Jasmine

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae}} {{About|the plant genus|the given name|Jasmine (given name)|other uses}} {{automatic taxobox |image = Common Jasmine.jpg |image_caption = ''Jasminum'' flower |taxon = Jasminum |authority = L. |type_species = ''Jasminum officinale'' |type_species_authority= |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = More than 200, see List of ''Jasminum'' species<ref name="ing">{{cite web | url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Jasminum | title = ''Jasminum'' | access-date = 2008-06-03 | work = Index Nominum Genericorum | publisher = International Association for Plant Taxonomy }}</ref><ref name="CPN">{{cite journal | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 | title = 10. Jasminum Linnaeus | access-date = 2008-06-03 | journal = Chinese Plant Names | volume = 15 | page = 307 }}</ref><ref name="UniProt">{{UniProt Taxonomy | name = Jasminum | id = 4147 | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> | synonyms= *''Mogorium'' Juss. *''Noldeanthus'' Knobl. *''Nyctanthos'' St.-Lag. |synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328128-2#synonyms |title= ''Tacca'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher= Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=25 March 2023 }}</ref> |}} thumb|Common jasmine

'''Jasmine''' (botanical name: '''''Jasminum''''', pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|æ|s|m|ᵻ|n|əm}} {{respell|YAS|min|əm}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–607}}</ref> is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae.<ref name="POWO"/><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019529 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|193}} It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia, Africa, and Oceania.<ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|194}} Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers.

The village of Shubra Beloula in Egypt grows most of the jasmine used by the global perfume industry.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220106-shubra-beloula-the-tiny-egyptian-village-few-know Shubra Beloula: The tiny Egyptian village few know]</ref>

== Description == {{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}} Jasmine can be either deciduous or evergreen, and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. The leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

The flowers are typically around {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>[https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/j/jasmin06.html A Modern Herbal]</ref>

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in ''Jasminum sambac'' (triploid 3n=39), ''Jasminum flexile'' (tetraploid 4n=52), ''Jasminum mesnyi'' (triploid 3n=39), and ''Jasminum angustifolium'' (tetraploid 4n=52).<ref name="singh2006"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Distribution and habitat == Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australasia within Oceania.<ref name="CTEG">Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in ''Flora of Iraq,'' Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.</ref><ref name="mccleland">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Schmidt |author2=Mervyn Lötter |author3=Warren McCleland |title =Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park|publisher =Jacana Media|year =2002|page=530|isbn =978-1-919777-30-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 ''Jasminum'' @ EFloras.org].</ref> Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.<ref name="panda">{{cite book|author =Panda, H. |title =Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants|publisher =National Institute Of Industrial Research|year =2005|page =220|isbn =978-81-7833-027-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EeckAgAAQBAJ&q=%E0%B9%88jusmine}}</ref>

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (''Jasminum grandiflorum'') was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula.<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>{{GRIN |id=407300}}</ref>

''Jasminum fluminense'' (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and ''Jasminum dichotomum'' (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.<ref>{{PLANTS |id=JAFL |taxon=Jasminum fluminense}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |id=JADI2 |taxon=Jasminum dichotomum}}</ref> ''Jasminum polyanthum'', also known as pink jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |archive-date=2014-02-04 }}</ref>

== Etymology == The name comes from Old French ''jessemin'', from {{langx|fa|یاسمن‎|yāsamin}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jasmine, Jessamine |dictionary=An etymological dictionary of modern English |page=779 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/ |last1=Weekley |first1=Ernest |date=1921 |publisher=London J. Murray }}</ref> which is derived from the Middle Persian word {{lang|pal-Latn|yāsaman}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|yāsamīn}} ({{lang|ar|يَاسَمِين}}) in Arabic.<ref name="MWdict">{{cite web |title=Definition of Jasmine |website=Merriam-Webster |date=2021-10-23 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine |access-date=2022-01-20 }}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine |title=Jasmine |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2022 |accessdate=4 March 2022 }}</ref> The word entered Middle French around 1570 and was first used in English in 16th century England.<ref name=oed/> The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, ''Jasminum''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayton |first1=Ross |title=The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum |date=2019 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-78472-677-5 |page=170}}</ref>

