalized bilabial nasal click'' |- ! colspan=4| (uvular) |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|q͜ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|𐞥ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center" | {{angbr IPA|ʘ̴}} | ''tenuis bilabial click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|q͜ʘʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|𐞥ʘʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center" | {{angbr IPA|ʘ̴ʰ}} | ''aspirated bilabial click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ɢ͜ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|𐞒ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center" | {{angbr IPA|ʘ̴̬}} | ''voiced bilabial click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ɴ͜ʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᶰʘ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center" | {{angbr IPA|ʘ̴̬̃}} | ''bilabial nasal click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ɴ̥͜ʘʰʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᶰ̥ʘʰʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center" | {{angbr IPA|ʘ̴̥̃ʰʰ}} | ''aspirated bilabial nasal click'' |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ɴ͜ʘˀ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{angbr IPA|ᶰʘˀ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center" | {{angbr IPA|ʘ̴̃ˀ}} | ''glottalized bilabial nasal click'' |}
The last is what is heard in the sound sample at right, as non-native speakers tend to glottalize clicks to avoid nasalizing them. Damin also had an egressive bilabial {{IPA|[ʘ↑]}}, which may be an egressive click (if it is not buccal) and which is always followed by another consonant ({{IPA|[ɲ]}}, {{IPA|[ŋ]}} or {{IPA|[pj]}}).<ref>Hale, Ken and Nash, David. ''Damin and Lardil Phonotactics.'' Australian National University Open Research Repository. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/253893/1/PL-C136.247.pdf</ref>
==Features==
Features of ingressive labial clicks:
{{click manner}} *The forward place of articulation is labial, which means it is articulated with the lips. The release is a noisy, affricate-like sound. Bilabial articulation, using both lips, is typical. Sometimes this may pass through a labio-dental stage as the click is released, making it noisier.<ref>Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:251)</ref> In other cases, the lower lip may start out in contact with both the upper teeth and the upper lip.<ref>Miller, 2007, ''The Sounds of Nǀuu'', pp 121''ff''</ref> {{oral-nasal}} {{Median–lateral}} {{lingual airstream}} (One of the two labial clicks in Damin is lingual ''egressive,'' which means that the trapped air pocket is compressed by the tongue until it is allowed to spurt out through the lips.)
The labial clicks are sometimes erroneously described as sounding like a kiss. However, they do not have the pursed lips of a kiss. Instead, the lips are compressed, more like a {{IPA|[p]}} than a {{IPA|[w]}}, and they sound more like a noisy smack of the lips than a kiss.
==Symbol== The '''bullseye''' or '''bull's eye''' ('''{{IPA|ʘ}}''') symbol used in phonetic transcription of the phoneme was made an official part of the International Phonetic Alphabet in 1979, but had existed for at least 50 years earlier. It is encoded in Unicode as {{unichar|0298|LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK}}. The superscript IPA version is {{unichar|107B5|MODIFIER LETTER BILABIAL CLICK}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref>
Similar graphemes consisting of a circled dot encoded by Unicode are: *Gothic 𐍈, hwair *astronomical symbol ☉ "Sun" *mathematical operators {{unichar|2299|circled dot operator|nlink=}} and {{unichar|2A00|N-ary circled dot operator}} *geometrical symbol {{unichar|25c9|fisheye}} *Cyrillic Ꙩ, ꙩ (monocular O)
The para-IPA letter {{angbr IPA|ɋ}} is covered by {{unichar|024B|LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH HOOK TAIL|html=}}.
==Occurrence== English does not have a labial click (or any click consonant, for that matter) as a phoneme, but a plain bilabial click does occur in mimesis, as a lip-smacking sound children use to imitate a fish.
Labial clicks only occur in the Tuu and Kxʼa families of southern Africa, and in the Australian ritual language Damin.
{| class="wikitable" ! Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning |- | ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan) || colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʘoa}} || 'two' |- | Damin || {{lang|mis|mǃi}} || {{IPA|[ᵑʘi]}} {{=}} {{IPA|[ʘ̃i]}} || 'vegetable' |- | Taa (ǃXóõ) || colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʘàa}} || 'child' |- |Nǁng (Nǀuu) | colspan="2" |ʘũu |'son' |}
==Origins== Labial clicks may have arisen historically from labialization of other places of articulation. Starostin (2003)<ref>George Starostin (2003) [http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/khoilex.pdf A lexicostatistical approach towards reconstructing Proto-Khoisan], page 22. ''Mother Tongue'', vol. VIII.</ref> notes that the ǂ’Amkoe words for 'one' and 'two', {{IPA|/ʘ̃ũ/}} and {{IPA|/ʘoa/}}, have labial clicks whereas no other Khoisan language has a labial consonant of any kind in its words for these numerals, and Starostin (2007)<ref>George Starostin (2007) 'Лабиальные кликсы в койсанских языках' ('On labial clicks')</ref> and Sands reconstruct a series of labialized clicks in Proto-Kxʼa, which became labial clicks in ǂ’Amkoe. In Hadza, the word for 'kiss', {{IPA|/ǀ̃ua/}}, becomes a mimetic {{IPA|/ǀ̃ʷa/}} or {{IPA|/ʘ̃ʷa/}} in greetings.<ref>Anywire, Bala, Miller & Sands (2013) ''A Hadza Lexicon'', ms.</ref>
==See also== *Alveolar click *Dental click *Lateral click *Palatal click *Retroflex click *List of phonetics topics
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== *{{cite book |last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |authorlink=Geoffrey K. Pullum |author2=Ladusaw, William A. |date=1996 |title=Phonetic Symbol Guide |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=132–133}} *{{cite book |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Ladefoged |author2=Maddieson, Ian |date=1996 |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |pages=246–280}}
==External links== {{wiktionary|ʘ}} * {{phoible|ʘ}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Biabial Clicks}} Category:Bilabial consonants Category:Phonetic transcription symbols Category:Click consonants