Khaki

{{Short description|Color of tan commonly found in arid-region military uniforms}} {{about|khaki as a color||Khaki (disambiguation)}} {{pp-pc}} {{Use American English|date=October 2013}} thumb|upright=1.35|Khaki is a common color in military uniforms and equipment, particularly those intended for use in desert or arid regions, as seen on these German and Senegalese officers.

The color '''khaki''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|k|ɑː|k|i}}, {{IPAc-en|us|ˈ|k|æ|k|i}}) is a light shade of tan with a slight yellowish tinge.

Khaki has been used by many armies around the world for uniforms and equipment, particularly in arid or desert regions, where it provides camouflage relative to sandy or dusty terrain. It has been used as a color name in English since 1848 when it was introduced as a military uniform.<ref name="Dict">Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197; Color Sample of Khaki: Page 49 Plate 13 Color Sample J7</ref> In Western fashion, it is a standard color for smart casual dress trousers for civilians, which are also often called ''khakis''.

In British English and some other Commonwealth usage, ''khaki'' may also refer to a shade of green known as olive drab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khaki entry in Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/khaki |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khaki definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/khaki |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sykes |first1=Pandora |title=Wardrobe Mistress: how to tackle the khaki jacket |url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/article/wardrobe-mistress-how-to-tackle-the-khaki-jacket-8npv5ksmh |website=The Times |publisher=The Times (of London) |access-date=22 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==

''Khaki'' is a loanword from Hindustani (खाकी, خاکی; {{IPA|hi|ˈkʱaː.ˌki̯|pron}})'soil-colored', which in turn comes from Persian خاک {{IPA|fa|χɒːk|}} ''khāk'' 'soil' + {{lang|fa|ی}} (adjectival attributive suffix); it came into English via the British Indian Army.<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Khaki Dictionary Meaning: ''Khaki'']; TheFreeDictionary; Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Encyclopedia</ref><ref name="StClair2">{{Cite book|title=The Secret Lives of Colour|last=St. Clair|first=Kassia|publisher=John Murray|year=2016|isbn=9781473630819|location=London|pages=240–241|oclc=936144129}}</ref>

==Origin== [[File:A Tanaoli of the Guides (Lumsden's) Infantry, and an Afridi Daffadar of the Guides Cavalry, 1908 (c) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The Corps of Guides, the first military unit to wear khaki]]

Khaki was first worn as a uniform in the Corps of Guides that was raised in December 1846 by Henry Lawrence (1806–1857),<ref name="StClair2" /> agent to the Governor-General for the North-West Frontier and stationed in Lahore. Khaki uniforms originated as part of the British Army's broader efforts in the mid 19th century to standardize military dress for colonial service, replacing locally varied and brightly colored garments with a uniform, practical field color. This shift reflected administrative reforms aimed at improving organization and discipline in overseas military operations. By the late 19th century, khaki had become the standard material for British colonial field uniforms.<ref>{{Citation |last=Omissi |first=David |title=Conclusion: The Sepoy and the Raj |date=1994 |work=The Sepoy and the Raj |pages=232–242 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14768-7_7 |access-date=2026-04-16 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-333-72976-2}}</ref>

Initially the border troops were dressed in their native costume, which consisted of a smock and white pajama trousers made of a coarse home-spun cotton, and a cotton turban, supplemented by a leather or padded cotton jacket for cold weather. In 1848, a khaki uniform was introduced.<ref>"Khaki Uniform 1848–49: First Introduction by Lumsden and Hodson", ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'', 82 (Winter 2004) pp 341–347</ref> Subsequently, all regiments serving in the region, whether British or Indian, had adopted khaki uniforms for active service and summer dress. The original khaki fabric was a closely twilled cloth of linen or cotton. For example, European artillery regiments serving in Madras Presidency discontinued white summer clothing and adopted ''khakee'' (sic), on 26 June 1858.<ref>{{cite book|first=W.(William) Y.|last=Carman|title=Indian Army Uniforms under the British from the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry.|date=1969|publisher=Morgan-Grampian|location=London|page=26}}</ref>

==Military use== [[File:Bob Work with General Raheel Sharif and Major General Aamer Riaz.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Army General Raheel Sharif wearing khaki uniform ]] The impracticality of traditional bright colors such as the red coat, especially for skirmishing, was recognized early in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Cynric R.|title=Hamel, the Obeah man|date=1827|publisher=Hunt and Clarke|location=London|page=279|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/stream/hamelobeahman00hamegoog#page/n624/mode/2up|access-date=3 February 2016}}"...A red-coat on one of these rocks will only be a mark for these rebels."</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Army|journal=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine|volume=60|issue=370|page=144}} "...scarlet is unmilitary, first, because it is tawdry; and secondly, as rendering the soldier, when isolated, an easier mark than a less glaring colour." (1846)</ref> A response to improved technologies such as aerial surveillance and smokeless powder, khaki could camouflage soldiers in the field of battle.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tynan|first=Jane|title=British Army Uniform and the First World War: Men in Khaki|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|location=London}}</ref><ref name="StClair2" /> The British switching from bright red coats to khaki emphasized military strategy and visibility over traditional uniforms.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bh4b60 |title=Camouflage cultures: beyond the art of disappearance |date=2015 |publisher=Sydney University Press |isbn=978-1-74332-425-7}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.2752/175183510X12868938341484}}</ref>

