Kampilan

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox weapon | name = Kampilan <br> {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜎᜈ᜔}} | image = Kampilan moro parts components.jpg | image_size = | caption = Parts of a kampílan, written in Maguindanao and Maranao languages of Mindanao. | origin = Philippines | type = Sword | is_bladed = Yes | service = Precolonial barangays, Caboloan, Rajahnate of Cebu, Madja-as, Tondo, Namayan, Maynila, Ma-i, Rajahnate of Butuan, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanates of Lanao, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Brunei | used_by = Kapampangans, Ilocanos, Totoon Pangasinan, Tagalogs, Bicolanos, Visayans, Lumad, Moros (Iranun, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug), Bajau | wars = {{unbulleted list | Battle of Mactan | Spanish Conquest | Moro wars }} | designer = | design_date = | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = | number = | variants =  | spec_label = | weight = {{convert|0.85-1.3|kg|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|90-100|cm|abbr=on}} | part_length = {{convert|70|cm|abbr=on}} | width = | height = | diameter = | crew =  | blade_type = Laminated steel blade; tapered, single-edge | hilt_type = One-handed cruciform, with carved bifurcated pommel; Hardwood, Horn, Bone, Metal (Gold, Silver, Brass) | sheath_type = Rattan or fibre-lashed Wood or Bamboo | head_type = | haft_type = }} The '''kampilan''' (Baybayin: {{script|Tglg|ᜃᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜎᜈ᜔}}) is a type of single-edged sword,(also known as talong) traditionally used by various ethnic groups in the Philippine archipelago, Kalimantan and Sulawesi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zonneveld |first=A.G. van |title=Traditional weapons of the Indonesian Archipelago |last2=Richardus |first2=P. |publisher=C. Zwartenkot Art Books. |year=2001 |isbn=9054500042 |location=Leiden |pages=60}}</ref> It has a distinct profile, with the tapered blade being much broader and thinner at the point than at its base, sometimes with a protruding spikelet along the flat side of the tip. It is a long sword usually held in both hands. The design of the pommel varies between ethnic groups, but it usually depicts either a ''buaya'' (crocodile), a ''bakunawa'' (sea serpent), a ''kalaw'' (hornbill), or a ''kakatua'' (cockatoo)..<ref name="old">{{cite web| url = http://old.blades.free.fr/swords/klewang/kampilan/kampilan.htm| title = Kampilan| access-date = February 5, 2009| work = Malay World Edged Weapons}}</ref>

This weapon was featured in the American bladesmithing competition, ''Forged in Fire'', in season 4 episode 16.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/shows/forged-in-fire/season-4/episode-16 |title=The Kampilan |publisher=History |access-date=January 29, 2020}}</ref>

==Names== "Kampilan" is the term most commonly used for the sword in the Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan languages. It simply means "sword".<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book|author=William Henry Scott | author-link = William Henry Scott (historian) | url = https://archive.org/details/BarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety | title = Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society | publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press | date = 1994 | location = Quezon City | isbn = 978-9715501354 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kampilan |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kampilan |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubino |first1=Carl Ralph Galvez |title=Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano |date=2000 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=9780824820886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-zAa_rjoMC}}</ref> It is known by other names in other ethnic groups in the Philippines including Kapampangan '''talibong''' or '''talibon''' (not to be confused with the Visayan talibon); Maranao '''kifing'''; Iranun '''parang kampilan''';<ref>{{cite book|author=Mamitua Saber, Dionisio G. Orellana|title=Comparative Notes On Museum Exhibits In Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Macao, And The Philippines: A Report To The Ford Foundation On Travelling Symposium For Southeast Asia Museum Development, April-May, 1971|year=1977|publisher=Aga Khan Museum, Mindanao State University|asin=B0007BP4DA}}</ref> and Tboli '''tok''' and '''kafilan'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Casiño |first1=Eric S. |title=Mindanao Statecraft and Ecology: Moros, Lumads, and Settlers Across the Lowland-highland Continuum |date=2000 |publisher=Notre Dame University |isbn=9789715553544 |page=226}}</ref>

