Kuda-gitsune

{{Short description|Type of spirit possession in legends around various parts of Japan}} [[File:Sozan Kuda-gitsune.jpg|right|thumb|240px|"Kudagitsune" from the ''Shōzan chomon kishū'' by Miyoshi Shōzan{{right|{{small|—2007 facsimile from the Hōsa Library, Nagoya copy of the Kaei 3/1850 edition}}<ref name="tanaka_satoshi2007"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Cf. 1903 facsimile<ref name="miyoshi-ed-tayama1903"/> and original woodcut [https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/he13/he13_01191/he13_01191_0004/he13_01191_0004_p0027.jpg] from the Waseda University copy of the 1850 edition.<ref name="miyoshi_shozan-chomon_kishu1850"/>}}}}]] [[File:Seizan Kudagitsune.jpg|right|thumb|240px|"Kudagitsune" from the {{illm|Kasshi yawa|ja|甲子夜話|lt=''Kasshi yawa''}}.<br />From the caption, its length without the tail is calculable to "1 ''shaku'' and 2 or 3 ''sun'' (approx. 1.2–1.3 feet).{{efn|"Body 1 shaku and 2 [or] 3 sun" ({{langx|ja|体一尺二三寸}}) according to Yanagita.}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="yanagita-calculation"}}]] The {{nihongo|'''''kuda-gitsune''''' or '''''kuda-kitsune'''''|管狐, クダ狐|extra1=lit., "pipe fox"}}, also pronounced '''''kanko''''', is a type of spirit possession in legends around various parts of Japan. It may be known otherwise as ''osaki'' especially in the Kantō region, and also considered equivalent to the ''izuna''.

It was believed to assume the guise of a small mammal and able to fit inside a pipe or bamboo tube, but normally only its keeper or user (''kitsune-tsukai'') was able to see it. The user, through the power of the ''kuda'', was believed capable of divulging a person's past or foretelling his future; this soothsayer was also capable of performing curses, bringing calamity upon targets. In regions where the superstition was held, a prospering household could be accused of achieving its prosperity because it was a house possessed by the spirit (''kuda-tsuki''). The fox (and its analogues by other names) was said to multiply in number each time a marriage took place, following the bride to her place of marriage, thus disseminating into more households.

== Nomenclature ==

The {{nihongo|''kuda-gitsune'' or ''kuda-kitsune''|管狐, クダ狐|extra1=lit., "pipe fox" or "tube fox"}}, which in Chinese fashion (onyomi) can also be read as ''kanko'' (old romanization ''kwanko''), derives its name from being small enough to fit inside a tube, according to one explanation.<ref name="de_visser"/>{{sfnp|Casal|1959|p=25}}{{sfnp|Fairchild|1962|pp=96}}<ref name="ishizuka">{{Harvp|Ishizuka|1959|pp=28-34}}</ref> It may also have earned its name due to its tail resembling a tube spliced in two.{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|pp=193–194}} Folklorist Yanagita Kunio conjectured that the ''kuda'' alluded to a god's descent (verb: ''kudaru'') from the mountain, this god Ta-no-Kami ("rice paddy god") being roughly equated with the Yama-no-Kami or "mountain god".{{sfnp|Fairchild|1962|pp=38, 66}}<ref name=yanagita-bekkan3/>

=== Aliases ===

The {{nihongo|''izuna''|飯綱}} is a kindred sort of spirit, employed by the "fox-user" or {{nihongo|''kitsune-tsukai''|狐遣い}},{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Some commentators interpret ''-tsukai'' to mean "user/practitioner (of magic, or a familiar/servant animal)", while others interpret the wort to mean the "art" or the "magic". Inoue's original text reads "世に狐使いと称するものは.." would could easily be translate as "Those in the world who call themselves fox-user", following the "user" interpretation, but de Visser restated it in English as "Those who practice the so-called ''kitsune-tsukai'',<ref name="de_visser"/> choosing the other interpretation. De Visser later mentions the "employment of foxes",<ref name="de_visser"/> supposedly as his rendering of ''kitsune-tsukai''. A more modern scholar also glosses ''kitsune-tsukai'' as "fox-using", yet his use of the term in the instance: "The practices by which ''kitsune-tsukai'' are reported to gain their vulpine familiars"{{sfnp|Bathgate|2004|pp=143, index}} clearly points to a person. Casal commenting on the ''kuda'' does construe the ''kitsune-tsukai'' as the person engaging in the fox magic, but adding to the confusion, renders it as "fox-messenger or fox-assistant",{{sfnp|Casal|1959|pp=43, 74}} because it is possible to interpret ''tsukai'' as either the user, or the used (i.e., the errand-boy, servant, etc.)}}{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|p=228}} (although in modern standard Japanese, the word is pronounced ''īzuna'' and denotes the least weasel).