== Taxonomy == Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).<ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=Singh, A. K. |title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref> ''Jasminum'' is divided into five sections—''Alternifolia'', ''Jasminum'', ''Primulina'', ''Trifoliolata'', and ''Unifoliolata''.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |author=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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=== Species === {{Main|List of Jasminum species}}

Species include:<ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=GRIN |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122055/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''J. abyssinicum'' Hochst. ex DC. – forest jasmine * ''J. adenophyllum'' Wall. – bluegrape jasmine, pinwheel jasmine, princess jasmine * ''J. andamanicum'' N.P.Balakr. & N.G.Nair * ''J. angulare'' Vahl * ''J. angustifolium'' (L.) Willd. * ''J. auriculatum'' Vahl – Indian jasmine, needle-flower jasmine * ''J. azoricum'' L. * ''J. beesianum'' Forrest & Diels – red jasmine * ''J. dichotomum'' Vahl – Gold Coast jasmine * ''J. didymum'' G.Forst. * ''J. dispermum'' Wall. * ''J. elegans'' Knobl. * ''J. elongatum'' (P.J.Bergius) Willd. * ''J. floridum'' Bunge * ''J. fluminense'' Vell. * ''J. fruticans'' L. * ''J. grandiflorum'' L. – Catalan jasmine, jasmin odorant, royal jasmine, Spanish jasmine * ''J. grandiflorum'' L.Vell. * ''J. humile'' L. – Italian jasmine, Italian yellow jasmine * ''J. lanceolarium'' Roxb. * ''J. laurifolium'' Roxb. ex Hornem. angel-wing jasmine * ''J. malabaricum'' Wight * ''J. mesnyi'' Hance – Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine * ''J. multiflorum'' (Burm.f.) Andrews – Indian jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine * ''J. multipartitum'' Hochst. – starry wild jasmine * ''J. nervosum'' Lour. * ''J. nobile'' C.B.Clarke * ''J. nudiflorum'' Lindl. – winter jasmine * ''J. odoratissimum'' L. – yellow jasmine * ''J. officinale'' L. – common jasmine, jasmine, jessamine, poet's jasmine, summer jasmine, white jasmine * ''J. parkeri'' Dunn – dwarf jasmine * ''J. polyanthum'' Franch. * ''J. sambac'' (L.) Aiton – Arabian jasmine, Sambac jasmine * ''J. simplicifolium'' G.Forst. * ''J. sinense'' Hemsl. * ''J. subhumile'' W.W.Sm. * ''J. tortuosum'' Willd. * ''J. urophyllum'' Hemsl. * ''J. volubile'' Jacq.. {{div col end}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File: Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'.jpg|''Jasminum sambac'' "Grand Duke of Tuscany" File:Jsambac.jpg|A double-flowered cultivar of ''Jasminum sambac'' in flower with an unopened bud. File: Jasmine Bud.jpg|Jasmine buds File: Jasmine lifecycle.jpg|Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower File: Bunch of jasmine flowers.jpg|Jasmine flowers </gallery>

== Jasmonates == {{Main|Jasmonate}} Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of ''Jasminum grandiflorum'' led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Demole E |year=1962 |title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal=Helv Chim Acta|volume=45 |pages=675–85 |doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 |last2=Lederer |first2=E. |last3=Mercier |first3=D. |issue=2 |bibcode=1962HChAc..45..675D }}</ref> Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plantkingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4701901|year=2016|last1=Sharma|first1=M|title=Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=1129|last2=Laxmi|first2=A|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01129|pmid=26779205|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016FrPS....6.1129S }}</ref>

== Cultural importance == {{see also|Jasmine tea}} Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? |url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref> It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=August 8 |last2=Comments |first2=2018 {{!}} Micaela Nerguizian {{!}} |title=Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding |url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker ''motiyaa'' (in Hindi) or ''mograa'' (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club |url=https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.gardenloversclub.com |date=22 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987<ref name="jasmin87_ayari_geisser">{{cite web |last=Michael |first=Ayari |author2=Vincent Geisser |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin |publisher=Témoignage chrétien |year=2011 |url=http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |archive-date=2011-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jasmin87_QudOran">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La révolution par le feu et par un clic |publisher=Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com |date=2011-02-25 |url=http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Elvis H |date=September 2021 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006 |journal=International Area Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–223 |doi=10.1177/22338659211026006 |s2cid=237434616 |issn=2233-8659|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

