{{Short description|Large homesteads in Eastern European agrarian societies}} [[File:KonstantinKryzhitsky HutorVMalorossii 1884.jpg|thumb|300px|Konstantin Kryzhitsky. ''A Khutir in Little Russia'', 1884]]
A '''khutor''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|x|uː|t|ər}} {{respell|KHOO|tər}}; {{lang-rus|хутор|p=ˈxutər}}) or '''khutir''' ({{langx|uk|хутiр|link=no}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈxut⁽ʲ⁾ir|IPA}}) is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single-homestead settlement.<ref name=GSE>[https://archive.today/20130504135127/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80/ Khutor] from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name=BE>[http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/111/111286.shtml Khutor] from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The term can be translated as "hamlet".<ref>[http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/uk-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80 Українсько-англійський переклад «хутір» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online]</ref><ref>[http://www.lingvo.ua/uk/Translate/ru-en/%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80 Російсько-англійський переклад «хутор» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online]</ref>
They existed in Cossack-settled lands that encompassed today's Ukraine, Kuban, and the lower Don River basin while in Kuban and Don region the word ''khutor'' was also used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from stanitsas.<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhutirIT.htm Khutir] at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine</ref> In some Cossack communities, these types of settlements were referred to as ''posyolok'' ({{langx|ru|посёлок|link=no}}) or ''selyshche'' ({{langx|uk|селище|link=no}}). In Russia the term "{{lang|ru|выселки}}" (''vyselki'', literally, "those who moved away") was also used. Khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions.
During the Stolypin reforms in the Russian empire, Peter Stolypin envisaged rich peasants "privatising" their share of the community (''obshchina'' ({{langx|ru|община|link=no}}) or ''tovarystvo'' ({{langx|uk|товариство|link=no}})) lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an ''otrub'' ({{langx|ru|отруб|link=no}}) or ''vidrub'' ({{langx|uk|відруб|link=no}}): a section of formerly ''obshchina'' land, whose owner has left the ''obshchina'' but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120715021326/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1/ Otrub] from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia {{in lang|ru}}</ref> By 1910 the share of khutors and otrubs among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the collectivisation in the USSR.<ref name=GSE/>
== Linguistic origin == The origin of the word is not entirely clear. Assumed are borrowings from Hungarian határ ({{lit.}} "border"), to which the Slavs are reduced, or határ ("border, edge") — from Serbo-Croatian; also from Proto-Iranic khȁtȃr ({{lit.}} "land belonging to the village") to Ukrainian as ''khotar''.<ref name="ЕСУМ">[https://goroh.pp.ua/Етимологія/хутір Хутір] // Етимологічний словник української мови : в 7 т. / редкол.: О. С. Мельничук (гол. ред.) та ін. — Київ: Наукова думка, 2012. — Т. 6: У — Я. — С. 224. — ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.</ref>
According to Max Vasmer, the word entered the East Slavic languages from Old Upper German.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
==In literature== thumb|300px|Number of khutors by region in Russia Nikolai Gogol's first major work is called ''Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka'', where "farm" is a translation of "khutor" ({{langx|ru|Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки|link=no}}, ''Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki'').{{cn|date=May 2024}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
Category:Economic history of Russia Category:Economic history of Ukraine Category:Social history of Ukraine Category:Rural geography Category:Human habitats Category:Types of administrative division Category:Russian-language designations of territorial entities Category:Types of populated places