The ''osaki'' fox is also identified as an equivalent spirit employed by the "fox-user" (''kitsune tsukai'').{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|p=228}}

According to one summarization, the term {{nihongo|''kuda-gitsune''|クダ狐}} is prevalent in the Central region (Chūbu region{{efn|Including Nagano, Aichi, Shizuoka prefectures, cf. §Geography below}}), whereas the appellation ''izuna'' tends to be used in north-central Nagano and the northeast (Tōhoku), and ''osaki'' in the northern Kantō region.{{sfnp|Fukuda|Kanda|Shintani|2006|p=365}}

== Geography == The ''kuda-gitsune'' lore has traditionally been found in Shinano Province (present-day Nagano Prefecture, in the northern Central Region){{efn|Skeptic scholar Inoue Enryō in his {{nihongo|Yōkaigaku Kōgi|妖怪學講義}}, quotes a newspaper article (which he wrote) in the ''Dai-nihon kyōiku shinbun''. Inoue gives the location as Ina in Shinano Province.{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|pp=193–194}} Also, the Edo Period work ''Shōzan chomon kishū'' (cf. infra) gave and entry on the ''kuda-gitsune'' of Shinshū (Shinano Province).<ref name="miyoshi-ed-tayama1903" />}}{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|pp=193–194}}<ref name="miyoshi-ed-tayama1903" /> and has been associated with the {{illm|Iizuna gongen|ja|飯縄権現}}, the deity of Mount Iizuna in the area of Togakushi<ref name="faure2015"/><ref name="shaw1929"/> or the Iizuna or Izuna ritual<ref name="faure2021"/> ({{nihongo|''Izuna no hō''|飯綱の法}}, practiced in ''shugendō''<ref name="iwanami-kogojiten-izunanoho"/>) based on its worship (cf. §Izuna below).

The ''kuda-gitsune'' also occurred in the folk-belief of more southerly portions of the Central Region known as the Tōkai subregion, namely Mikawa (in present-day Aichi) and Tōtomi Provinces (present-day Shizuoka Prefecture).<ref name="de_visser"/><ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa"/> It also forms part of the folklore in the southern Kantō region, Tōhoku region, and elsewhere.{{sfnp|Ishizuka|1959|pp=22-23}} There are no legends of ''kuda-gitsune'' in Kantō besides the Chiba Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture, and this is said to be because Kantō is the domain of the ''osaki'' fox tradition.{{sfnp|Ishizuka|1959|pp=28–34}}

Despite the localizations above, the ability of using the ''kanko''/''kudagitsune'' is purportedly obtained by trained ''yamabushi'' (the ascetics of ''shugendō'') at their holiest sites, either Mount Kinpu or Mount Ōmine (in present-day Nara Prefecture), according to {{illm|Asakawa Zen'an|ja|朝川善庵}} who wrote the essay ''Zen'an zuihitsu''.{{efn|Matsura Seizan's ''Kasshi yawa'' (multi-volume, completed 1841) mentioned Zen'an in the illustrated entry about ''kuda-gitsune'', whereas the ''Zen'an zuihitsu'' (cf. infra) was not printed until Kaei 2 (1850).}}<ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa"/>