==History== Kampilan are mentioned in ancient Filipino epics, including the Hiligaynon ''Hinilawod'' from the Visayas; the Ilocano ''Biag ni Lam-Ang'' from Luzon; and the Maranao ''Darangen'' of Mindanao.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Milligan |first1=Jeffrey Ayala |title=Rethinking the Ideal of the Educated Person: An Alternative from the Maranao-Filipino Oral Epic Darangen |journal=Journal of Thought |date=2000 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=67–79 |jstor=42589635 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last= Panalondong |first=Bulkhia |date=2018 |title=Kampilan: Cultural and Historical Significance to the Mëranaw |publisher=Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology}}</ref> The kampilan also plays a central part in the Maranao and Maguindanao traditional war dance of Sagayan, which depicts a scene from the ''Darangen.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sagayan: The Dance of the Maguindanaoan |url=https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/1111/sagayan-dance-maguindanao-festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305121152/http://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/1111/sagayan-dance-maguindanao-festival/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |website=ChoosePhilippines |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>

Unlike other common precolonial Filipino ''bolo'' weapons which were based on agricultural implements, the kampilan is specifically made for warfare, used either in small skirmishes or large-scale encounters.<ref name="marcialtirada"/> According to Philippine historical documents, the kampílan was widely used by chieftains and warriors for battle and as a headhunting sword. The most famous probable use of kampilan in warfare was in the Battle of Mactan, where Antonio Pigafetta described Ferdinand Magellan being wounded on the left leg by a warrior bearing "a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger."<ref name="pigafetta">{{cite book|author=Antonio Pigafetta. MS. ''ca.'' 1525, of events of 1519-1522|editor=Emma Helen Blair & James Alexander Robertson|title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century|chapter=Primo viaggio intorno al mondo|publisher=The Arthur H. Clark Co.|year=1906|page=161|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afk2830.0001.033/167?page=root;size=100;view=image;q1=Zubu}}</ref><ref name="old"/><ref name="tfw">{{Cite web|url=https://www.traditionalfilipinoweapons.com/shop/kampilan/|title=Kampilan | Traditional Filipino Weapons |date=September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="marcialtirada"/> In traditional societies of the Tagalog people, it is also used as a form of religious adornment in a dambana.<ref name="tfw"/><ref name="marcialtirada"/> Kampilan swords only survive into modern times among the Moro and the Lumad people, due to the longer period that they avoided Spanish colonization.

== Physical description == [[File:Kalis Kampilan 2.JPG|thumb|A kampilan with a crocodile pommel shown with the shorter kalis for comparison. The sheaths are also displayed.]] Among Filipino swords, the most distinguishing characteristic of the kampilan is its huge size. At about 36 to 40 inches (90 to 100 cm) long, it is much larger than other Filipino swords,<ref name="tfw"/> and is thought to be the longest,<ref name="marcialtirada">{{cite web |url=http://www.marcialtirada.net/traditional_filipino_weapons |title=Philippine Martial Arts Institute - Traditional Filipino Weapons |access-date=January 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129080448/http://marcialtirada.net/traditional_filipino_weapons |archive-date=January 29, 2009 }}</ref> though smaller versions (sometimes called the "kampilan bolo")<ref name="tfwkbolo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.traditionalfilipinoweapons.com/shop/kampilan-bolo/|title=Kampilan Bolo | Traditional Filipino Weapons |date=September 13, 2014 }}</ref> exist. A notable exception would be the ''panabas'', another Philippine longsword, of which unusually large examples used for ceremonial execution purposes could measure up to four feet in length.<ref name="tfwpanabas">{{cite web |url=http://traditionalfilipinoweapons.com/Panabas.htm |title=Panabas |access-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011210239/http://traditionalfilipinoweapons.com/Panabas.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2014 }}</ref> The blade is narrow near the hilt and it gradually swells in width into an almost trapezoidal profile at the end. The blades are often laminated with various styles of tip. '''Kampílan''' blades often have holes near the tip that are sometimes filled with brass. Rarer still are specimens that have tips exhibiting a ''kris''-like fretwork, while others have engravings down the entire blade. Although the kampílan can be used with one hand, it is primarily a one-handed sword.

===Blade=== thumb|right|The lamination (pattern welding) of the blade of this kampílan is clearly visible. A close-up view of the characteristic spikelet on the blade's tip is also shown.

The laminated steel blade of the kampílan is single-edged, and made by the Damascus steel pattern welding process.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Maryon | first = Herbert | author-link = Herbert Maryon | date = February 1960 | title = Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 1: Pattern-Welding | journal = Studies in Conservation | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–37 | doi = 10.2307/1505063 | jstor = 1505063 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Maryon | first = Herbert | author-link = Herbert Maryon | date = May 1960 | title = Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 2: The Damascene Process | journal = Studies in Conservation | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 52–60 | doi = 10.2307/1504953 | jstor = 1504953 }}</ref> It is easily identified by its tapered profile, narrowest near the hilt and gently widening until its truncated point. The blade's spikelet has led to the description of the kampílan in some documents as "dual-tipped" or "double-tipped".<ref name="old"/><ref name="tfw"/><ref name="historychannelasia">{{cite video|title =Raiders of the Sulu Sea|url =http://www.historychannelasia.com/synopsis.aspx?libId=347&sId=70&sTime=1200|medium =Documentary|publisher =Oakfilms3, History Channel Asia|access-date =February 8, 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Sheath or scabbard=== The scabbard is usually made of cheap wood and is bound with simple rattan or fibre lashings. When the sword needs to be used immediately, the sword bearer will simply strike with the sheathed sword and the blade will cut through the lashings, thereby effecting a quick, tactical strike without the need to unsheathe the sword.

Scabbards are unadorned and are often disposable when going into battle. Some scabbards were also made of bamboo or were made with a handle that allowed half of the scabbard to serve as a small shield.

===Hilt=== [[File:Kampilan hilts moro philippine swords.jpeg|thumb|Detail of the hilts of Moro kampílan, which typically have ''kalaw'' (hornbill) pommel designs.]]

The hilt is quite long in order to counterbalance the weight and length of the blade and is made of hardwood.<ref name="old"/> As with the blade, the design of the hilt's profile is relatively consistent from blade to blade. The hilt is sometimes wrapped with rattan to improve the grip. At times the hilt was bound to the hand by a talismanic piece of cloth to prevent slippage. Sometimes a chain mail covering was attached to prevent the hand from injury. Almost all kampílan originally had large metal staples protruding from the cross guard above the grip.

The complete ''tang'' of the kampílan disappears into a crossguard, which is often decoratively carved with geometric or flowing patterns.<ref name="old"/> The guard prevents the enemy's weapon from sliding all the way down the blade onto bearer's hand and also prevents the bearer's hand from sliding onto the blade while thrusting.

[[File:Lumad kampilan.jpg|thumb|left|A Bagobo kampilan from Mindanao.]] The most distinctive design element of the hilt is the pommel. The design of the pommel varies between ethnic groups of the Philippines. In the ethnic groups of Visayas and Luzon, the pommel usually depicts a ''bakunawa'' (or ''naga''), a horned dragon-like mythological creature.<ref name="old"/><ref name="marcialtirada"/> Among the Muslim Moro people, the pommel usually depicts either a ''kalaw'' (hornbill) or a ''kakatua'' (cockatoo). Other animals depicted in kampilan pommels include monitor lizards and crocodiles.<ref name="tfw"/><ref name="macao"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Mindanao Kampilan Machete Sword |url=https://www.michaelbackmanltd.com/object/mindanao-kampilan-machete-sword/ |website=Michael Backman Lrd |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> Among the Lumad people of the interiors of Mindanao, kampilan pommels do not typically depict animals, but is instead a simple curving shape that flares out at the end.

Kampilan hilts are typically made from hardwood, but expensive examples that belonged to ''datu'' are covered in silver sheet or are entirely manufactured out of expensive materials such as horn or bone. Like the blade, they may possess small holes at the tips and edges which can have attachments like bells, metal chains, or animal or human hair tassels. Some kampilan hilts, especially among the Lumad, can also be made entirely of brass.<ref name="old"/><ref name="marcialtirada"/><ref name="macao">{{cite web |title=History of Steel in Eastern Asia |url=http://www.arscives.com/historysteel/philippines.swords.htm |website=Macao Museum of Art |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Complete T'Boli Kampilan sword from Mindanao, Southern Philippines |url=https://www.ashokaarts.com/shop/complete-tboli-sword-from-mindanao-southern-philippines |website=Ashoka Arts |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>

