{{short description|Trigonometric functions introduced by Indian mathematicians and astronomers}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} '''Jyā''', '''koṭi-jyā''' and '''utkrama-jyā''' are three trigonometric functions introduced by Indian mathematicians and astronomers. The earliest known Indian treatise containing references to these functions is Surya Siddhanta.<ref name="Datta">{{cite journal|last=B.B. Datta and A.N. Singh|date=1983|title=Hindu Trigonometry|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=18|issue=1|pages=39–108|url=https://linux.ime.usp.br/~bedulli/Datta-Singh_hindu-trigonometry-1983.pdf|access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> These are functions of arcs of circles and not functions of angles. Jyā and koti-jyā are closely related to the modern trigonometric functions of sine and cosine. In fact, the origins of the modern terms of "sine" and "cosine" have been traced back to the Sanskrit words jyā and koti-jyā.<ref name="Datta"/>
==Definition== thumb|right|250px|Modern diagram for jyā and kojyā
Let 'arc AB' denote an arc whose two extremities are A and B of a circle with center 'O'. If a perpendicular BM is dropped from B to OA, then:
* ''jyā'' of arc AB = BM * ''koti-jyā'' of arc AB = OM * ''utkrama-jyā'' of arc AB = MA
If the radius of the circle is ''R'' and the length of arc AB is ''s'', the angle subtended by arc AB at O measured in radians is θ = ''s'' / ''R''. The three Indian functions are related to modern trigonometric functions as follows:
* ''jyā'' ( arc AB ) = ''R'' sin ( ''s'' / ''R'' ) * ''koti-jyā'' ( arc AB ) = ''R'' cos ( ''s'' / ''R'' ) * ''utkrama-jyā'' ( arc AB ) = ''R'' ( 1 - cos ( ''s'' / ''R'' ) ) = ''R'' versin ( ''s'' / ''R'' )
=={{anchor|Rsin|Rcos}}Terminology== thumb|right|250px|Literal meaning of jyā thumb|right|250px|Technical meaning of jyā and kojyā
An arc of a circle is like a bow and so is called a ''dhanu'' or ''chāpa'' which in Sanskrit means "a bow". The straight line joining the two extremities of an arc of a circle is like the string of a bow and this line is a chord of the circle. This chord is called a ''jyā'' which in Sanskrit means "a bow-string", presumably translating Hipparchus's {{lang|grc|χορδή}} with the same meaning{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}. The word ''jīvá'' is also used as a synonym for ''jyā'' in geometrical literature.<ref>According to lexicographers, it is a synonym also meaning "bow-string", but only its geometrical meaning is attested in literature. Monier-Williams, ''A Sanskrit Dictionary'' (1899): "'' jīvá'' n. (in geom. = ''jyā'') the chord of an arc; the sine of an arc ''Suryasiddhanta'' 2.57"; ''jīvá'' as a generic adjective has the meaning of "living, alive" (cognate with English ''quick'')</ref> At some point, Indian astronomers and mathematicians realised that computations would be more convenient if one used the halves of the chords instead of the full chords and associated the half-chords with the halves of the arcs.<ref name="Datta"/><ref name="Glen">{{cite book|last=Glen Van Brummelen|title=The mathematics of the heavens and the earth : the early history of trigonometry|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2009|pages=95–97|isbn=978-0-691-12973-0}}</ref> The half-chords were called ''ardha-jyā''s or ''jyā-ardha''s. These terms were again shortened to ''jyā'' by omitting the qualifier ''ardha'' which meant "half of".