== General description ==

According to some sources the ''kuda-gitsune'' ("pipe fox" or "tube fox") is kept inside a bamboo tube, especially by the ''yamabushi''.<ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa"/> The fox in the bamboo tube may be summoned by reciting a magical incantation, and be made to answer any questions asked.<ref name="de_visser"/> Alternatively it is said that fox user (''kitsune-tsukai'') keeps the tamed ''kuda'' fox spirit in the bosom of his garment ("pocket") or up his sleeve, and the creature collects assorted information which it whispers to its master's ear, so that the practitioner of the art may then reveal another's history, or predict another's future. The spirit remains invisible, and can be only seen by the user.{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|pp=193–194}}<ref name="de_visser"/>

As for its size, the Edo Period essay collection {{illm|Kasshi yawa|ja|甲子夜話|lt=''Kasshi yawa''}} (1841) by Matsura Seizan has an entry on the ''kuda-gitsune'',<ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa"/><ref name=kobunko/> including an illustration (above) of the fox said to have been brought from a bucolic area in Osaka and exhibited{{efn|The illustrated figure is entitled {{nihongo|Okuramae misemono no zu |御蔵前みせものの図}} indicating it was a ''misemono'' (exhibit) held at {{illm|Kuramae|ja|蔵前}}, or the front of the government rice warehouse in Asakusa.}} in Edo in the year Bunsei 5 (1822),{{efn|Yanagita redacted as {{nihongo|''Bunsei 5 nen no 5 gatsu''|「文政五年の五月」|5th month of Bunsei}}, but the original drawing caption {{nihongo|''Bunsei 5 nen no shōgatsu''|「壬午の正月末」|New (1st) month of jingo}}. The ''jingo'' is the correct 60 year cycle designation for this year, a combination of the "elder water" stem of the 10 Heavenly Stems and the "horse" zodiac of the 12 Earthly Branches. }}{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=61}} reporting the full length of the specimen (excluding the tail) at {{convert|1.2|-|1.3|shaku|cm}}.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="yanagita-calculation"|Yanagita{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=61}} gives a measurement not directly in the original text, but one which matches the calculated difference: the original text gives "{{nihongo|''[Kono] kitsune hana no saki yori o no sue made 1shaku 9 sun-yo, o no nagasa bakari 6 sun 5 ho hodo, mi[no] takasa se no tokoro 8 sun 5 ho hodo, hara no mawari 9 sun 2 ho''|兒狐鼻の先より尾の末迄一尺九寸餘尾の長さばかり六寸五歩ほど身高さ背のところ八寸五歩ほど腹の廻り九寸二歩ほど}}"<ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa"/> thus giving full length at 1.9+ shaku, the tail length at about 0.65 shaku, height at tail 0.85 shaku, and girth around belly 0.92 shaku. Here "1歩 (1 bu)" has been taken to mean "1分 (1 bu)", or 1/100 shaku.}}<ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa"/>{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=61}} Yanagita Kunio was of the opinion however that this size represented the largest of this kind, as smaller ones were about the size of a polecat (''itachi'', <30 cm?).{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Note that the ''Kashi yawa'' refers to a different specimen measuring "somewhat larger than a polecat/itachi ({{lang|ja|鼬よりやゝ大きく}})", but this is taken from Asakawa Zen'an, who was shown hides from the specimen allegedly surgically extracted by a doctor (cf. infra).<ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa"/>}}{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=61}}

Other sources have described the smallness of the ''kuda-gitsune'' by comparing it to the size of a house mouse,{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|pp=193–194}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Note that Inoue Enryō wrote the entry for ''osaki-gitsune'' in an encyclopedia, describing it as "white colored, about the size of a house mouse ("{{lang|ja|色白く、大きさは二十日鼠ほどなり}}").<ref name="nihonhyakkadaijiten1908-osakigitsune"/>}} or the size of a matchbox.<ref name=miyamoto/>

The {{nihongo|''Shōzan chomon kishū''|想山著聞奇集}} (1850) also provided visual illustration of a specific anecdotal example,{{efn|One purportedly killed during the Kyōwa era (1801–4) at Matsushima station, {{illm|Ina-gun|ja|伊那郡}}, Shinano Province (today's Nagano Prefecture). The eradicator was a physician named {{nihongo|Agata Dōgen|縣道玄}} .}} which reportedly had a catlike face, otter-like body, gray-colored fur, and was about the size of a squirrel, with a thick tail.<ref name="miyoshi_shozan-chomon_kishu1850"/><ref name="miyoshi-ed-tayama1903" />{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=61}}