==Similar swords== Similar weapons to the kampilan in the Philippines include the Bangkung, Laring, Itak, Pirah, and the Banyal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cato |first1=Robert |title=Moro Swords |date=1996 |publisher=Graham Brash |isbn=9789812180599 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBvWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=July 18, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Atkinson">{{cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=David J. |title=Banyal |url=http://atkinson-swords.com/collection-by-region/south-east-asia/philippines/mindano-and-sulu-archipelag/banyal/ |website=Atkinson Collection: Swords and Knives |access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Lawrence">{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Marc |title=Filipino Weapons from A to Z |publisher=Stephen K. Dowd |journal=Filipino Martial Arts Digest |date=2009 |url=https://www.southbayfmaclub.com/Articles/pdf/Special-Edition_Philippine-Weaponry.pdf |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-date=August 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824080342/https://www.southbayfmaclub.com/Articles/pdf/Special-Edition_Philippine-Weaponry.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other similar weapons to the Kampilan outside of the Philippines include the Dayak Mandau of Borneo;<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Dorléans|title=Orang Indonesia Dan Orang Prancis: Dari Abad XVI Sampai Dengan Abad XX|year=2006|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|isbn=978-979-9100-50-4}}</ref> the Minahasan santi of northern Sulawesi; and the Sangirese Bara Sangihe of the Sangihe Islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pedang Bara Sangihe, Senjata Tradisional Sulawesi Utara |url=https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/pedang-bara-sangihe-senjata-tradisional-sulawesi-utara |website=Indonesia Kaya |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> In Brunei, the officers who bear the royal regalia of the Sultan of Brunei such as the ''Panglima Asgar'' (Soldier General) who carry the royal weapons of ''kalasak'' and '''kampilan''', where as the ''Panglima Diraja (Royal commander)'' carry the ''Pemuras'' and ''Karga''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah|title=Textiles and Identity in Brunei Darussalam|year=2007|publisher=White Lotus Press|isbn=978-974-480-094-7}}</ref>

==Historical accounts== [[File:Iranun pirate.png|thumb|An Iranun pirate from Sabah armed with a ''kampilan'', alongside a ''gunong'' dagger and a ''budjak'' spear.]] {{Blockquote |text=The Mindanaos use a weapon quite distinct from that of the Ternatans. It is a campilan or cutlass of one edge, and heavier than the pointless Turkish weapon. It is a very bloody weapon, but, being so heavy, it is a danger for him who handles it, if he is not adroit with it. It has only two forms of use, namely, to wield it by one edge, and to raise it by the other, in order to deal another stroke, its weight allowing time for the spears of the opponents to enter. They do not gird it on, as that would be too much trouble, but carry it on the shoulders, in the fashion of the camarlengos who carry the rapiers on their shoulders in public ceremonies in front of their princes. Besides that weapon the Mindanao uses lance, kris, and shield, as do the other nations. Both these and those have begun to use firearms too much, having acquired that from intercourse with our enemies. They manage all sorts of artillery excellently, and in their fleets all their craft carry their own pieces, with ladle, culverins, esmerils, and other small weapons. |author=Fr. Francisco Combes |source=''History of Mindanao, Sulu and Adjacent Islands'' (1667) }}

==Modern day ceremonial uses== {{no sources section|date=October 2023}} The No. 1 graduating cadet of the Philippine National Police Academy will receive the Presidential Kampilan as a recognition of his achievement for excelling in all aspects of the 4-year cadetship training, the No. 2 graduate will also receive the Vice Presidential Kampilan as recognition for the 2nd best performing cadet of the graduating batch.

==Publications== *{{cite web |url = http://class.csueastbay.edu/anthropologymuseum/virtmus/Philippines/Crafts/Knives.htm |title = armory:knives |access-date = February 5, 2008 |last = Whittington |first = Jeff |work = Peoples of the Philippines: Filipino Arts and Crafts |publisher = The C.E. Smith Museum of Anthropology |archive-date = July 19, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182611/http://class.csueastbay.edu/anthropologymuseum/virtmus/Philippines/Crafts/Knives.htm |url-status = dead }} *{{cite web |url = http://www.arscives.com/historysteel/philippines.introduction.htm |title = Sandata - The Edged Weapons of the Philippines |access-date = February 5, 2008 |last = Greaves |first = Ian |author-link = Ian Greaves |author2 = Jose Albovias Jr |author3 = Federico Malibago |work = History of Steel in Eastern Asia |publisher = Macao Museum of Art |archive-date = August 10, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150810185458/http://www.arscives.com/historysteel/philippines.introduction.htm |url-status = dead }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.arscives.com/historysteel/philippines.swords.htm | title = kampilan (subheading) | access-date = February 5, 2008 | work = History of Steel in Eastern Asia | publisher = Macao Museum of Art }}

== References == {{reflist}}

Category:Arnis Category:Visayan culture Category:Visayan history Category:Southeast Asian swords Category:Filipino swords Category:Moro people Category:Edged and bladed weapons Category:Culture of Maguindanao del Norte Category:Culture of Maguindanao del Sur Category:Culture of Lanao del Sur Category:Weapons of the Philippine Army Category:Weapons of the Philippines