The Sanskrit word ''koṭi'' has the meaning of "point, cusp", and specifically "the curved end of a bow". In trigonometry, it came to denote "the complement of an arc to 90°". Thus ''koṭi-jyā'' is "the ''jyā'' of the complementary arc". In Indian treatises, especially in commentaries, ''koṭi-jyā'' is often abbreviated as ''kojyā''. The term ''koṭi'' also denotes "the side of a right angled triangle". Thus ''koṭi-jyā'' could also mean the other cathetus of a right triangle, the first cathetus being the ''jyā''.{{clarify|date=October 2014}}<ref name="Datta"/>
''Utkrama'' means "inverted", thus ''utkrama-jyā'' means "inverted chord". The tabular values of ''utkrama-jyā'' are derived from the tabular values of ''jyā'' by subtracting the elements from the radius in the reversed order.{{clarify|date=October 2014}} This is really{{clarify|date=October 2014}} the arrow between the bow and the bow-string and hence it has also been called ''bāṇa'', ''iṣu'' or ''śara'' all meaning "arrow".<ref name="Datta"/>
An arc of a circle which subtends an angle of 90° at the center is called a ''vritta-pāda'' (a quadrat of a circle). Each zodiacal sign defines an arc of 30° and three consecutive zodiacal signs defines a ''vritta-pāda''. The ''jyā'' of a ''vritta-pāda'' is the radius of the circle. The Indian astronomers coined the term ''tri-jyā'' to denote the radius of the base circle, the term ''tri-jyā'' being indicative of "the ''jyā'' of three signs". The radius is also called ''vyāsārdha'', ''viṣkambhārdha'', ''vistarārdha'', etc., all meaning "semi-diameter".<ref name="Datta"/> According to one convention, the functions ''jyā'' and ''koti-jyā'' are respectively denoted by "Rsin" and "Rcos" treated as single words.<ref name="Datta"/> Others denote ''jyā'' and ''koti-jyā'' respectively by "Sin" and "Cos" (the first letters being capital letters in contradistinction to the first letters being small letters in ordinary sine and cosine functions).<ref name="Glen"/>
==From jyā to sine== {{main|Sine and cosine#Etymology}} The origins of the modern term sine have been traced to the Sanskrit word {{lang|sa|jyā}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/54053.html|title=How the Trig Functions Got their Names|work=Ask Dr. Math|publisher=Drexel University|access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Trigonometric_functions.html |title=The trigonometric functions|last= J J O'Connor and E F Robertson|date=June 1996 |access-date=2 March 2010}}</ref> or more specifically to its synonym {{lang|sa|jīvá}}. This term was adopted in medieval Islamic mathematics, transliterated in Arabic as {{Transliteration|ar|jība}} (جيب). Since Arabic is written without short vowels – and as a borrowing the long vowel is here denoted with ''yāʾ'' – this was interpreted as the homograph {{Transliteration|ar|jaib}}, {{Transliteration|ar|jayb}} (جيب), which means "bosom". The text's 12th-century Latin translator used the Latin equivalent for "bosom", ''sinus''.<ref>Various sources credit the first use of ''sinus'' to either: * Plato Tiburtinus's 1116 translation of the ''Astronomy'' of Al-Battani * Gerard of Cremona's c. 1150 translation of the ''Algebra'' of al-Khwārizmī * Robert of Chester's 1145 translation of the tables of al-Khwārizmī See Merlet, [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-2204-2_16#page-1 ''A Note on the History of the Trigonometric Functions''] in Ceccarelli (ed.), ''International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms'', Springer, 2004<br>See Maor (1998), chapter 3, for an earlier etymology crediting Gerard.<br>See {{cite book |last=Katx |first=Victor |date=July 2008 |title=A history of mathematics |edition=3rd |location=Boston |publisher=Pearson |page=210 (sidebar) |isbn= 978-0321387004 |language=en }}</ref> When {{lang|sa|jyā}} became {{lang|la|sinus}}, it has been suggested that by analogy {{lang|sa|kojyā}} became ''co-sinus''. However, in early medieval texts, the cosine is called the {{lang|la|complementi sinus}} "sine of the complement", suggesting the similarity to {{lang|sa|kojyā}} is coincidental.<ref>{{cite web|title=cosine|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/cosine}}</ref>
==See also== *Versine
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian mathematics}} {{Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jya, Koti-Jya And Utkrama-Jya}} Category:Trigonometric functions Category:Trigonometry Category:Indian mathematics Category:Sanskrit words and phrases Category:Hindu astronomy Category:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics Category:History of mathematics