{{Short description|Philippine Martyr Warriors}} {{Use Philippine English|date=January 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}} '''Juramentado''', in Philippine history, refers to a male Moro swordsman (from the Tausug people of the Sulu Archipelago) who attacked and killed occupying and invading police and soldiers, expecting to be killed himself. This was undertaken as a form of jihad or martyrdom.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Luga |first=Alan R. |title=Muslim Insurgency in Mindanao, Philippines |date=2002 |degree=Master's |publisher=United States Army Command and General Staff College |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA406868 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416191700/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA406868 |url-status=live |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |page=10 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Turbiville |first=Graham H. Jr. |title=Bearers of the Sword Radical Islam, Philippines Insurgency, and Regional Stability |url=http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/sword.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621224454/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/sword.htm |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKenna |first=Thomas M. |date=1994 |title=The Defiant Periphery: Routes of Iranun Resistance in the Philippines |journal=Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice |language=en |volume=35 |issue=35 |pages=11–27 |jstor=23171780}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippines |url=http://dogbrothers.com/phpBB2/index.php?action=printpage;topic=10.0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408231454/http://dogbrothers.com/phpBB2/index.php?action=printpage;topic=10.0 |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |website=dogbrothers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Russel |first=Florence Kimball |url=https://103.55.108.22:8080/get/pdf/1220 |title=A Woman's Journey Through the Philippines: On a Cable Ship That Linked Together the Strange Lands Seen En Route |publisher=L. C. Page & Company |year=1907 |location=Boston |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413094754/http://103.55.108.22:8080/get/pdf/1220 |archive-date=April 13, 2016}}</ref> Unlike an amok, who commits acts of random violence against Muslims and non-Muslims alike, a juramentado was a dedicated, premeditated, and sometimes highly skilled warrior who prepared himself through a ritual of binding, shaving, and prayer in order to accomplish brazen attacks armed only with edged weapons.
For generations warlike Moro tribes had successfully prevented Spain from fully controlling the areas around Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, developing a well-earned reputation as notorious seafaring raiders, adept naval tacticians, and ferocious warriors who frequently demonstrated extraordinary personal bravery in combat. While Moro forces could never match opponents' firepower or armor, such bands used intelligence, audacity and mobility to raid strongly defended targets and quickly defeat more vulnerable ones. One extreme asymmetric warfare tactic was the Moro juramentado.
==Etymology and usage== Juramentado is an archaic term derived from the Spanish word ''juramentar'', meaning one who takes an oath.<ref name="Tarling231">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBfsaw64rjMC&pg=PA231 |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35506-3 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |page=231 |language=en}}</ref> Some sources link amoks (from the Malayan term for "out of control") and juramentados as similar culture-specific syndromes<ref name="Corsini518">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1999 |title=Juramentado |encyclopedia=The Dictionary of Psychology |publisher=Psychology Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5UOSsIN74C&pg=PA518 |last=Corsini |first=Raymond J. |page=518 |language=en |isbn=978-1-58391-028-3}}</ref><ref name="1921AMA405">{{Cite book |last=American Medical Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ClYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA405 |title=Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry |publisher=American Medical Association |year=1921 |volume=5 |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=405 |language=en |author-link=American Medical Association}}</ref> while others draw distinctions of religious preparation and state of mind.<ref name=Hurley14/><ref name="Lindsay32">{{Cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zY0O7OIhd2MC&pg=PA32 |title=Suicide by Cop |last2=Lester |first2=David |publisher=Baywood |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-89503-290-4 |location=Amityville, New York |page=32 |language=en}}</ref> A Moro might be said to have "gone juramentado" or be "running juramentado."
U.S. Army officers who had served in Moroland incorporated the idiom into their own vocabulary, but often simply equated it with the Moro people as a whole. In his memoirs, Army Air Service advocate Benjamin D. Foulois said of volatile rival Army Air Service officer Billy Mitchell, "He had become fanatic much in the way that the Moros were in the Philippines. He had become a ''juramentado'' and was ready to run amok".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Foulois |first1=Benjamin D. |title=From the Wright Brothers to the Astronauts: The Memoirs of Benjamin D. Foulois |last2=Glines |first2=Carroll V. |date=1968 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |language=en}}</ref>
==History== {{Details|Sultanate of Sulu|Spanish–Moro conflict|Moro Rebellion|Philippine resistance against Japan#Moro resistance on Mindanao and Sulu}}
The term juramentado was coined by José Malcampo, in command during the Spanish occupation of Jolo Island in 1876,<ref name="Hurley14">{{Cite book |last=Hurley |first=Vic |url=http://www.nikhef.nl/~tonvr/keris/keris2/swish/index.html |title=Swish of the Kris: The Story of the Moros |date=1936 |publisher=E. P. Dutton |location=New York |language=en |chapter=Chapter 14: Juramentados and Amuks |access-date=April 17, 2011 |chapter-url=http://www.nikhef.nl/~tonvr/keris/keris2/swish/swk2-14.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215042345/http://www.nikhef.nl/~tonvr/keris/keris2/swish/swk2-14.html |archive-date=February 15, 2005}}</ref> but Moros had been making such personal attacks for many years.<ref name=Tarling231/> By the time of the Spanish–American War juramentados were being discussed in the American media,<ref name="Carpenter618">{{Cite magazine |last=Carpenter |first=Frank G. |date=October 6, 1899 |editor-last=Pattengill |editor-first=Henry Romaine |others=Johnson, Mary I. |title=In the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AY7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA618 |access-date=April 30, 2011 |magazine=Timely Topics |publisher=Henry Romaine Pattingill |location=Lansing, MI |pages=617–620 |language=en |volume=IV |issue=39}}</ref><ref name="Worcester699">{{Cite magazine |last=Worcester |first=Dean C. |date=September 1898 |title=The Malay Pirates of the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkAmkV-ivDQC&pg=PA699 |access-date=April 30, 2011 |magazine=The Century Magazine |page=699 |language=en |volume=LVI |issue=5}}</ref> some official sources finding few documented cases.<ref name="Root341">{{Cite book |last=Division of Insular Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43lQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA67 |title=The People of the Philippines |publisher=United States War Department |others=Elihu Root, Secretary of War |year=1901 |series=Elihu Root Collection of United States Documents Relating to the Philippine Islands |volume=34 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=341 |access-date=April 30, 2011}}</ref> By 1903, local United States Army commander Leonard Wood sent a report to Governor of the Philippines William Howard Taft indicating juramentados were "an oft repeated offense."<ref name="Wood12161903">{{Cite report |title=Annual Report |last=Wood |first=Leonard |date=December 16, 1903 |volume=4 |page=489 |access-date=April 30, 2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBIQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA489 |chapter=Report of General Wood as to Abrogation Bates Treaty}}</ref> Almost forty years later, on the eve of the Japanese invasion of the Philippine Islands beginning the Second World War, Time Magazine was reporting juramentado attacks in Jolo occurring "once every other day".<ref name="Terror12011941">{{Cite magazine |date=December 1, 1941 |title=Terror in Jolo |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,802183,00.html |access-date=April 16, 2021 |magazine=Time Magazine |language=en |volume=XXXVIII |issue=22}}</ref>
The Moro juramentados performed suicide attacks against Japanese troops.<ref>{{harvp|Federspiel|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA125 125]}}</ref> The Japanese were among several enemies the Moros juramentados launched suicide attacks against, the others being the Spanish, Americans and Filipinos.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