And according to {{illm|Asakawa Zenan|ja|朝川善庵|lt=Asakawa Zen'an}}'s essay collection {{nihongo|''Zen'an zuihitsu''|善庵随筆}} (pub. 1850), the ''kanko''/''kuda-gitsune'' is about the size of a weasel (''itachi''){{Refn|The original text gives {{lang|ja|鼬鼠}}<ref name="hyakka_setsurin-zenanzuihitsu1892"/> and even though Visser parses this into "same size as weasels or rats",<ref name="de_visser"/> in fact {{lang|ja|鼬鼠}} is an alternate way to write ''itachi'' (instead of just {{lang|ja|鼬}}), and Kaneko reads this passage as just ''itachi'' (weasel){{sfnp|Kaneko|1975|p=36}} with no "rat" mentioned.}} with vertical eyes, but otherwise the same as a feral rat (or perhaps rather the ''yako''), except its thick fur is not all matted/dissheveled.{{efn|The original text regarding the fur reads "毛は扶疎として蒙戎たらざるなり (the hair/fur is lush and luxuriant [as tree branches outspread], but are not messed/dissheveled/disorderly )", even though de Visser gives "hair is thinner".}}<ref name="de_visser"/>{{Refn|name="zenan"|''Zen'an zuihitsu'', selection, in the anthology ''Hyakka setsurin''.<ref name="hyakka_setsurin-zenanzuihitsu1891"/><ref name="hyakka_setsurin-zenanzuihitsu1892"/> The 1892 edition was consulted by de Visser.<ref name="de_visser"/>}}{{sfnp|Inoue|1897|loc=§36}}{{sfnp|Ishizuka|1959|p=32}}

=== Izuna ===

An ''izuna'' is a fox servant, employed by certain "sorcerers" called ''izuna-tsukai'' (''izuna'' users) in the Shinano Region (Nagano Prefecture);{{sfnp|Casal|1959|p=22}} these familiars may also be employed by other psychic type religious or spiritual professionals in Niigata Prefecture and other parts of the Northeast, as well as in the Chūbu region,{{sfnp|Fukuda|Kanda|Shintani|2006|p=40}} and those who profess to have special powers claim to perform clairvoyancy with the use of the ''izuna''.{{sfnp|Fukuda|Kanda|Shintani|2006|p=40}} The sorcerer was also believed capable of harming his client's enemies using the ''izuna'', causing them to become possessed or to fall ill.{{sfnp|Fukuda|Kanda|Shintani|2006|p=40}}

The ''izuna'' is considered by some believers to be a servant of the deity called the {{illm|Izuna gongen|ja|飯縄権現}} or Īzuna gongen, typically represented as a tengu standing on a white fox.{{sfnp|Fukuda|Kanda|Shintani|2006|p=40}}<ref name="faure2015"/> Therefore, the sorcerer (''izuna-tsukai'') sometimes may be a worshipper of this particular ''gongen'' deity, however, that is not always the case.{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=103}}

=== Kitsune-tsuki === Sometimes it is told to be a type of {{illm|kitsunetsuki|ja|狐憑き|lt=''kitsune-tsuki''}} (possession by a ''kitsune'' "fox") and depending on the region, a household that has a ''kuda-gitsune'' occupying it are labeled as "kuda-mochi" ("kuda"-haver),{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=105}}{{sfnp|Inoue|1896|p=122}}{{sfnp|Bathgate|2004|p=122}} "kuda-ya" ("kuda"-proprietor),<ref name="ishizuka" />{{sfnp|Smyers|1993|p=222}} "kuda-tsukai" ("kuda"-user),<ref name="ishizuka" /> etc., and become stigmatized. {{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=70}}

Such a family, though they may amass wealth is seen to have achieved it by striking fear among others by its fox-using, and marriage with a fox-user household was shunned by the rest.{{sfnp|Casal|1959|pp=20–21}} The ''kuda-gitsune'' were allegedly commanded by its master to raid other families' homes and steal their possessions, and in this way the master's family grows wealthy―or at least in the beginning. Since the ''kuda-gitsune'' multiplies until their number grows to 75, the large pack of foxes eat away at the family's wealth, bringing about their downfall.<ref name=miyamoto/><ref name="ishizuka" />

As for the foxes quickly multiplying to 75, it is also said that every time a bride from a ''kuda'' or ''osaki''-haunted household goes off to be married, she is said to bring 75 of the ''kuda'' minions along with her into the new household. This piece of folklore was perhaps invented as a convenient explanation as to why so many families came to be accused of being fox-owners, as time went by.{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|pp=105–106}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|A similar tradition about bringing 75 minions is attached to the {{illm|Gedō (Japanese term)|ja|ゲドウ|lt=''gedō''}} of Shimane Prefecture and the {{illm|tōbyō|ja|トウビョウ|lt=''tōbyō''}} of Hiroshima and Tottori Prefecture, as Yanagita has pointed out.{{sfnp|Yanagita|1964b|p=79}}}}

The ''kuda-tsuki'' is spiritual possession much like the ''hebi-tsuki'' (serpent-possession), ''inugami-tsuki'' (hound deity), or even ''tanuki-tsuki'' (racoon dog) of other communities, and ultimately derive from serpent-god worship, according to geography and history scholar Shōjirō Kobayashi.<ref name="kobayashi_shojiro1905"/>

== Explanatory notes == {{notelist}}

== References == ;Citations {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="de_visser">{{cite journal|last=de Visser |first=M. W. |author-link= |title=The Fox and the Badger in Japanese Folklore |journal=Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan |volume=36 |issue=3 |year=1908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CISFSzaqWkC&pg=RA2-PA92 |pages=92, 122–124 }}</ref>

<ref name="faure2015">{{cite book|last=Faure |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Faure |title=Protectors and Predators: Gods of Medieval Japan |volume=2| publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFkEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |pages=159–160, 395 |isbn=9780824857721}}</ref>

<ref name="faure2021">{{cite book|last=Faure |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Faure |title=Rage and Ravage: Gods of Medieval Japan |volume=3 | publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYOUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA382 |page=389, n39 |isbn=9780824889364 }}</ref>

<ref name="hyakka_setsurin-zenanzuihitsu1891">{{cite book|last=Asakawa |first=Zen'an |author-link=:ja:朝川善庵 |chapter=Zen'an zuihitsu: Shinano no Iizuna gongen |script-chapter=ja:善庵随筆：信濃の飯綱権現 |editor1-last=Imaizumi |editor1-first=Sadasuke |editor1-link=:ja:今泉定助 |editor2-last=Hatakeyama |editor2-first=Takeshi |editor2-link=:ja:畠山健 (国文学者) |title=Hyakka setsurin |script-title=ja:百家説林 |volume=3 |publisher=Yoshikawa Hanshichi |date=1891 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/899109/1/159 |pages=61–65 |quote= |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="hyakka_setsurin-zenanzuihitsu1892">{{cite book|last=Asakawa |first=Zen'an |author-link=:ja:朝川善庵 |chapter=Zen'an zuihitsu: Shinano no Iizuna gongen |script-chapter=ja:善庵随筆：信濃の飯綱権現 |title=Hyakka setsurin |script-title=ja:百家説林 |volume=1 |publisher=Yoshikawa Kōbunkan |date=1905 |orig-date=1892 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KR6b7GiwQQYC&pg=PP682 |page=674 |quote=たゞ批狐は別の一種にて。此方に云ふ管狐の樣なれど。似猫而黑とあれば。亦自一種なり。管狐は大さ鼬鼠ほど |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="iwanami-kogojiten-izunanoho">{{cite dictionary|last=Ōno |first=Susumu |author-link=Susumu Ōno |entry=Izuna no hō |script-entry=ja:飯綱の法 |title=Iwanami kogo jiten |script-title=ja:岩波古語辞典〔補訂版〕|edition=5 |publisher=Iwanami shoten |year=1990 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxgqAQAAIAAJ&q="飯綱の法" |page=22 |isbn=9784000800730|language=ja |quote=【飯綱の法】《信濃国飯綱山の修験者が始めたのでいう管狐( % )を使って行なう妖術。}}</ref>

