Janapada

{{Short description|Major realms of Vedic India, c. 1100–600 BCE}} {{For|the film|Janapada (film)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{HistoryOfSouthAsia}} The '''Janapadas''' ({{lit|Foothold of the people}}) ({{IPA|sa|janapada|pron}}) (c. 1100–600 BCE) were the realms, aristocratic republics (Gaṇasaṅgha) and kingdoms (sāmarājya) of the Vedic period in the Indian subcontinent. The Vedic period reaches from the late Bronze Age into the Iron Age: from about 1500 BCE to the 6th century BCE. With the rise of sixteen ''Mahajanapadas'' ("great janapadas"), most of the states were annexed by more powerful neighbours, although some remained independent.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=18}}

[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|Late Vedic era map showing the boundaries of Āryāvarta with Janapadas in northern India. Beginning of Iron Age kingdoms in India— Kuru, Panchala, Kosala, Videha.]] [[File:EpicIndia.jpg|thumb|Locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or Bharata Khanda.]]Janapadas were the kingdoms and republics of Vedic India from the late Bronze Age to the Iron Age (c. 1200 BCE to 6th century BCE). Emerging from settled agricultural communities, they were originally named after the dominant "Jana" (people/tribe). With the spread of iron tools, these smaller kingdoms grew in size and power, eventually evolving into the larger Mahajanapadas.

== Etymology == The Sanskrit term ''janapada'' is a tatpurusha compound term, composed of two words: ''jana'' and ''padna''. ''Jana'' means "person" or "people" (cf. Latin cognate ''genus'', English cognate ''kin''). The word ''pada'' means "foot" (cf. Latin cognate ''pedis'');<ref name="lanman1912">{{Citation |title=A Sanskrit reader: with vocabulary and notes|author=Charles Rockwell Lanman |year=1912 |publisher=Ginn & Co. |location=Boston |url=https://archive.org/stream/sanskritreaderwi00lanmiala#page/158/mode/1up |quote="''... jána, m. creature; man; person; in plural, and collectively in singular, folks; a people or race or tribe ... cf. γένος, Lat. genus, Eng. kin, 'race' ...''"|author-link=Charles Rockwell Lanman }}</ref><ref name="potter1974">{{Citation |title=Pedigree: the origins of words from nature |author=Stephen Potter, Laurens Christopher Sargent |year=1974 |publisher=Taplinger |isbn=9780800862480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SNDAAAAIAAJ |quote=''... *gen-, found in Skt. jana, 'a man', and Gk. genos and L. genus, 'a race' ...''}}</ref> from its earliest attestation, the word has had a double meaning of "realm, territory" and "subject population" (cf. Hittite ''pedan'', "place"). Linguist George Dunkel compares the Greek ''andrapodon'' "slave", to PIE {{lang|ine-x-proto|*pédom}} "fetters" (i.e. "what is attached to the feet"). Sanskrit ''padám'', usually taken to mean "footprint, trail", diverges in accent from the PIE reconstruction. For the sense of "population of the land", ''padasya janas'', the inverted ''padajana'' would be expected. A primary meaning of "place of the people", ''janasya padam'', would not explain why the compound is of masculine gender. An original dvandva "land and people" is conceivable, but a dual inflection would be expected.<ref name="Dunkel2002">{{Cite book |first=George|last=Dunkel|chapter=Vedic janapada and Ionic andrapodon; with notes on Vedic drupadam and IE pedom "place" and "fetter"|title=Indo-European Perspectives (ed. M. R. V. Southern)|series=Journal of Indo-European Studies|number=43|date=2002|type=Monograph}}</ref>

== History and evolution == [[File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg|thumb|right|Modern replica of utensils and falcon shaped altar used for Agnicayana, an elaborate srauta ritual originating from the Kuru kingdom,{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} around 1000 BCE.]] Literary evidence suggests that the janapadas flourished between 1100 BCE and 500 BCE. The earliest mention of the term "janapada" occurs in the Aitareya (8.14.4) and Shatapatha (13.4.2.17) Brahmana texts.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=15}}

In the Vedic samhitas, the term ''jana'' denotes a tribe, whose members believed in a shared ancestry.{{sfn|Misra|1973|pp=7-11}} The janas were headed by a king (''raja''). The council (s''amiti)'' was a common assembly of the jana members, and had the power to elect or dethrone the king. The s''abha'' was a smaller assembly of wise elders, who advised the king.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=12}}

The janas were originally semi-nomadic pastoral communities, but gradually came to be associated with specific territories as they became less mobile. Various ''kula''s (clans) developed within the jana, each with its own chief. Gradually, the necessities of defence and warfare prompted the janas to form military groupings, headed by ''janapadin''s (Kshatriya warriors). This model ultimately evolved into the establishment of political units known as the ''janapadas''.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=13}}

While some of the janas evolved into their own janapadas, others appear to have mixed together to form a common Janapada. According to the political scientist Sudama Misra, the name of the Panchala janapada suggests that it was a fusion of five (''pancha'') janas.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=14}} Some janas (such as Aja and Mutiba), mentioned in the earliest texts do not find a mention in the later texts. Misra theorizes that these smaller janas were conquered by and assimilated into the larger janas.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=14}}

Janapadas were gradually dissolved around 500 BCE. Their disestablishment can be attributed to the rise of imperial powers (such as Magadha) in Northern India, as well as foreign invasions (such as those by the Persians and the Greeks) in the north-western Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Misra|1973|pp=15-16}}

== Nature == The Janapada were highest political unit in Northern India during this period; these polities were usually monarchical (though some followed a form of republicanism) and succession was hereditary. The head of a kingdom was a king (''raja''). A chief priest (''purohita'') and a commander of the army (''senani'') who would assist the king. There were also two other political bodies: the (''samiti''), thought to be a council of elders and the ''sabhā'', a general assembly of the entire people.<ref name="Bhandarkar1994">{{cite book|author=D. R. Bhandarkar|title=Lectures on the Ancient History of India from 650 - 325 B. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWXONsTkrykC&pg=PA174|year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0124-6|pages=174–}}</ref>

===The boundaries of the kingdoms=== Often rivers formed the boundaries of two neighboring kingdoms, as was the case between the northern and southern Panchala and between the western (Pandava's kingdom) and eastern (Kaurava's kingdom) Kuru. Sometimes, large forests, which were larger than the kingdoms themselves, formed their boundaries as was the case of Naimisha Forest, the Naimisha Aranyam between Panchala and Kosala kingdoms. Mountain ranges like Himalaya, Vindhyachal and Sahyadri also formed their boundaries.

===The cities and villages=== [[File:Ahichchhatra_Fort_Temple_Bareilly.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=Multi-coloured political map|Ahichchhatra (or Ahi-Kshetra) was the ancient capital of Northern Panchala. The remains of this city has been discovered in Bareilly.]] Some kingdoms possessed a main city that served as its capital. For example, the capital of Pandava's kingdom was Indraprastha and the Kaurava's kingdom was Hastinapura. Ahichatra was the capital of Northern Panchala whereas Kampilya was the capital of Southern Panchala. Kosala had its capital at Ayodhya. Apart from the main city or capital, where the palace of the ruling king was situated, there were small towns and villages spread throughout the kingdom, from which tax was collected by officers appointed by the king. What the king offered in return was protection from attack by other kings and bandit tribes, as well as from invading foreign nomadic tribes. The king also enforced law and order in his kingdom by punishing the guilty.<ref name="Patil1946">{{cite book|author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&pg=PA175|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2085-2|pages=175–}}</ref><ref name="Miśra1973">{{cite book|author=Sudāmā Miśra|title=Janapada state in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dua1AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana}}</ref>

== Administration == [[File:Coin of the Kuru Kingdom.jpg|thumb|A Kuru coin, earliest example of coinage in India.<ref name="Goyala1994">{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5caAAAAYAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan}}</ref>]] The Janapadas had Kshatriya rulers.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=17}} Based on literary references, historians have theorized that the Janapadas were administered by the following assemblies in addition to the king:

; Sabha (Council) : An assembly more akin to a council of qualified members or elders (mostly men) who advised the king and performed judicial functions. In the ''ganas'' or republican Janapadas called Gaṇasaṅgha with no kings, the council of elders also handled administration.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=18}}

; Paura Sabha (Executive Council) : The Paura Sabha was the assembly of the capital city (''pura''), and handled municipal administration.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=19}}

; Samiti (General Assembly) : A samiti generally consisted of all adults of the republic or the city-state. A samiti was congregated when a matter of importance had to be communicated to the entire city-state. A samiti was also held at the time of festivals to plan, raise revenue and conduct the celebrations. ; Janapada : The Janapada assembly represented the rest of the Janapada, possibly the villages, which were administered by a ''gramini'',{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=19}} or ''grāmaṇī''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=gr%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87%C4%AB | title=Sanskrit Dictionary }}</ref>

Some historians have also theorized that there was a common assembly called the "Paura-Janapada", but others such as Ram Sharan Sharma disagree with this theory. The existence of Paura and Janapada itself is a controversial matter.<ref name="RSSharma_1991">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_E3K8fQoDgC&pg=PA242 |title=Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India |author=Ram Sharan Sharma |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1991 |page=242 |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |isbn=9788120808270 }}</ref>

Indian nationalist historians such as K. P. Jayaswal have argued that the existence of such assemblies is evidence of prevalence of democracy in ancient India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lp8jAQAAIAAJ |title=Interpretations of Ancient Indian Polity: A Historiographical Study |author=Dinesh Kumar Ojha |publisher=Manish Prakashan |year=2006 |page=160 |isbn=9788190246965 }}</ref> V. B. Misra notes that the contemporary society was divided into the four varnas (besides the avarna or outcastes), and the Kshatriya ruling class had all the political rights.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=20}} Not all the citizens in a janapada had political rights.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=18}} Based on ''Gautama's Dharmasutra'', Jayaswal theorized that the low-caste shudras could be members of the Paura assembly.<ref name="RSSharma_1991"/> According to A. S. Altekar, this theory is based on a misunderstanding of the text: the term "Paura" in the relevant portion of the ''Dharmasutra'' refers to a resident of the city, not a member of the city assembly.<ref name="ASA_1949">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb3Z2UovOjkC&pg=PA151 |title=State and Government in Ancient India |author=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1949 |pages=151–153 |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |isbn=9788120810099 }}</ref> Jayaswal also argued that the members of the supposed Paura-Janapada assembly acted as counselors to the king, and made other important decisions such as imposing taxes in times of emergency. Once again, Altekar argued that these conclusions are based on misinterpretations of the literary evidence. For example, Jayaswal has wrongly translated the word "amantra" in a ''Ramayana'' verse as "to offer advice"; it actually means "to bid farewell" in proper context.<ref name="ASA_1949"/>

==Interactions between kingdoms== {{Infobox | title = Janapada weaponry | image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=180|height=180 | image1 = MET 2001 433 53 O.jpeg|caption1=Ancient Indian Antennae sword; Metalwork, 1800–1500 BCE <ref>{{cite news |author=Rohan Dua |title=India's largest known burial site is 3,800 yrs old, confirms carbon dating |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-largest-known-burial-site-is-3800-yrs-old-confirms-carbon-dating/articleshow/74254040.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> | image2 = Ax Blade (Celt).jpg|caption2=Ancient Indian Ax Blade, 1800–1500 BCE<ref>{{cite news |author=Rohan Dua |title=India's largest known burial site is 3,800 yrs old, confirms carbon dating |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-largest-known-burial-site-is-3800-yrs-old-confirms-carbon-dating/articleshow/74254040.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }} }} There was no border security for a kingdom and border disputes were very rare. One king might conduct a military campaign (often designated as ''Digvijaya'' meaning ''conquest of the four directions'') and defeat another king in a battle, lasting for a day.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geographical knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw5NAAAAIAAJ|year=1971}}</ref> The defeated king would acknowledge the supremacy of the victorious king. The defeated king might sometimes be asked to give a tribute to the victorious king. Such tribute would be collected only once, not on a periodic basis. The defeated king, in most cases, would be free to rule his own kingdom, without maintaining any contact with the victorious king. There was no annexation of one kingdom by another. Often a military general (''senapati'') conducted these campaigns on behalf of his king. A military campaign and tribute collection was often associated with a great sacrifice (like Rajasuya or Ashvamedha) conducted in the kingdom of the campaigning king. The defeated king also was invited to attend these sacrifice ceremonies, as a friend and ally.{{sfn|Knipe|2015|p=234-5}}

===New kingdoms=== New kingdoms were formed when a major clan produced more than one king in a generation. The Kuru clan of Kings was very successful in governing throughout North India with their numerous kingdoms, which were formed after each successive generation. Similarly, the Yadava clan of kings formed numerous kingdoms in Central India.<ref name="Chatterji1980">{{cite book|author=Asim Kumar Chatterji|title=Political History of Pre-Buddhist India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECAdAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Indian Publicity Society}}</ref>

===Cultural differences === [[File:King Yudhisthira Performs the Rajasuya Sacrifice.png|thumb|250px|Vedic King performs the Rajasuya Sacrifice.]] Parts of western India were dominated by tribes who had a slightly different culture, considered non-Vedic by the mainstream Vedic culture prevailing in the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms. Similarly, there were some tribes in the eastern regions of India considered to be in this category.<ref>{{cite web|author=Millard Fuller |url=http://www.angika.com |title=(अंगिका) Language : The Voice of Anga Desh |publisher=Angika}}</ref> Tribes with non-Vedic culture were collectively termed as ''Mleccha''. Very little was mentioned in the ancient Indian literature about the kingdoms to the North, beyond the Himalayas. China was mentioned as a kingdom known as ''Cina'', often grouped with ''Mleccha'' kingdoms.

== List of Janapadas == === Vedic literature === The Vedas mention five sub-divisions of ancient India:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=24}}

* ''Udichya'' (Northern region) * ''Prachya'' (Eastern region) * ''Dakshina'' (Southern region) * ''Pratichya'' (Western region) * ''Madhya-desha'' (Central region)

The Vedic literature mentions the following ''jana''s or ''janapada''s:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=304-305}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Jana or Janapada !! IAST name !! Region !! Mentioned in Rigveda !! Mentioned in Atharvaveda |- | Aja || Aja || Central || ✓ || |- | Alina || Alina || Western || ✓ || |- | Ambashtha || Ambaśṭha || Central || || |- | Andhra || Āndhra || Southern || ✓|| |- | Anga || Aṅga || Eastern || || ✓ |- | Anu || Anu || Western || ✓ || |- | Balhika || Balhika || Northern || || ✓ |- | Bhalana || Bhalana || Western || ✓ || |- | Bharadvaja || Bharadvāja || Central || ✓ || |- | Bharata || Bharata || Central || ✓ || |- | Bheda || Bheda || Central || ✓ || |- | Bodha || Bodha || Central || || |- | Chedi|| Cedi || Central || ✓ || |- | Druhyu || Druhyu || Western || ✓ || |- | Gandhara|| Gandhāra || Western || ✓ || ✓ |- | Kamboja || Kamboja || Northern || || |- | Keshin || Keśin || Central || || |- | Kikata || Kīkaṭa || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ |- | Kirata || Kirāta || Eastern || || |- | Kosala || Kosala || Eastern || || |- | Krivi || Krivi || Central || ✓ || |- | Kunti || Kunti || Central || || |- |Kalinga|| Kalinga || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ |- | Kuru || Kuru || Central || ✓ || ✓ |- | Magadha || Magadha || Eastern || || ✓ |- | Mahavrisha || Mahāvṛṣa || Northern || || ✓ |- | Matsya || Matsya || Central || ✓ || |- | Mujavana || Mūjavana || Northern || ✓ || ✓ |- | Mutiba || Mūtiba || Southern || ✓|| |- | Nishada || Niṣāda || Central || || |- | Paktha || Paktha || Western || ✓ || |- | Panchala || Pāñcala || Central || || |- | Parshu || Parśu || Western || ✓ || |- | Paravata || Pārāvata || Central || ✓ || |- | Prithu || Pṛthu || Western || ✓ || |- | Pulinda || Pulinda || Southern || ✓|| |- | Pundra || Puṇḍra || Eastern || ✓|| |- | Puru || Pūru || Western || ✓ || |- | Rushama || Ruśama || Central || ✓ || |- | Salva || Śālva || Central || || |- | Satvanta || Satvanta || Southern || || |- | Shabara || Śabara || Southern || ✓|| |- | Shigru || Śigru || Central || ✓ || |- | Shiva || Śiva || Western || ✓ || |- | Shvikna || Śvikna || Central || || |- | Srinjaya || Sṛñjaya || Central || ✓ || ✓ |- | Tritsu || Tṛtsu || Central || ✓ || |- | Turvasha || Turvaśa || Western || ✓ || |- | Ushinara || Uśīnara || Central || ✓ || |- | Uttara Kuru || Uttara Kuru || Northern || || |- | Uttara Madra || Uttara Madra || Northern || || |- | Vaikarna || Vaikarṇa || Northern || ✓ || |- | Vanga || Vaṅga || Eastern || || |- | Kashi|| Kāśi || Eastern || || |- | Varashikha || Varaśikha || Central || ✓ || |- | Vasha || Vaśa || Central || || |- | Vidarbha || Vidarbha || Southern || || ✓ |- | Videha || Videha || Eastern || || |- | Vishanin || Viśaṇin || Western || ✓ || |- | Vrichivanta || Vṛcivanta || Western || ✓ || |- | Yadu || Yadu || Western || ✓ || |- | Yakshu || Yakṣu || Central || ✓ || |}

=== Puranic literature === The Puranas mention seven sub-divisions of ancient India:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=45}}

* ''Udichya'' (Northern region) * ''Prachya'' (Eastern region) * ''Dakshinapatha'' (Southern region) * ''Aparanta'' (Western region) * ''Madhya-desha'' (Central region) * ''Parvata-shrayin'' (Himalayan region) * ''Vindhya-prashtha'' (Vindhyan region)

According to research by political scientist Sudama Misra, the Puranic texts mention the following ''janapada''s:{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=306-321}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" | Janapada ! rowspan="2" | Region ! colspan="5" | Mentioned in the Puranas? ! rowspan="2" | Alternative names and locations |- ! ''Matsya'' (Chapter 114) ! ''Vayu'' (Chapter 45) ! ''Markandeya'' (Chapter 57) ! ''Vamana'' (Chapter 13) ! ''Brahmanda'' (Chapter 16) |- | Ābhīra (northern) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Ābhīra (southern) || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Abhīṣaha (Abhishaha) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Apanga (''Vayu''), Aupadha (''Markandeya''), Alasa (''Vamana'') |- | Āhuka || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kuhaka (''Markandeya''), Kuhuka (''Vamana'') |- | Alimadra || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Anibhadra (''Markandeya''), Alibhadra (''Vamana'') |- | Ānarta || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Āvantya ''Markandeya'', ''Vamana'' |- | Andhaka || Central || ✓ || || || || || |- | Āndhra || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Andha (''Markandeya'') |- | Andhravāka || Eastern || || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Andhāraka (''Markandeya'') |- | Aṅga || Eastern || ✓ || || || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Eastern in ''Vamana'' |- | Aṅgāramāriṣa (Angara-Marisha) || Southern || || || || || ✓ || |- | Āntaranarmada || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Uttaranarmada (''Markandeya''), Sunarmada (''Vamana'') |- | Antargiri || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Anūpa || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Arūpa (''Matsya''), Annaja (''Vayu'') |- | Aparīta || Northern|| ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Purandhra (''Matsya''), Aparānta (''Markandeya'') |- | Arthapa || Central || || ✓ || ✓ || || || Atharva (''Markandeya'') |- | Aśmaka (Ashmaka) || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Aśvakūṭa || Central || || || ✓ || || || |- | Āṭavi || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Āraṇya (''Markandeya''), Āṭavya (''Brahmanda'') |- | Ātreya || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Atri (''Matsya'', ''Brahmanda'') |- | Auṇḍra || Vindhyan || ✓ || || || || || |- | Avanti || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Vindhyan in ''Matsya'' |- | Bahirgiri || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Vāhlīka || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Bahula || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Pahlava (''Vayu''), Bahudha (''Vamana'') |- | Barbara || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Northern in ''Vamana'' |- | Bhadra || Eastern and Central || || || || || ✓ || |- | Bhadrakāra || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || |- | Bharadvāja || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Bhārgava || Eastern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Bharukaccha || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Bhanukaccha (''Vayu''), Bhīrukahcha (''Markandeya''), Dārukachchha (''Vamana''), Sahakaccha (''Brahmanda'') |- | Bhogavardhana || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Bhoja || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Gopta (''Vamana'') |- | Bhūṣika (Bhushika) || Northern || || || || || ✓ || |- | Bodha || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || Bāhya (''Matsya'') |- | Brahmottara || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Suhmottara (''Matsya''), Samantara (''Brahmanda'') |- | Carmakhaṇḍika (Charmakhandika) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Attakhaṇḍika (''Matsya''), Sakheṭaka (''Vamana'') |- | Kerala || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kevala (''Markandeya'') |- | Cīna (China) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Pīna (''Vayu''), Veṇa (''Vamana'') |- | Cola (Chola) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Caulya (''Vayu''), Cauḍa (''Vamana''); Southern and Eastern in ''Brahmanda'' |- | Cūlika (Chulika) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Cūḍika (''Vamana''), Vindhyacūlika (''Brahmanda'') |- | Daṇḍaka || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || |- | Darada || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Darva || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Himalayan and Northern in ''Vayu'' and ''Markandeya'' |- | Daśeraka (Dasheraka) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Karseruka (''Vayu''), Kuśeruka (''Markandeya'') |- | Daśamālika (Dashamalika) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Daśanāmaka (''Matsya''), Daśamānika (''Vayu''), Daṅśana (''Vamana'') |- | Daśarṇa (Dasharna) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Druhyu || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || Hrada (''Vayu''), Bhadra (''Brahmanda'') |- | Durga || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Durgala (''Brahmanda'') |- | Ganaka || Northern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Gandhāra || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Godha || Central || || || || || ✓ || |- | Golāṅgūla || Southern || || || ✓ || || || |- | Gonarda || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Govinda (''Vayu''), Gomanta (''Markandeya''), Mananda (''Vamana'') |- | Haṃsamārga || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Sarvaga (Himalayan) in ''Matsya''; Haṃsamārga (Northern and Himalayan) in ''Vayu'' and ''Markandeya''; Karnamārga (Northern) and Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) in ''Vamana''; Haṃsamārga (Himalayan) Haṃsabhaṅga (Northern) in ''Brahmanda'' |- | Hara-Hunaka || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Pūrṇa (''Vayu''), Ūrṇa (''Markandeya''), Cūrṇa (''Vamana''), Hūṇa (''Brahmanda'') |- | Hāramuṣika (Haramushika) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Hāramūrtika (''Matsya''), Hārapūrika (''Vayu''), Sāmuṣaka (''Vamana'') |- | Huhuka || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Samudgaka (''Matsya''), Sahūdaka (''Vayu''), Sakṛtraka (''Markandeya''), Śahuhūka (''Vamana''), Sahuhūka (''Brahmanda'') |- | Ijika || Northern || || || || || ✓ || |- | Īṣīka (Ishika) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Vaisakya (''Markandeya'') |- | Jaguda || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || || Jāṇgala (''Matsya''), Juhuḍa (''Vayu''), Jāguḍa (''Markandeya'') |- | Jāṇgala || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || |- | Jñeyamarthaka || Eastern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Jñeyamallaka (''Markandeya''), Aṅgiyamarṣaka (''Vamana''), Gopapārthiva (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kachchhika || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Kāchchhīka (''Matsya''), Kacchīya (''Vayu''), Kāśmīra (''Markandeya''), Kacchipa (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kālatoyaka || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Kalinga (central) || Central || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Arkalinga (''Markandeya'') |- | Kalinga (southern) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Kalitaka || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kālītaka (''Vayu''), Anīkaṭa (''Markandeya''), Tālīkaṭa (''Vamana''), Kuntala (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kalivana || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kolavana (''Vayu''), Kālivala (''Markandeya''), Vāridhana (''Vamana''), Kalivana (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kāmboja || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Kantakara || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Kanṭakāra (''Matsya''), Raddhakaṭaka (''Vayu''), Bahubhadra (''Markandeya''), Kādhara (''Vamana'') |- | Kāraskara || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Paraṣkara (''Vayu''), Kaṭhākṣara (''Markandeya''), Karandhara (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kārūṣa (Karusha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Southern and Vindhyan (''Matsya'') |- | Kāśmīra (Kashmira) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || |- | Kauśika || Central || || || || ✓ || || |- | Kekeya || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kaikeyya (''Matsya''), Kaikeya (''Markandeya''), Kaikeya (''Vamana'') |- | Khasa || Himalayan || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Khaśa (''Vamana''), Śaka (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kirāta || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kirāta (''Matsya'', Central and Himalayan) |- | Kisaṇṇa || Central || || ✓ || || || || |- | Kiṣkindhaka (Kishkindhaka) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kikarava (''Vamana'') |- | Koṅkaṇa || Southern || || || || || ✓ || |- | Kośala (Central) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || |- | Kośala (Vindhyan) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Kukkuṭa || Northern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Kulūta || Northern || || || || ✓ || ✓ || Ulūta (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kulya || Southern and Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Only Central in ''Markandeya''; only Southern in ''Vamana'' and ''Brahmanda'' |- | Kumara || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kupatha (''Matsya''), Kumana (''Vayu''), Kusuma (''Markandeya''), Kumārāda (''Vamana''), Kṣapaṇa (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kuninda || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Pulinda (''Matsya''), Kaliṅga (''Markandeya''), Kalinda (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kuntala || Southern and Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kuntala ( (''Matsya'', only Central), Kuṇḍala (''Vamana'') |- | Kupatha || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kṣupaṇa (''Vayu''), Kurava (''Markandeya'') |- | Kuru || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Kaurava (''Vamana'') |- | Kuśalya (Kushalya) || Central || || || || || ✓ || |- | Kuśūdra (Kushudra) || Central || || || || ✓ || || |- | Kuthaprāvaraṇa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kuśaprāvaraṇa (''Vayu''), Kuntaprāvaraṇa (''Markandeya''), Apaprāvaraṇa (''Brahmanda'') |- | Lalhitta || Northern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Lampāka || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Lamaka (''Brahmanda'') |- | Madraka || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Bhadraka (''Vayu'' and ''Vamana''), Maṇḍala (''Brahmanda'') |- | Madguraka || Eastern || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mudgara (''Markandeya''), Mudagaraka (''Brahmanda'') |- | Mādreya || Central || || || || || ✓ || |- | Magadha || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Eastern in ''Vayu'' and ''Brahmanda'' |- | Maharāṣṭra (Maharashtra) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Navarāṣṭra (''Matsya'') |- | Māheya || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Māhiṣika (Mahishika) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Māhiṣaka (''Vayu'' and ''Markandeya'') |- | Mālada || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mālava (''Matsya''), Manada (''Markandeya''), Mansāda (''Vamana'') |- | Malaka || Central || || || ✓ || || || |- | Malavartika || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mallavarṇaka (''Matsya''), Mālavartin (''Vayu''), Mānavartika (''Markandeya''), Baladantika (''Vamana'') |- | Mālava || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Ekalavya (''Vamana''), Malada (''Brahmanda'') |- | Malla || Eastern ||✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Śālva (''Matsya''), Māla (''Vayu''), Māia (''Vamana'') |- | Maṇḍala || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Mālava (''Vayu''), Mālava (''Markandeya'') |- | Māṇḍavya || Northern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Māṣa (Masha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || || || || || |- | Mātaṅga || Eastern || ✓ || || || || || |- | Matsya|| Central || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Yatstha (''Vamana'') |- | Maulika || Southern || ||✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Maunika (''Vayu'') |- | Mekala || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Rokala (''Vayu''), Kevala (''Markandeya'') |- | Arbuda || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Mūka || Central || ✓ || || || || || |- | Mūṣika (Mushika) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Sūtika (''Matsya''), Mūṣikāda (''Vamana''), Mūṣika (''Brahmanda'') |- | Nairṇika || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Naiṣika (''Markandeya'') |- | Nalakālika || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Vanadāraka (''Markandeya''), Nalakāraka (''Vamana'') |- | Nāsikya || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vāsikya (''Matsya''), Nāsikānta (''Vamana''), Nāsika (''Brahmanda'') |- | Nirāhāra || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Nigarhara (''Vayu''), Nihāra (''Markandeya'') |- | Naiṣadha (Naishadha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Niṣāda (''Vayu'') |- | Pahlava || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Pallava (all except ''Vayu'') |- | Pāṇavīya || Northern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Pāñcala (Panchala) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Pāṇḍya (Pandya) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Puṇḍra (''Markandeya''), Puṇḍra (''Vamana'') |- | Pārada || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Parita (''Vayu''), Pāravata (''Vamana'') |- | Paṭaccara (Patachchara) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || Śatapatheśvara (''Vayu'') |- | Paurika || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Paunika (''Vayu''), Paurika (''Markandeya''), Paurika (''Vamana''), Paurika (''Brahmanda'') |- | Pluṣṭa (Plushta) || Himalayan || || || || ✓ || || |- | Pragjyotisha|| Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Prasthala|| Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Puṣkala (''Markandeya'') |- | Pravaṅga || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Plavaṅga (''Matsya'' and ''Brahmanda'') |- | Prāvijaya || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Prāviṣeya (''Brahmanda'') |- | Priyalaukika || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Harṣavardhana (''Markandeya''), Aṅgalaukika (''Vamana''), Aṅgalaukika (''Brahmanda'') |- | Puleya || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Kulīya (''Matsya''), Pulinda (''Markandeya''), Pulīya (''Vamana''), Pauleya (''Brahmanda'') |- | Pulinda || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || |- | Puṇḍra || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Muṇḍa (''Vayu''), Madra (''Markandeya''), Pṛsadhra (''Vamana'') |- | Rākṣasa (Rakshasa) || Southern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Rāmaṭha || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || Māṭhara (''Markandeya''), Māṭharodha (''Vamana'') |- | Rūpasa || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Kūpasa (''Vayu''), Rūpapa (''Markandeya''), Rūpaka (''Brahmanda'') |- | Sainika || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Pidika (''Vayu''), Śūlika (''Markandeya''), Jhillika (''Brahmanda'') |- | Salva (Shalva) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || |- | Saraja || Vindhyan || || || ✓ || || || |- | Sārasvata || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Sārika || Southern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Surāṣṭra (Surashtra) || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Saurāṣṭra (''Matsya'') |- | Sauśalya (Saushalya) || Central || || || || || ✓ || |- | Sauvīra|| Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Setuka || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Śailūṣa (''Markandeya''), Jānuka (''Vamana'') |- | Śabara (Shabara) || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Bara (''Vayu''), Śarava (''Brahmanda'') |- | Śaka (Shaka) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Central in ''Vamana'' |- |Suhma |Eastern |✓ |✓ |✓ |✓ |✓ | |- | Śaśikhādrika (Shashikhadraka) || Himalayan || || || || ✓ || || |- | Śatadruja (Shatadruja) || Northern || || || ✓ || ✓ || || Śatadrava (''Vamana'') |- | Ṣaṭpura || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Padgama (''Matsya''), Ṣaṭsura (''Vayu''), Paṭava (''Markandeya''), Bahela (''Vamana'') |- | Śulakara (Shulakara) || Northern || || || ✓ || || || |- | Śūrpāraka || Western || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Sūrpāraka (''Vayu''), Sūryāraka (''Markandeya''), Sūryāraka (''Brahmanda'') |- | Sindhu || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Sirāla || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Surāla (''Vayu''), Sumīna (''Markandeya''), Sinīla (''Vamana''), Kirāta (''Brahmanda'') |- | Śudra (Shudra) || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Suhya (''Brahmanda'') |- | Sujaraka || Eastern || || ✓ || || || || |- | Supārśva (Suparshva) || Northern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Śūrasena (Shurasena) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || || || ✓ || |- | Taittrika || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Taittirika (''Matsya''), Turasita (''Vayu''), Kurumini (''Markandeya''), Tubhamina (''Vamana''), Karīti (''Brahmanda'') |- | Talagana || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || ✓ || Talagāna (''Matsya''), Stanapa (''Vayu''), Tāvakarāma (''Vamana''), Tālaśāla (''Brahmanda'') |- | Tāmasa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Chamara (''Matsya''), Tomara (''Vamana''), Tāmara (''Brahmanda'') |- | Tāmas || Western || || || || ✓ || || |- | Tāmralipataka || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Taṅgaṇa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Apatha (''Matsya''), Gurguṇa (''Markandeya'') |- | Taṅgaṇa || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tuṅgana (''Markandeya'') |- | Tāpasa || Western || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Svāpada (''Markandeya''), Tāpaka (''Brahmanda'') |- | Tilaṇga || Central || || ✓ || || || || |- | Tomara || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tāmasa (''Markandeya'' and ''Vamana'') |- | Tośala (Toshala) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Traipura || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Trigarta || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Tumbara || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tumbura (''Vayu''), Tumbula (''Markandeya''), ''Barbara'' (''Brahmanda'') |- | Tumura || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tumbura (''Markandeya''), Turaga (''Vamana''), Tuhuṇḍa (''Brahmanda'') |- | Tuṇḍikera || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Śauṇḍikera (''Matsya''), Tuṣṭikāra (''Markandeya'') |- | Tūrṇapāda || Northern || || || || ✓ || || |- | Tuṣāra (Tushara) || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Tukhāra (''Markandeya'') |- | Udbhida || Southern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Ulida (''Vamana''), Kulinda (''Brahmanda'') |- | Urṇa || Himalayan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Huṇa (''Vayu'') |- | Utkala || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Eastern and Central in ''Brahmanda'' |- | Uttamārṇa || Vindhyan || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Uttama (''Brahmanda'') |- | Vāhyatodara || Northern || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Girigahvara (''Brahmanda'') |- | Vanavāsika || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vājivasika (''Matsya''), Banavāsika (''Vayu''), Namavāsika (''Markandeya''), Mahāśaka (''Vamana'') |- | Vaṅga || Eastern || ✓ || || || ✓ || ✓ || Central and Eastern in ''Vamana'' |- | Vāṅgeya || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Mārgavageya (''Matsya''), Rāṅgeya (''Markandeya''), Vojñeya (''Brahmanda'') |- | Kāśī (Kashi) || Central || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || |- | Vāṭadhāna || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Vatsa || Central || || ✓ || || || || |- | Vātsīya || Western || || || || ✓ || || |- | Vaidarbha || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || |- | Videha || Eastern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || |- | Vaidiśa (Vaidisha) || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vaidika (''Vayu''), Kholliśa (''Vamana'') |- | Vindhyamūlika || Southern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || ✓ || Vindhyapuṣika (''Matsya''), Vindhyaśaileya (''Markandeya''), Vindhyamaulīya (''Brahmanda'') |- | Vītihotra || Vindhyan || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Vīrahotra (''Markandeya''), Vītahotra (''Vamana'') |- | Vṛka || Central || || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || || |- | Yamaka || Eastern || ✓ || || || || || |- | Yavana || Northern || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || ✓ || Gavala (''Markandeya'') |}

=== Sanskrit epics === The ''Bhishma Parva'' of the ''Mahabharata'' mentions around 230 janapadas, while the ''Ramayana'' mentions only a few of these. Unlike the Puranas, the ''Mahabharata'' does not specify any geographical divisions of ancient India, but does support the classification of certain janapadas as southern or northern.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=99}}

=== Buddhist canon === The Buddhist canonical texts - ''Anguttara Nikaya'', ''Digha Nikaya'', ''Chulla-Niddesa'', although with some differences between them, primarily refer to the following 16 mahajanapadas ("great janapadas"):{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=2}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| # Anga # Assaka # Avanti # Chetiya # Gandhara # Kamboja # Kasi # Kosala # Kuru # Machchha # Magadha # Malla # Panchala # Surasena # Vajji (Bajji or Vṛji) # Vamsha (Vatsa) }}

=== Jain text === The Jain text ''Vyākhyāprajñapti'' or ''Bhagavati Sutra'' also mentions 16 important janapadas, but many names differ from the ones mentioned in the Buddhist texts.{{sfn|Misra|1973|p=2}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}} # Accha # Anga # Avaha # Bajji (Vajji or Vrijji) # Banga (Vanga) # Kasi (Kashi) # Kochcha # Kosala # Ladha (Lata) # Magadha # Malavaka # Malaya # Moli (Malla) # Padha # Sambhuttara # Vaccha (Vatsa) {{div col end}}

==References== {{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography=== * {{cite book |first=David M. |last=Knipe |author-link=David M. Knipe |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RxcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199397709 }} * {{cite book |first=Sudama |last=Misra |url=http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |title=Janapada state in ancient India |publisher=Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana |location=Vārāṇasī |year=1973 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817151315/http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/131690 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }} * {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=EJVS |volume=1 |issue=4 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}

Category:Ancient Indian geography Category:Former monarchies of India Category:States and territories established in the 13th century BC Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments in India Category:6th-century BC disestablishments in India