Supraesophageal ganglion

{{Short description|Arthropod nervous system component}} {{See|Arthropod head problem}} {{More citations needed|date=February 2016}} {{wikt | supraesophageal}} The '''supraesophageal ganglion''' (also '''''supraoesophageal ganglion''''', '''''arthropod brain''''', or '''''microbrain'''''<ref>{{cite journal|title= Exploration into the Adaptive Design of the Arthropod "Microbrain" |author= Makoto Mizunami, Fumio Yokohari, Masakazu Takahata|journal= Zoological Science|volume=16|issue=5|pages=703–709|doi=10.2108/zsj.16.703|year=1999|s2cid= 86501328|doi-access=free}}</ref>) generally consists of a set of three fused pairs of ganglia, which constitute the brain in most insect species and in some other closely related arthropods, such as myriapods and crustaceans. It receives and processes information from the first, second, and third metameres. The supraesophageal ganglion lies dorsal to the esophagus and consists of three parts, each a pair of ganglia that may be more or less pronounced, reduced, or fused depending on the genus: [[File:LocustBrain.png|thumb| Locust brain]] * The ''protocerebrum'', associated with the eyes (compound eyes and ocelli).<ref name=NC>{{cite web|last= Meyer|first= John R.|title= The Nervous System|url= https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/library/tutorials/behavior/nervous.html|work= General Entomology course at North Carolina State University|publisher= Department of Entomology NC State University|access-date= 11 November 2013}}</ref> Directly associated with the eyes is the optic lobe, as the visual center of the brain. * The ''deutocerebrum'' processes sensory information from the antennae.{{r|NC}}<ref name=AR1146>{{cite journal|title= Structure and Function of the Deutocerebrum in Insects|first1= U |last1= Homberg |first2= T A|last2= Christensen|first3= J G |last3= Hildebrand|journal= Annual Review of Entomology|volume= 34|pages= 477–501|doi= 10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401|pmid= 2648971|year= 1989}}</ref> It consists of two parts, the antennal lobe and the dorsal lobe.<ref name=AR1146/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://invbrain.neuroinf.jp/modules/htmldocs/test/General/deutocerebrum.html|title= Invertebrate Brain Platform|publisher= RIKEN BSI Neuroinformatics Japan Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://web.neurobio.arizona.edu/Flybrain/html/atlas/structures/deutocer.html |title= Deutocerebrum |publisher= Flybrain}}</ref> The dorsal lobe also contains motor neurons which control the antennal muscles.<ref> {{cite web | url= https://invbrain.neuroinf.jp/modules/htmldocs/test/General/deutocerebrum.html |title= Deutocerebrum |publisher= Invertebrate Brain Platform }} Chelicerata, with their missing antennae, have a very reduced (or absent) deutocerebrum. </ref> * The ''tritocerebrum'' integrates sensory inputs from the previous two pairs of ganglia.{{r|NC}} The lobes of the tritocerebrum split to circumvent the esophagus and begin the subesophageal ganglion.

[[File:Insect anatomy diagram.svg|thumb|450px|Supraesophageal ganglion (5), Subesophageal ganglion (31)]]

The subesophageal ganglion continues the nervous system and lies ventral to the esophagus. Finally, the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord are found in each body segment as a fused ganglion; they provide the segments with some autonomous control.

==References== {{reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{cite journal | last1 = Erber | first1 = J. | last2 = Menzel | first2 = R. | year = 1977 | title = Visual interneurons in the median protocerebrum of the bee | journal = Journal of Comparative Physiology | volume = 121 | issue = 1| pages = 65–77 | doi=10.1007/bf00614181| s2cid = 34198518 }} * {{cite journal|author=Wong, Allan M., Jing W. Wang, and Richard Axel|title=Spatial Representation of the Glomerular Map in the'' Drosophila'' Protocerebrum|journal=Cell|volume=109|issue=2|year=2002|pages=229–241|pmid=12007409|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00707-9|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |first1=D. |last1=Malun |first2=U. |last2=Waldow |last3= Kraus|first3= D. |first4=J. |last4=Boeckh |title=Connections between the deutocerebrum and the protocerebrum, and neuroanatomy of several classes of deutocerebral projection neurons in the brain of male Periplaneta americana |year=1993 |volume=329 |issue=2 |pages=143–162 |pmid=8454728 |journal=J. Comp. Neurol. |doi=10.1002/cne.903290202|s2cid=20142144 }} *{{cite journal|title=Morphology and response characteristics of neurones in the deutocerebrum of the brain in the honeybeeApis mellifera|journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A|volume=164|issue=4|pages=483–494|year=1989|doi=10.1007/bf00610442|last1=Flanagan|first1=Daniel|last2=Mercer|first2=Alison R.|s2cid=23327875 |author-link2=Alison Mercer}} *{{cite journal |title=Morphology of the deutocerebrum of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)|first1=Steven A.|last1= Childress|first2= Susan|last2= B. McIver|journal= Canadian Journal of Zoology|year= 1984|volume= 62|issue=7|pages= 1320–1328|doi=10.1139/z84-190|bibcode=1984CaJZ...62.1320C }} * {{cite book | last=Technau | first=Gerhard | editor-first1=Gerhard M | editor-last1=Technau | title=Brain Development in Drosophila melanogaster | series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | publisher=Springer Science+Business Media Landes Bioscience | publication-place=New York Austin, Tex | year=2008 | volume=628 | isbn=978-0-387-78260-7 | oclc=314349837 | language=nl |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-78261-4}} *{{cite journal|author=Aubele, Elisabeth, and Nikolai Klemm|title=Origin, destination and mapping of tritocerebral neurons of locust|journal=Cell and Tissue Research|volume=178|issue=2|year=1977|pages=199–219|pmid= 66098|doi=10.1007/bf00219048|s2cid=22872816 }} *Chaudonneret, J. "Evolution of the insect brain with special reference to the so-called tritocerebrum." Arthropod brain. Wiley, New York (1987): 3-26. * {{cite web | title=Behavioral Neuroscience, lecture on Honey Bee and its behavior - Neuroanatomy | url=http://www.usdbiology.com/cliff/Courses/Behavioral%20Neuroscience/Bee/2%20Honey%20Bee%20Conditioned%20Drinking%20Neuroanatomy%20IV.html | ref={{sfnref | Behavioral Neuroscience, lecture on Honey Bee and its behavior}} | access-date=2019-02-08}}

==External links== *{{cite web|title=Suboesophageal Ganglion|publisher=flybrain|url=http://web.neurobio.arizona.edu/Flybrain/html/atlas/structures/suoesg.html }} *{{cite web |author1-link= |date=27 June 2021 |title=Dissecting insect brain for in vivo electrophysiology |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gav_rJhBfWY |website=YouTube |publisher=Neuronal Systems Lab, Center for Neural and Cognitive Systems, University of Hyderabad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Supraesophageal Ganglion}} Category:Insect anatomy Category:Fish anatomy Category:Invertebrate nervous system