The reason for the less usable .38 Long Colt being phased out and replaced by the .45 Colt as well as the very invention of the words for the concept "stopping power" were due to Moro juramentados.<ref name="DK2006">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px5E3EIF5jQC&pg=PA290 |title=Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor |date=2006 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-0-7566-4219-8 |location=New York |pages=290– |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The2008">{{Cite book |last=The Green Muse Writers Collective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auxpWQox1j8C&q=bayonet+impale+reach+soldier&pg=PA138 |title=Keep Calm Carry on: A Survival Guide |date=2008 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4401-0249-3 |location=New York |pages=138– |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallari |first=Perry Gil S. |date=June 29, 2014 |title=Juramentados and the Development of the Colt .45 Caliber Model 1911 |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/juramentados-and-the-development-of-the-colt-45-caliber-model-1911/107609/ |website=www.manilatimes.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lasco |first=Lorenz |date=2014 |title=Ang "Kalibre 45" at ang Pakikibaka ng mga Mandirigmang Pilipino |trans-title=The "Calibre 45" and the Battles of the Filipino Warriors |url=http://www.bagongkasaysayan.org/saliksik/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/13-Artikulo-Lasco.pdf |journal=Saliksik |language=fil |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=275–306 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009151138/http://www.bagongkasaysayan.org/saliksik/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/13-Artikulo-Lasco.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2016 |access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> Regardless, it is known from contemporary accounts that the .45 and the 00 buckshot shotgun shell were things the soldiers considered essential to the confidence that they could stop a charging, determined Moro. It is also from the impact of the juramentado that Gen. John J. Pershing acquired his respect for the shotgun as a military implement, which Americans would be the only force to carry in numbers into the First World War.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
The juramentado suicide charges were started by the Moros in the late 19th century to compensate after 1876 when they suffered reprisals from modern gunboats run by steam used by the Spanish.<ref name="Kirchner2009">{{Cite book |last=Kirchner |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74DKAwAAQBAJ&q=bayonet+impale+reach+soldier&pg=PT132 |title=More of the Deadliest Men Who Ever Lived |date=2009 |publisher=Paladin Press |isbn=978-1-61004-694-7 |location=Boulder, Colorado |pages=132– |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The Tausug had a saying, “Mayayao pa muti in bukug ayaw in tikud-tikud”{{which lang?|date=October 2024}} (It is preferable to see the whiteness of your bone due to wounds than whiten your heel from running away) and in magsabil{{which lang?|date=October 2024}} “when one runs amuck and he is able to kill a nonbeliever and in turn gets killed for it, his place in heaven is assured,”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apron |first=Jeremiah |title=Tausug: People of the Current |url=https://www.academia.edu/11314066 |page=5}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=October 2024|reason=This appears to be a student paper.}}
The Tausug waged parang sabil (holy war) for their land (Lupah Sug) and religion against the United States after Bud Bagsak and Bud Dahu and during the Moro National Liberation Front's struggle against the Philippines since 1972, with them being memorialized in tales of Parang Sabil like "The Story of War in Zambo" (Kissa sin Pagbunu ha Zambo about MNLF commander Ustadz Habier Malik's 2013 attack in Zamboanga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingilan |first1=Sajed S. |last2=Abdurajak |first2=Nena C. |date=2021 |title=Unveiling the Tausug Culturein Parang Sabil through Translation |url=https://www.academia.edu/67726529 |journal=Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.53899/spjrd.v26i2.156}}</ref>
Some Tausug who went on parang sabil did it to redeem themselves in causes of dishonor (hiya).<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Lluisma |first=Ysa Tatiana |title=The Redemption of the Parang Sabil: A Rhetorical Criticism of the Tausug Parang Sabil Using Burke's Dramatist Pentad |date=February 2011 |degree=Bachelor of Arts in Speech Communication |publisher=Department Of Speech Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of the Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/10107774 |page=46}}</ref> Tausug believe the sabils gain divine protection and can be immune to bullets while going on their suicide attacks.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Lluisma |first=Ysa Tatiana |title=The Redemption of the Parang Sabil: A Rhetorical Criticism of the Tausug Parang Sabil Using Burke's Dramatist Pentad |date=February 2011 |degree=BA |publisher=Department of Speech Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of the Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/10107774 |page=66}}</ref> Tausug committed parrangsabil in 1984 at Pata island, 1974 at Jolo, 1968 at Corregidor island, 1913 at Bud Bagsak, 1911 at Bud Talipaw, 1911 and 1906 at Bud Dahu. Tausug believe that the rituals they undergo in preparation for magsasabil and parrangsabil will render them invulnerable to bulles, metal and sharp weapons and that Allah will protect them and determine their fate while using their budjak spears, barung and kalis against enemies like the Americans and Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jolo |first=Neldy |title=TAUSUG INVULNERABILITY |url=https://www.academia.edu/2771107 |page=1-3}}</ref>