Khaki-colored uniforms were used officially by British troops for the first time during the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia, when Indian troops traveled to Ethiopia.<ref>Byron Farwell, ''Armies of the Raj'', 1989, page 75.</ref> Subsequently, the British Army adopted khaki for colonial campaign dress and it was used in the Mahdist War (1884–89) and Second Boer War (1899–1902). Khaki uniforms were widely implemented in the Second Boer War. The effectiveness of khaki in camouflaging troops led to its official standardization by Britain, replacing their traditional red uniforms. This marked a development in military technology, where the color of a uniform provided its wearer with an advantage in warfare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Amanda J. |date=2023 |title=Khaki, a Continual Reinvention: Color, Cloth, Pants, and Lifestyle |url=https://cgscholar.com/publishers/articles/khaki-a-continual-reinvention |journal=The International Journal of Designed Objects |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=35–48 |doi=10.18848/2325-1379/CGP/v17i02/35-48 |issn=2325-1379|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These uniforms became known as khaki drill, versions of which are still part of the uniforms of the British Army.

During the Second Boer War, the British forces became known as "Khakis" because of their uniforms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Loske |first=Alexandra |title=A Cultural History of Color in the Age of Industry |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9781350193598 |pages=86 |language=English}}</ref> After victory in the war, the government called an election, which became known as the khaki election,<ref name=":0" /> a term used subsequently for elections called to exploit public approval of governments immediately after military victories.

The United States Army adopted khaki during the Spanish–American War (1898), replacing their traditional blue field uniforms. The United States Navy and United States Marine Corps followed suit, authorizing khaki field and work uniforms. A plain coat, trousers, five buttons, a standing collar, and a novelty belt completed the first full khaki uniform for the Spanish-America War. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McAfee |first=Michael J. |date=1998 |title=KHAKI, 1898-1902: The New Order |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44033152 |journal=Military Images |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=31–31 |issn=1040-4961}}</ref>

thumb|upright|Dark khaki serge uniform jacket, Lieutenant, 7th London Regiment, First World War era.

When khaki was adopted for the continental British Service Dress in 1902, the shade chosen had a clearly darker and more green hue (see photo). This color was adopted with minor variations by all the British Empire armies. The 1902 US Army uniform regulations also adopted a similar shade for soldiers' winter service uniforms under the name olive drab. This shade of brown-green remained in use by many countries throughout the two World Wars. With the technological advances of mass-production, khaki fabric was able to be standardized across many military branches and forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.2752/175183510X12868938341484}}</ref> In 1913, khaki uniforms began to symbolize masculinity and patriotism, which led to the beginning of "Khaki Fever."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woollacott |first=Angela |date=1994 |title='Khaki Fever' and Its Control: Gender, Class, Age and Sexual Morality on the British Homefront in the First World War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/260893 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=325–347 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref> Women in the army, air force, police service, auxiliary corps, and naval service all began to wear khaki, causing a major shift in gender roles and wartime positions as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Voeltz |first=Richard A. |date=1992 |title=The Antidote to 'Khaki Fever'? The Expansion of the British Girl Guides during the First World War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/260945 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=627–638 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref>

== Use in civilian clothing == Following World War II, military-issue khaki-colored chino cloth twill trousers became a common part of civilian clothing. Today, the term ''khakis'' is sometimes used to refer to the style of trousers, properly called chinos, regardless of their color.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} By the early 1900s, khaki began influencing civilian fashion in Britain, where it was adopted for outdoor and work clothing. <ref name=":1" /> Although khaki had a plain appearance, it still functioned as a symbol of hierarchy and military structure in civilian life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.tandfonline.com |doi=10.1080/09540253.2019.1632419}}</ref>

==Tones of khaki==

===Light khaki=== {{infobox color | title=Light Khaki | hex=F0E68C | source=X11<ref name="css3-color">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|first1=Tantek|last1=Çelik|first2=Chris|last2=Lilley|first3=L. David|last3=Baron|last4=W3C|first5=L. David|last5=Baron|date=19 June 2018|website=www.w3.org|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> |isccname=Light greenish yellow}}

Adjacent is displayed the color '''light khaki''' (also called khaki tan or just tan).

This is the web color called ''khaki'' in HTML/CSS. {{Clear}}

===Khaki=== {{infobox color | title=Khaki (A Dictionary of Color) | hex=C3B091 | source=<ref name="Dict"/> | isccname=Grayish yellow }}

The color shown adjacent matches the color designated as ''khaki'' in the 1930 book ''A Dictionary of Color'', the standard for color nomenclature before the introduction of computers. It corresponds to RAL 1001 Beige in the RAL color standard. {{Clear}}

===Dark khaki=== {{infobox color | title=Dark Khaki | hex=BDB76B | source=X11 | isccname=Moderate greenish yellow }}

Adjacent is displayed the web color '''dark khaki'''.<ref name=css3>[http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/ CSS3 Color Module], retrieved 2010-09-12</ref> It corresponds to ''Dark Khaki'' in the X11 color names and to RAL 7008 Khaki Gray in the RAL color standard. {{Clear}}

===Khaki green=== {{infobox color | title=Khaki green | hex=728639 | source=[http://hex.wikimix.info/en/color-728639 wikimix] | isccname=Pale olive brown}}

Adjacent is displayed the color '''khaki green''', sometimes called simply ''khaki'' in Commonwealth countries. It corresponds to RAL 6003 Olive Green in the RAL color standard. It is more commonly called olive green or olive drab. {{Clear}}

==See also== * Feldgrau * Khaki University

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==External links== * {{Wiktionary-inline|khaki}} * {{Commons category-inline|Khaki|lcfirst=yes}}

Category:Shades of brown Category:Shades of green Category:Shades of yellow