<gallery mode="packed-hover"> File:Tea patterns p1160028.jpg|surface of Jasmine tea File:Chinesischer Maler des 12. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|'' The White Jasmine Branch'', painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century File:Meenakshi Sundareswarar.jpg|Jasmine used as garland File:Jasmine Flower full bloom on the plant near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. 01.jpg|Jasmine flower blooming File:Photo Jasmine flowers harvest 1965 - Touring Club Italiano 1.2940.jpg|Jasmine flowers harvest in Reggio Calabria, Italy (1965) </gallery>

=== Symbolism === Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

* Syria: The Syrian city Damascus is called the City of Jasmine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|title=Damascus, the City of Jasmine|author=Anabel Bachour|date=23 February 2017|publisher=Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412114937/http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Hawaii: ''Jasminum sambac'' ("''pikake''") is a common flower used in leis and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hitt |first=Christine |date=1 May 2018 |title=7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique |work=Hawaii Magazine |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> * Indonesia: ''Jasminum sambac'' is the national flower, adopted in 1990.<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref> It goes by the name "''melati putih''" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of Java. * Pakistan: ''Jasminum officinale'' is known as the "''chambeli''" or "''yasmin''", it is the national flower.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Moin |date=26 October 2020 |title=Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird |url=https://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/pakistan-national-flower-animal-and-bird/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=ILM.com.pk}}</ref> * Philippines: ''Jasminum sambac'' is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "''sampaguita''" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope. |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=National Museum of the Philippines}}</ref> * Thailand: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|title=Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers|date=2017-01-03|website=Gardening Tips {{!}} Flower Wiki|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> * Tunisia: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the Tunisian Revolution. * Iran: (and/or Shia Islam), Jasmine is considered as a symbol for Fatimah al-Zahra, the daughter of the Islam prophet Muhammad.<ref>[https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/31525 علت نامگذاری حضرت زهرا (س) به گل یاس و مهدی موعود (عج) به گل نرگس چیست ؟ التماس دها (i.e.: What is the reason for naming Hazrat Zahra (PBUH) after the jasmine flower and the Promised Mahdi (PBUH) after the narcissus flower?)]</ref>

== Other plants called "jasmine" == {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *Brazilian jasmine ''Mandevilla sanderi'' *Cape jasmine ''Gardenia'' *Carolina jasmine ''Gelsemium sempervirens'' *Crape jasmine ''Tabernaemontana divaricata'' *Chilean jasmine ''Mandevilla laxa'' *Jasmine rice, a type of long-grain rice *Madagascar jasmine ''Stephanotis floribunda'' *New Zealand jasmine ''Parsonsia capsularis'' *Night-blooming jasmine ''Cestrum nocturnum'' *Night-flowering jasmine ''Nyctanthes arbor-tristis'' *Orange jasmine ''Murraya paniculata'' *Red jasmine ''Plumeria rubra'' *Star jasmine, Confederate jasmine ''Trachelospermum jasminoides'' *Paraguaian jasmine ''Brunfelsia australis''

*Tree jasmine (disambiguation) {{div col end}}

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * {{cite journal | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771 | title = ''Jasminum'' Linn | access-date = 2008-06-03 | journal = Flora of Pakistan | page = 12 }} *{{Cite book |title=The World in So Many Words |first=Allan A. |last=Metcalf |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-95920-9 }}

==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies}} {{Wiktionary|Jasmine|Jasminum}}

* {{cite web | url = http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Jasminum | title = Flora Europaea Search Results | access-date = 2008-06-03 | work = Flora Europaea | publisher = Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/index.php?langue=an | title = African Plants Database | publisher = South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jasmine|volume=15|pages=277–278}}

Category:Jasminum Category:Flora of Samoa Category:Garden plants Category:Incense material Category:Oleaceae genera Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus