Jarāmaraṇa

{{Italic title|reason=:Category:Sanskrit words and phrases}}{{Buddhist term |pi=jarāmaraṇa |sa=जरामरण |si=ජරාමරණ |si-Latn=jarāmaraṇa |zh=老死 |zh-Latn=lǎosǐ |id=penuaan dan kematian |ja=老死 |ja-Latn=rōshi |km=ជរាមរណៈ |km-Latn=chôréamôrônă |ko=노사 (South), 로사 (North) |ko-Latn=nosa, rosa |my=ဇရာမရဏံ |my-Latn=ja.ra ma.ra.nam |th=ชรามรณะ |th-Latn=chrā mrṇa |vi=tuổi già và cái chết |tl=kalamalana |bo=རྒ་ཤི་ |bo-Latn=THL: ga.shi<br/>Wylie: rga.shi |en=old age and death }} '''{{IAST|Jarāmaraṇa}}''' is Sanskrit and Pāli for "old age" ('''{{IAST|jarā}}''')<ref name=rhysdavidsp279/> and "death" ('''{{IAST|maraṇa}}''').<ref name=rhysdavidsp524>{{cite book|author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids|author2=William Stede|title=Pali-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC |year=1921|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1144-7 |pages=524 }}; Quote: "death, as ending this (visible) existence, physical death".</ref> In Buddhism, jaramarana is associated with the inevitable decay and death-related suffering of all beings prior to their rebirth within ''saṃsāra'' (cyclic existence).

''Jarā'' and ''maraṇa'' are identified as the twelfth link within the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Julius Evola |author2=H. E. Musson |title=The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kza7tTkiytUC |year=1996| publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-553-1 |page=68}}</ref>

==Etymology== The word ''jarā'' is related to the older Vedic Sanskrit word ''jarā, jaras, jarati, gerā'', which means "to become brittle, to decay, to be consumed". The Vedic root is related to the Latin ''{{Lang|la|granum}}'', Goth. ''kaurn'', Greek ''geras, geros'' (later geriatric) all of which in one context mean "hardening, old age".<ref name="rhysdavidsp279">{{cite book |author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC |title=Pali-English Dictionary |author2=William Stede |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1921 |isbn=978-81-208-1144-7 |pages=279}}; Quote: "old age, decay (in a disparaging sense), decrepitude, wretched, miserable"</ref>

The word ''maraṇa'' is based on the Vedic Sanskrit root ''mṛ'', ''mriyate'' which means death. The Vedic root is related to later Sanskrit ''marta'', as well as to German ''{{Lang|de|mord}}'', Lith. ''mirti'', Latin {{Lang|la|morior}} and ''{{Lang|la|mors}}'', and Greek ''μόρος'', all of which mean "to die, death".<ref name="rhysdavidsp524"/>

==Within the Four Noble Truths== Within the teachings on the Four Noble Truths, ''jarā'' and ''maraṇa'' are identified as aspects of ''dukkha'' (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness). For example, ''The Discourse That Sets Turning the Wheel of Truth'' states:

:"Now this, bhikkhus, for the spiritually ennobled ones, is the true reality which is pain: birth is painful, aging is painful, illness is painful, death is painful; sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, unhappiness and distress are painful; union with what is disliked is painful; separation from what is liked is painful; not to get what one wants is painful; in brief, the five bundles of grasping-fuel are painful." – ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta'', Samyutta Nikaya, Translated by Peter Harvey<ref> [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html (Harvey, 2007)], as well as in his famed ''Mahasatipatthana Sutta'' Alternate translation: [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html Piyadassi (1999)]</ref>

Elsewhere in the canon the Buddha further elaborates on ''Jarāmaraṇa'' (aging and death):{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In this translation by John T. Bullit, Bullit leaves the term "dukkha" untranslated. The main article that presents this translation is [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sacca/index.html The Four Noble Truths].<ref group=web name=bullit>[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sacca/index.html Four Noble Truths] Links to each line in the translation are as follows: line 1: [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sacca/sacca1/index.html First Noble Truth]; line 2: [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sacca/sacca2/index.html Second Noble Truth]; line 3: [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sacca/sacca3/index.html Third Noble Truth]; line 4: [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sacca/sacca4/index.html Fourth Noble Truth].</ref>}}

:"And what is aging? Whatever aging, decrepitude, brokenness, graying, wrinkling, decline of life-force, weakening of the faculties of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called aging.

:"And what is death? Whatever deceasing, passing away, breaking up, disappearance, dying, death, completion of time, break up of the aggregates, casting off of the body, interruption in the life faculty of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called death."<ref>See, for instance, SN 12.2 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html (Thanissaro, 1997a)] and DN 22 [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.22.0.than.html (Thanissaro, 2000)].</ref>

==Within the twelve links of dependent origination== {{Nidanas|float=right}} Jarāmara{{IAST|ṇ}}a is the last of the Twelve Nidānas, directly conditioned by birth (''jāti''), meaning that all who are born are destined to age and die.