== Path to paradise == {{single source| section |date=May 2025}}
Candidates, known as ''mag-sabil'', "who endure the pangs of death", were selected from Muslim youth inspired to martyrdom by the teaching of imams. Parents were consulted before the young men were permitted by the sultan to undergo training and preparation for ''Parang-sabil'' (the path to Paradise). After an oath taken, hand on the Qur'an, the chosen took a ritual bath, all body hair was shaved, and the eyebrows trimmed to resemble "a moon two days old." A strong band was wrapped firmly around the waist, and cords wrapped tightly around the genitals, ankles, knees, upper thighs, wrists, elbows, and shoulders, restricting blood flow and preventing the ''mag-sabil'' from losing too much blood from injury before reaching their target. Clad in white robe and turban, the chosen youth would polish and sharpen his weapons before action.<ref name=Hurley14/>
At the moment of attack, the ''mag-sabil'' in Tausug would approach a large group of enemies, shout the tahlil, draw kris or barong and then rush into the group swinging his sword, killing and maiming as many victims as possible in the time he had left. The ''mag-sabil's'' body would be washed and again wrapped in white for burial. In the unlikely event the ''mag-sabil'' survived his attack, it was believed his body would ascend to Paradise after 40 years had passed.<ref name=Hurley14/>
==Response to the threat== {{More citations needed section|date=February 2015}} {{quote box|quote = With the possible exception of Japan's kamikaze pilots in the closing days of World War II, warfare has rarely known a more frightening phenomenon than the juramentados.|width=50%|Peter Gowing (1965)|{{Cite magazine |last=Gowing |first=Peter G. |date=July–August 1965 |title=Kris and Crescent |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196504/kris.and.crescent.htm |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=1–11 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}}}
The Moros' use of local intelligence to mark target situations, coupled with a keen understanding of the tactical element of surprise made combating juramentado warriors difficult for Spanish troops during its long attempt to occupy the Sulu Archipelago. In an era of warfare where body armor had become anachronistic, an unexpected melee attack with razor-sharp blades was a devastating tactic against veteran soldiers. Even when colonizers had time to draw weapons and fire on the charging attacker, the small caliber weapons commonly in use possessed no stopping power, bullets passing through limbs and torso, the juramentados' ritual binding working as a set of tourniquets to prevent the swordsman from bleeding out from wounds before accomplishing his purpose.
In 1983, the American journalist Daniel P. Mannix released an edited version of the autobiography of his father, Rear Admiral Daniel P Mannix the 3rd. The book, called ''The Old Navy: The Glorious Heritage of the U.S. Navy, Recounted through the Journals of an American Patriot'', included the following paragraph: "What finally stopped the Juramentados was the custom of wrapping the dead man in a pig's skin and stuffing his mouth with pork. As the pig was an unclean animal, this was considered an unspeakable defilement."<ref name="Mannix1983">{{Cite book |last=Mannix |first=Daniel Pratt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8ggAAAAMAAJ |title=The Old Navy |date=1983 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-579470-2 |location=New York |page=164 |language=en}}</ref>
Vic Hurley, an American author who was a member of the Philippine Constabulary, wrote the book ''Jungle Patrol'' in 1938, arguing that Colonel Alexander Rodgers of the 6th Cavalry Regiment (brother of Thomas S. Rodgers) had implemented the strategy of mass graves and pig entrails:<ref name="Hurley2011">{{Cite book |last=Hurley |first=Vic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAuBedlSboIC |title=Jungle Patrol, the Story of the Philippine Constabulary (1901–1936) |date=2011 |publisher=Cerberus Books |isbn=978-0-9834756-2-0 |location=Salem, Oregon |orig-date=1938}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2001 |title=Jungle Patrol - 17. Death on the Kris |url=http://www.bakbakan.com/junglep/jp-17.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011221094903/http://www.bakbakan.com/junglep/jp-17.html |archive-date=December 21, 2001 |website=www.bakbakan.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{blockquote|It was Colonel Alexander Rodgers of the 6th Cavalry who accomplished by taking advantage of religious prejudice what the bayonets and Krags had been unable to accomplish. Rodgers inaugurated a system of burying all dead juramentados in a common grave with the carcasses of slaughtered pigs. The Mohammedan religion forbids contact with pork; and this relatively simple device resulted in the withdrawal of juramentados to sections not containing a Rodgers. Other officers took up the principle, adding new refinements to make it additionally unattractive to the Moros. In some sections the Moro juramentado was beheaded after death and the head sewn inside the carcass of a pig. And so the rite of running juramentado, at least semi-religious in character, ceased to be in Sulu. The last cases of this religious mania occurred in the early decades of the century. The juramentados were replaced by the amucks. .. who were simply homicidal maniacs with no religious significance attaching to their acts.}}
After the September 11 attacks on the United States, a number of American urban legends began circulating that John J. Pershing had ordered the summary execution of captured enemies using bullets laced with pig blood, and whose bodies were placed in a mass grave filled with pig entrails.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=David |title=Black Jack Pershing vs. Muslim Terrorists |work=About.com Urban Legends |url=http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bl_black_jack_pershing.htm |access-date=February 20, 2015 |language=en |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219210036/http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bl_black_jack_pershing.htm }}</ref><ref name="snopes">{{Cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=October 31, 2001 |title=General Pershing on How to Stop Islamic Terrorists |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/general-pershing-stop-islamic-terrorists/ |website=Snopes.com |language=en}}</ref> Dr. Frank E. Vandiver, professor of history at Texas A&M University and author of ''Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing'', said about the burial of juramentados with pig remains that he never found any indication that it was true in extensive research on his Moro experiences, and that such an event would be out of keeping with Pershing's character. Rather, most sources indicate the idea of using pigs was suggested to Pershing but he rejected it.<ref name="O">{{Cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6l1AAAAMAAJ&q=General+Bliss,+commanding+the+Philippine+Division,+suggested+to++Pershing+on+May+23,+1911,+that+he+adopt+the+methods+used+by+the++British+in+India+to+deal+with+Mohammedan+fanaticism.+Juramentados,++Bliss+recommended,+should+be+buried+with+the+carcass+of+a+pig |title=Black Jack Pershing |date=1961 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, N.Y. |page=93 |language=en}}</ref>
Yet John Pershing did not say that he had ordered the practice, but that "the army had already adopted" the practice, and that "it was not pleasant", as he states quite clearly in his ''Memoir'': {{blockquote|These ''juramentado'' attacks were materially reduced in number by a practice the army had already adopted, one that Muhhamadans held in abhorrence. The bodies were publicly buried in the same grave with a dead pig. It was not pleasant to have to take such measures, but the prospect of going to hell instead of heaven sometimes deterred the would-be assassins.<ref name="autobio">{{Cite book |last=Pershing |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a74_JIbehzsC&q=materially+reduced |title=My Life Before the World War, 1860–1917: A Memoir |date=2013 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-4197-8 |editor-last=Greenwood |editor-first=John T. |location=Lexington, Kentucky |pages=284–285 |language=en}}</ref>}}
In the 2013 publishing of his ''Memoir'', a footnote cites a letter from Maj. Gen. J. Franklin Bell to J. Pershing: {{blockquote|Of course there is nothing to be done, but I understand it has long been a custom to bury (insurgents) with pigs when they kill Americans. I think this a good plan, for if anything will discourage the (insurgents) it is the prospect of going to hell instead of to heaven. You can rely on me to stand by you in maintaining this custom. It is the only possible thing we can do to discourage crazy fanatics.<ref name=autobio />}}
==Similar practices== Muslim Acehnese from the Aceh Sultanate performed suicide attacks known as in the Acehnese language ''Prang sabi'' against Dutch invaders during the Aceh War. It was considered as part of personal jihad in the Islamic religion of the Acehnese. The Dutch called it ''Atjèh-moord'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXMeAAAAIAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord&pg=PA613 |title=Atjeh |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1878 |pages=613–}}</ref><!--check preceding citation--><ref name="Kreemer1923">{{Cite book |last=Kreemer |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzosAAAAMAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord |title=Atjèh: Algemeen Samenvattend Overzicht van Land en Volk van Atjèh en Onderhoorigheden |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1923 |location=Leiden |page=613 |language=nl}}</ref> (''Acehmord'', ''Aceh mord'', ''Aceh-mord'') or (Aceh Pungo). Acehnese works of literature called ''hikayat prang sabi'' provided the background and reasoning for prang sabi.<ref name="BraithwaiteBraithwaite2010">{{Cite book |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrdM8X7CBTAC&pg=PA347 |title=Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding |last2=Braithwaite |first2=Valerie |last3=Cookson |first3=Michael |last4=Dunn |first4=Leah |date=2010 |publisher=ANU E Press |isbn=978-1-921666-23-0 |location=Canberra, Australia |page=347 |language=en}}</ref> The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are Aceh bodoh (Aceh pungo) or Aceh gila (Aceh mord).<ref name="Ahmad(Indonesia)1992">{{Cite book |last=Sayed Mudhahar Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I65yAAAAMAAJ&q=Mereka+ini+terkenal+memiliki+keberanian+luar+biasa+dan+tidak+takut+maut.+Orang-orang+semacam+itu+dijuluki+Belanda+sebagai+pengidap+penyakit+Aceh+mord+%28Aceh+gila%29,+yang+dalam+bahasa+Aceh+disebut+Aceh+pungo+%28Aceh+bodoh%29.+Belanda+... |title=Ketika Pala Mulai Berbunga: Seraut Wajah Aceh Selatan |publisher=Pemda Aceh Selatan |year=1992 |page=131 |language=id}}</ref>
Prang sabi was also used against the Japanese by the Acehnese during the Japanese occupation of Aceh.<ref name="Piekaar1949">{{Cite book |last=Piekaar |first=A. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txYyAQAAIAAJ&q=Atj%C3%A8h-moord |title=Atjèh en de Oorlog met Japan |date=1949 |publisher=W. van Hoeve |location='s Gravenhage |page=3 |language=nl}}</ref> The Acehnese ulama fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association (PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese.<ref name="Ricklefs 2001">{{Cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GrWCmZoEBMC&q=amuntai+japanese&pg=PA252 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 |date=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=252 |isbn=978-0-8047-4480-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martinkus |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcdwAAAAMAAJ&q=In+November+1942,+the+Japanese+found+themselves+putting+down+a+local+rebellion+against+their+rule+carried+out+by+the+same+Acehnese+who+had+removed+the+Dutch+to+make+way+for+their+arrival.+One+leader+of+a+religious+school+in+Cot+Plieng,+... |title=Indonesia's Secret War in Aceh |date=2004 |publisher=Random House Australia |location=Milsons Point, NSW |page=47 |isbn=978-1-74051-209-1 |language=en}}</ref> The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NETAQAAMAAJ&q=When+the+resistance+of+the+religious+school+of+Tjot+Plieng+in+Bayu+was+ended+in+November+1942,+over+100+Acehnese+were+massacred,+18+Japanese+died,+and+yet+another+conqueror+had+learned+the+penalty+of+trying+to+deal+with+Aceh+by+force |magazine=Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine |language=en |volume=3 |issue=43–52 |page=27|title = Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2011 |title=Sejarah Jejak Perlawanan Aceh |url=http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427002230/http://www.atjehcyber.net/2011/08/sejarah-jejak-perlawanan-aceh.html |archive-date=April 27, 2016 |website=Atjeh Cyber Warrior |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 17, 2012 |language=id |work=Waspada |url=http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012/3|title=Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 by Harian Waspada - Issuu }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 17, 2012 |language=id |work=Waspada |url=http://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__sabtu_17_maret_2012|title=Waspada, Sabtu 17 Maret 2012 by Harian Waspada - Issuu }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}} During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on November 10 and 13.