{{Short description|Form of ancient Chinese jade artifact}} {{Italic title|reason=:Category:Chinese words and phrases}} [[File:Jade Cong King, 2018-06-09 01.jpg|thumb|Royal Jade ''cong'' from the Liangzhu culture. Zhejiang Provincial Museum]] {{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage=210px | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ld8kHvz1yN4 Jade Cong], Smarthistory}} [[File:琮-Vase in Shape of Neolithic Jade Cong MET DP148285a.JPG|thumb|Longquan celadon cong, 12th–13th century]] A '''''cong''''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|琮}}|p=cóng|w=ts'ung2}}) is a form of ancient Chinese jade artifact.<ref name="Woolf2007">{{cite book|author=Greg Woolf|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Taotie+jade+cong|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|page=216}}</ref> It was later also used in ceramics.
== History == The earliest ''cong'' were produced by the Xuejiagang culture and the Liangzhu culture (3400–2250 BC); later examples date mainly from the Shang and Zhou dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/32Arts1376.html |title=Bi and Cong - Ancient Jade Carvings - China culture Yuhang, Zhejiang Province |accessdate=2016-03-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328174104/http://arts.cultural-china.com/en/32Arts1376.html |archivedate=2016-03-28 }}</ref>
Interest in the jade shape developed during the 12th–13th century Song dynasty. The shape continued to be used in ceramic and metalwork for centuries.<ref>BBC TV documentary: ''China in Six Easy Pieces'' (2013) presented by Lars Tharp http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b036r5cx [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b036r5cx]</ref>
== Description == A ''cong'' is a straight tube with a circular bore and square outer section with more or less convex sides. The outer surface is divided vertically or horizontally such that the whole defines a hollow cylinder embedded in a partial rectangular block. Proportions vary: a ''cong'' may be squat or taller than it is wide. The outer faces are sometimes decorated with mask-like faces, which may be related to the ''taotie'' designs found on later bronze vessels.
Although it is generally considered to be a ritual object of some sort, the original function and meaning of the ''cong'' are unknown. Later writings speak of the ''cong'' as symbolizing the earth, while the ''bi'' represents the heavens. The square represents the earth and a circle represents the heavens.
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== *''Les jades néolithiques chinois'' / [contributions de Christophe Comentale, Laurent Long, Tong Peihua, Zhang Jingguo]; [pour l'ACI Du chopper au brilliant], [Paris] : Museum national d'histoire naturelle, cop. 2008, 1 vol. (81 p.) : ill., couv. ill.; 30 cm *''Art et archéologie : la Chine du Néolithique à la fin des Cinq Dynasties, 960 de notre ère'' / Danielle Elisseeff; Paris : École du Louvre : RMN, 2008 *"Neolithic Chinese Jades", Angus Forsyth, in ''Jade''. Ed. Roger Keverne. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. pp. 88–109.
==External links== {{commonscat-inline}} *http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/china/jades/gallery.asp#cong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007183419/http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/china/jades/gallery.asp#cong |date=2017-10-07 }} *http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/72376 *https://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/galleries/asia/room_33b_chinese_jade.aspx
{{Chinese ceramics}}
Category:Archaeological artifacts of China Category:Types of archaeological artefact Category:Chinese porcelain Category:Chinese pottery Category:Hardstone carving Category:Pottery shapes Category:Jade
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