==Texts== In the Buddhist Pali Canon's "Subjects for Contemplation Discourse" (''Upajjhatthana Sutta'', AN 5.57), the Buddha enjoins followers to reflect often on the following: :I am subject to aging, have not gone beyond aging.... :I am subject to illness, have not gone beyond illness.... :I am subject to death, have not gone beyond death....<ref>AN 5.57 (trans. [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an05/an05.057.than.html Thanissaro, 1997b).] Elided from this text is the recurring phrase: "... one should reflect on often, whether one is a woman or a man, lay or ordained"</ref>

In the Pali Canon, aging and death affect all beings, including gods, humans, animals and those born in a hell realm.<ref>In other words, one of the significant distinctions between the cosmologies of Buddhist or Indian religions and Abrahamic religions is that, in Indian religions, even gods and hell-born beings age and die in their respective realms and are destined to be reborn, possibly in another realm (whether hell, earth, heaven, etc.).</ref> Only beings who achieve enlightenment (''bodhi'') in this lifetime escape rebirth in this cycle of birth-and-death (''sa{{IAST|ṃ}}sāra'').<ref>In the ''Upanisā Sutta'' (SN 12.23; e.g., trans., [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.023x.wlsh.html Walshe, 1985)], the Buddha describes a set of conditions that leads one from birth to enlightenment. In this "transcendental" sequence that leads out of sa{{IAST|ṃ}}sāra, birth leads to suffering (''dukkha'') – instead of aging-and-death – which in turn leads to faith (''saddha''), which Bhikkhu Bodhi describes as "essentially an attitude of trust and commitment directed to ultimate emancipation" [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel277.html (Bodhi, 1980).]</ref>

As what the Buddha instructed King Pasenadi of Kosala about aging and death in the ''Pabbatopama Sutta (SN 3.25)'': :Like massive boulders, :mountains pressing against the sky, :moving in from all sides, :crushing the four directions, :so aging and death :come rolling over living beings: :noble warriors, brahmins, merchants, :workers, outcastes, & scavengers. :They spare nothing. :They trample everything.

:So a wise person seeing his own good, :steadfast, secures confidence :in the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha.

:One who practices the Dhamma in thought, word, & deed, :receives praise here on earth and after death rejoices in heaven.<ref>SN 3.25 (trans., [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn03/sn03.025.than.html Thanissaro, 1997).]</ref>

The Dhammapada has one chapter known as "Jaravagga", that consisted of eleven verses about old age, (from verse 146 to 156).<ref>Dhp 146-156 (trans., [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/dhp/dhp.11.budd.html Buddharakkhita, 1996).]</ref>

==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|2}}

==References== {{reflist|2}}

==Web references== {{Reflist|group=web}}

==Sources== * Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1980). ''Transcendental Dependent Arising: A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta'' (Wheel Nos. 277-278). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 18 Nov 2008 from "Access to Insight" (1995) at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel277.html Transcendental Dependent Arising: A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta]. * Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999). ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth'' (SN 56.11). Retrieved 2007-06-13 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth]. * Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). ''Upajjhatthana Sutta: Subjects for Contemplation'' (AN 5.57). Retrieved 18 Nov 2008 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an05/an05.057.than.html Upajjhatthana Sutta: Subjects for Contemplation]. * Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). ''Pabbatopama Sutta: The Simile of the Mountains'' (SN 3.25). Retrieved 7 Nov 2020 from "Access to Insight" at [https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn03/sn03.025.than.html Pabbatopama Sutta: The Simile of the Mountains] * Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998b). ''Sona: Mother of Ten'' (Thig 5.8). Retrieved 18 Nov 2008 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/thig/thig.05.08.than.html Sona: Mother of Ten]. * Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). ''Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference'' (DN 22). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.22.0.than.html Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference].

{{refbegin}} * {{Citation| last =Ajahn Sumedho | year =2002 | title =The Four Noble Truths | publisher =Amaravati Publications }} * {{Citation| last =Ajahn Sucitto | year =2010 | title =Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching | publisher =Shambhala }} * {{Citation| last =Bhikkhu |first=Thanissaro |authorlink=Thanissaro Bhikkhu | year =1997 | title =Tittha Sutta: Sectarians|id= AN 3.61 | url =http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.061.than.html | accessdate =12 November 2007}} * {{Citation| last = Bodhi |first=Bhikkhu |authorlink=Bhikkhu Bodhi | year =2000 | title =The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya | publisher =Wisdom Publications | place =Boston | isbn=0-86171-331-1}} * {{Citation| last =Brahm | first=Ajahn |authorlink=Ajahn Brahm| year =2006 | title =Mindfulness, Bliss, and Beyond: A Meditator's Handbook| publisher=Wisdom Publications|ISBN=0-86171-275-7}} {{refend}}

{{s-start}} {{succession box| before=Jāti | title=Twelve Nidānas | years='''{{IAST|Jarāmaraṇa}}'''| after=Avidyā| }} {{s-end}}

Category:Twelve nidānas Category:Sanskrit words and phrases