<ref name="kobayashi_shojiro1905">{{Cite journal|last=Kobayashi |first=Shōjirō |author-link=|title=Honpō shinwa zokuden ni arawaretaru dōbutsu sūhai no ichirei |script-title=ja:本邦神話俗傳に見はれたる動物崇拜の一例 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of Tōkyō |volume=21 |number=237 |date=1905 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1887/21/237/21_237_91/_pdf/-char/ja |pages=108–109|language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name=kobunko>{{cite book|last=Mozume |first=Takami |author-link=:ja:物集高見 |chapter=Kudagitsune |script-chapter=ja:管狐 |title=Kōbunko |script-title=ja:廣文庫 |volume=6 |publisher= |date=1922 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4REAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP189 |pages=149–150 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="matsura_seizan-kasshiyawa">{{cite book|last=Matsura |first=Seizan |author-link=Matsura Seizan |chapter=Kan 1 (*) Kitsune no shurui ni kudagitsune to iu isshu no mono.. |script-chapter=ja:巻一〇狐の種類にくだ狐と云ふ一種のもの.. |title=Kasshi yawa |script-title=ja:甲子夜話 |volume=I |location= |publisher=Kokusho kankōkai |date=1910 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UC4ss5oowUC&pg=PP160 |pages=136–137 |quote= |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name=miyamoto>{{cite book|last=Miyamoto |first=Kesao |author-link=:ja:宮本袈裟雄 |collaboration=Musashi University |editor-last=Sakurai |editor-first=Tokutarō |editor-link=:ja:桜井徳太郎 |chapter=Kuda-gitsune |script-chapter=ja:クダギツネ |title=Minkan shinkō jiten |script-title=ja:民間信仰辞典 |year=1980 |publisher=Tokyodo Shuppan |isbn=978-4-490-10137-9 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="miyoshi_shozan-chomon_kishu1850">{{Citation|last=Miyoshi |first=Shōzan |author-link= |chapter=Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto ari |script-chapter=ja:信州にてくだと云怪獣（くわいじう）を刺殺（さしころし）たる事有り |title=Shōzan chomon kishū kan-no-4 |script-title=ja:想山著聞竒集巻之4 |publisher=Aoyama Naomoto |year=1850 |url=https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/he13/he13_01191/ |chapter-url=https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/he13/he13_01191/he13_01191_0004/he13_01191_0004.html |pages=[https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/he13/he13_01191/he13_01191_0004/he13_01191_0004_p0025.jpg 22v]–[https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/he13/he13_01191/he13_01191_0004/he13_01191_0004_p0027.jpg 25a] |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="miyoshi-ed-tayama1903">{{Citation|last=Miyoshi |first=Shōzan |author-link= |editor1-last=Tayama |editor1-first=Katai |editor1-link=Tayama Katai |editor2-last=Yanagita |editor2-first=Kunio |editor2-link=Yanagita Kunio |chapter=Shōzan chomon kishū kan-no-4: Shinshū nite kuda to iu kaijū wo sashikoroshitaru koto |script-chapter=ja:想山著聞奇集巻之4 信州にてくだと云怪獣を刺殺たる事 |title=Kinsei kidan zenshū |script-title=ja:近世奇談全集 |publisher=Hakubunkan |year=1903 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imvA-oNfkq0C&pg=PP593 |chapter-url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1882619/297 |pages=|language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="nihonhyakkadaijiten1908-osakigitsune">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Inoue |first=Enryō |author-link=Inoue Enryō |entry=wosakigitsune |script-entry=ja:をさきぎつね |title=Nihon hyakka daijiten |script-title=ja:日本百科大辭典 |volume=10 |publisher=Sanseidō shoten |year=1908 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk04AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP710 |page=610 |language=ja}}</ref>

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==External links== *[http://industrialfairytale.com/image.php?mid=11&gname=critter_design Illustration of a Kuda-kitsune emerging from a pipe]

Category:Kitsune (fox) Category:Legendary mammals Category:Spirit possession Category:Familiars