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiTjAAAAMAAJ&q=tjot+plieng |journal=Berita Kadjian Sumatera: Sumatra Research Bulletin |volume=1–4 |page=35 | title=Sumatra Research Bulletin }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasution |first=Abdul Haris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3kDBvr5UeYC&q=tjot+plieng |title=Tentara Nasional Indonesia |date=1963 |publisher=Ganaco |page=89 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKbQAAAAMAAJ&q=Tjot+Plieng |title=Sedjarah lahirnja Tentara Nasional Indonesia |date=1970 |page=12 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AE5AQAAIAAJ&q=guru+agama+di+Tjot+Plieng+jang+bernama+Tengku+Abdul+Djalfl.+Meskipun+mereka+hanja+bersendjatakan+rentjong,+tombak+dan+beberapa+putjuk+senapan+tua,+namun+berkat+semangat+djihad+fi+sabilillah+itu+mereka+telah+bisa+memukul+mundur+... |title=20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Volume 7 |year=1966 |page=547 |language=id}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOyzISuyJlwC&q=tjot+plieng |title=Sedjarah TNI-Angkatan Darat, 1945-1965. [Tjet. 1.] |date=1965 |page=8 |language=id}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtsRAAAAMAAJ&q=guru+agama+di+Tjot+Plieng+jang+bernama+Tengku+Abdul+Djalfl.+Meskipun+mereka+hanja+bersendjatakan+rentjong,+tombak+dan+beberapa+putjuk+senapan+tua,+namun+berkat+semangat+djihad+fi+sabilillah+itu+mereka+telah+bisa+memukul+mundur+... |title=20 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka, Volume 7 |page=545 |language=id|last1=Departemen Penerangan |first1=Indonesia |year=1965 }}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}}<ref>Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke III September 1990. halaman I & Atjeh Post, Minggu Ke IV September 1990 halaman I</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}} In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jong |first=Louis de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpZuAAAAMAAJ&q=village+and+the+mosque+at+the+beginning+of+November.+In+the+fighting+that+ensued,+18+Japanese+were+killed+and+more+than+120+Acehnese+perished.+Furthermore+a+local+revolt+broke+out+in+Aceh+in+May+1945. |title=The Collapse of a Colonial Society: The Dutch in Indonesia During the Second World War |date=2002 |publisher=KITLV Press |page=189 |isbn=978-90-6718-203-4 |language=en}}</ref>
The original jawi alphabet ''hikayat prang sabi'' (w:ace:Hikayat Prang Sabi, w:id:Hikayat Prang Sabi) has been transliterated into the Latin alphabet and annotated by Ibrahim Alfian published in Jakarta.<ref name="(Teuku.)1992">{{Cite book |last=Ibrahim Alfian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKiZnTEhX-UC |title=Sastra Perang: Sebuah Pembicaraan Mengenai Hikayat Perang Sabil |publisher=Balai Pustaka |year=1992 |isbn=978-979-407-422-0 |location=Jakarta |language=id }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Perang sabi was the Acehnese word for jihad, a holy war and Acehnese language literary works on prang sabi were distributed by ulama such as Teungku di Tiro to help the resistance against the Dutch in the Aceh War.<ref name="Ooi2004">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA123 |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |editor-last=Ooi |editor-first=Keat Gin |location=Santa Barbara, California |page=123 |language=en}}</ref> The recompense awarded by in paradise detailed in Islamic Arabic texts and Dutch atrocities were expounded on in the hikayat prang sabi which was communally read by small cabals of ulama and Acehnese who swore an oath before going to achieve the desired status of "martyr" by launching suicide attacks on the Dutch.<ref name="Reid2014">{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCWIBgAAQBAJ&q=Hikayat+Perang+Sabil&pg=PA10 |title=The Blood of the People: Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra |date=2014 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-637-5 |location=Singapore |page=10 |language=en}}</ref> Perang sabil was the Malay equivalent to other terms like Jihad, Ghazawat for "Holy war", the text was also spelled "Hikayat perang sabi".<ref name="Braginsky2015">{{Cite book |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5P7dCgAAQBAJ&q=Hikayat+Perang+Sabil&pg=PA291 |title=The Turkic-Turkish Theme in Traditional Malay Literature: Imagining the Other to Empower the Self |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30594-6 |location=Leiden |page=291 |language=en}}</ref> Fiction novels like Sayf Muhammad Isa's ''Sabil: Prahara di Bumi Rencong'' on the war by Aceh against the Dutch include references to hikayat prang sabi.<ref name="Isa2014">{{Cite book |last=Sayf Muhammad Isa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Rv-AwAAQBAJ&q=Hikayat+Perang+Sabil |title=Sabil: Prahara di Bumi Rencong |date=2014 |publisher=Qanita |isbn=978-602-9225-08-2 |language=id}}</ref> Mualimbunsu Syam Muhammad wrote the work called "Motives for Perang Sabil in Nusantara", ''Motivasi perang sabil di Nusantara: kajian kitab Ramalan Joyoboyo, Dalailul-Khairat, dan Hikayat Perang Sabil'' on Indonesia's history of Islamic holy war (Jihad).<ref name="Muhammad2013">{{Cite book |last=Mualimbunsu Syam Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldmFmwEACAAJ&q=Hikayat+Perang+Sabil |title=Motivasi Perang Sabil di Nusantara: Kajian Kitab Ramalan Joyoboyo, Dalailul-Khairat, dan Hikayat Perang Sabil |publisher=Media Madania |year=2013 |isbn=978-602-19227-2-9 |location=Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan |language=id}}</ref> Children and women were inspired to do suicide attacks by the Hikayat Perang Sabil against the Dutch.<ref name="BraithwaiteBraithwaite2010" /><ref name="Harun">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDutCQAAQBAJ&q=Hikayat+Perang+Sabil&pg=PT68 |title=Jalan ke Taman: Esei-esei Penghargaan untuk Professor Ali Ahmad |publisher=Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia |year=2013 |isbn=978-983-861-671-3 |editor-last=Jelani Harun |page=68 |language=ms}}</ref> Hikayat prang sabi is considered as part of 19th century Acehnese literature.<ref name="Salleh2010">{{Cite book |last=Siti Hawa Haji Salleh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtNx3QcEg_cC&q=Hikayat+Perang+Sabil&pg=PA366 |title=Malay Literature of the 19th Century |publisher=Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia |year=2010 |isbn=978-983-068-517-5 |location=Kuala Lumpur |page=366 |language=en |translator-last=Quest Services}}</ref>
In Dutch-occupied Aceh, hikayat prang sabi was confiscated from Sabi's house during a police raid on September 27, 1917.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uToUAQAAMAAJ&q=Hikayat+Perang+Sabil |title=Akademika |publisher=Jawatankuasa Penerbitan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |year=1972 |pages=98, 100, 102 |language=ms}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=April 2021}}<ref name="Ibrahim Alfian 1987">{{Cite book |last=Ibrahim Alfian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh8sAAAAMAAJ&q=Pada+27hb.+September+1917+itu+juga+polisi+telah+menggeledah+rumah+Sabi+dan+didalam+sebuah+peti+kayu+dirumahnya, |title=Perang di Jalan Allah: Perang Aceh, 1873–1912 |publisher=Pustaka Sinar Harapan |year=1987 |location=Jakarta |page=130 |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aceh books project – Digital Collections |url=http://www.acehbooks.org/pdf/ACEH_02603.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203135746/http://www.acehbooks.org/pdf/ACEH_02603.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |url-status=usurped |website=www.acehbooks.org}}</ref>
== See also == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * Maharlika * Timawa * Pintados * Puputan * Filipino martial arts * Bolo knife * Banzai charge * Suicide by cop {{end div col}}
==References== {{reflist|2}}
==Further reading== *{{Cite book |last=Amler |first=Mel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T39iCmUzMkC |title=Midnight on Mindanao: Wartime Remembances 1945–1946 |publisher=iUniverse |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-595-63260-2 |location=Bloomington, IN |language=en}} *{{cite book|title=Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia |first=Howard M.|last=Federspiel|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC|isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6|access-date=March 10, 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Understanding Islam and Muslims in the Philippines |editor-first=Peter G.|editor-last=Gowing|edition=illustrated|year=1988|publisher=New Day Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H25AAAAIAAJ|isbn=978-971-10-0386-9|access-date=March 10, 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Filipino Heritage: The Spanish colonial period (late 19th century) |first=Alfredo R.|last=Roces|volume=7 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation|year=1978|publisher=Lahing Pilipino Pub.; [Manila]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akNvAAAAMAAJ|access-date=March 10, 2014}} *{{cite book|title=Filipinas, Volume 11, Issues 117–128 |year=2002|publisher=Filipinas Pub.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvkMAQAAMAAJ|access-date=March 10, 2014}} *{{Cite journal |last=Kiefer |first=Thomas M. |date=1973 |title=Parrang Sabbil: Ritual Suicide among the Tausug of Jolo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpJuAAAAMAAJ |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië |language=en |volume=129 |pages=108–123 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002734 |access-date=March 10, 2014 |doi-access=free}}
Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946) Category:Culture-bound syndromes Category:Guerrilla warfare tactics Category:Jihad Category:Moro Rebellion Category:Muslim martyrs Category:Philippine–American War Category:Terrorism tactics Category:Moro conflict Category:Suicide attacks Category:Swordsmanship Category:1870s neologisms Category:Attacks on occupying military forces