List of gear nomenclature

{{Short description|None}} {{Globalise||US|date=March 2023}} {{one source|date=October 2012|}} This page lists the standard US nomenclature used in the description of mechanical gear construction and function, together with definitions of the terms. The terminology was established by the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), under accreditation from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).<ref name="agma"/>

==Addendum== {{see also|addendum#In engineering{{!}}Addendum in engineering}} thumb|Principal dimensions

The '''addendum''' is the height by which a tooth of a gear projects beyond (outside for external, or inside for internal) the standard pitch circle or pitch line; also, the radial distance between the pitch diameter and the outside diameter.<ref name="agma">{{cite book|isbn=1-55589-846-7|oclc=65562739|title=Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols|year=2005 |pages=72|id=ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05|publisher=American Gear Manufacturers Association}}</ref> {{clear}}

==Addendum angle== '''Addendum angle''' in a bevel gear, is the angle between face cone and pitch cone.<ref name="agma"/>

==Addendum circle== thumb|150px|Internal gear diameters thumb|150px|Root circle

The '''addendum circle''' coincides with the tops of the teeth of a gear and is concentric with the standard (reference) pitch circle and radially distant from it by the amount of the addendum. For external gears, the addendum circle lies on the outside cylinder while on internal gears the addendum circle lies on the internal cylinder.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Pressure angle== {{main article|Angle of pressure}}

==Apex to back== {{Multiple image | width = 150 | footer = Apex to back examples | image1 = Mounting distance.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Apex back.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = }}

'''Apex to back''', in a bevel gear or hypoid gear, is the distance in the direction of the axis from the apex of the pitch cone to a locating surface at the back of the blank.<ref name="agma"/>

==Back angle== The '''back angle''' of a bevel gear is the angle between an element of the back cone and a plane of rotation, and usually is equal to the pitch angle.<ref name="agma"/>

==Back cone== thumb|150px|Principal dimensions

The '''back cone''' of a bevel or hypoid gear is an imaginary cone tangent to the outer ends of the teeth, with its elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. The surface of the gear blank at the outer ends of the teeth is customarily formed to such a back cone.<ref name="agma"/>

==Back cone distance== '''Back cone distance''' in a bevel gear is the distance along an element of the back cone from its apex to the pitch cone.<ref name="agma"/>

==Backlash== {{main article|Backlash (engineering)}} In mechanical engineering, backlash is the striking back of connected wheels in a piece of mechanism when pressure is applied. Another source defines it as the maximum distance through which one part of something can be moved without moving a connected part. It is also called lash or play. In the context of gears, backlash is clearance between mating components, or the amount of lost motion due to clearance or slackness when movement is reversed and contact is re-established. In a pair of gears, backlash is the amount of clearance between mated gear teeth.

Backlash is unavoidable for nearly all reversing mechanical couplings, although its effects can be negated. Depending on the application it may or may not be desirable. Reasons for requiring backlash include allowing for lubrication and thermal expansion, and to prevent jamming. Backlash may also result from manufacturing errors and deflection under load.

==Base circle== thumb|150px|Involute teeth

The '''base circle''' of an involute gear is the circle from which involute tooth profiles are derived.<ref name="agma"/>

==Base cylinder== thumb|150px|Base cylinder

The '''base cylinder''' corresponds to the base circle, and is the cylinder from which involute tooth surfaces are developed.<ref name="agma"/>

==Base diameter== thumb|150px|Base diameter

The '''base diameter''' of an involute gear is the diameter of the base circle.<ref name="agma"/>

==Bevel gear== {{main article|Bevel gear}} thumb|150px|Bevel gear

==Bull gear== The term '''bull gear''' is used to refer to the larger of two spur gears that are in engagement in any machine. The smaller gear is usually referred to as a pinion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bullgearinc.com/9.html |title=Bull Gear, Inc. - What is a Bull Gear!? |author=Tony Casey, President Bull Gear, Inc. |access-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106172700/http://bullgearinc.com/9.html |archive-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Center distance== thumb|150px|Center distance

'''Center distance''' (operating) is the shortest distance between non-intersecting axes. It is measured along the mutual perpendicular to the axes, called the line of centers. It applies to spur gears, parallel axis or crossed axis helical gears, and worm gearing.<ref name="agma"/>

==Central plane== thumb|150px|Central plane

The '''central plane''' of a worm gear is perpendicular to the gear axis and contains the common perpendicular of the gear and worm axes. In the usual case with axes at right angles, it contains the worm axis.<ref name="agma"/>

== Circular Pitch == The '''Circular Pitch''' defines the width of one tooth and one gap measured on an arc on the pitch circle; in other words, this is the distance on the pitch circle from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on the adjacent tooth. This is equal to π divided by the Diametral Pitch.

CP = Circular Pitch in inches

DP = Diametral Pitch

CP = π / DP <ref name="Machinery's Handbook Twenty-Fifth Edition 1996">Machinery's Handbook Twenty-Fifth Edition, by Erik Oberg, Franklin D. Jones, Holbrook L. Horton, and Henry H Ryffle, 1996, Industrial Press Inc.</ref>

==Composite action test== thumb|Schematic of the composite action test

The '''composite action test''' (double flank) is a method of inspection in which the work gear is rolled in tight double flank contact with a master gear or a specified gear, in order to determine (radial) composite variations (deviations). The composite action test must be made on a variable center distance composite action test device.<ref name="agma"/> and this is composite action test for double flank {{clear}}

==Cone distance== thumb|Cone distance

'''Cone distance''' in a bevel gear is the general term for the distance along an element of the pitch cone from the apex to any given position in the teeth.<ref name="agma"/>

Outer cone distance in bevel gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch cone to the outer ends of the teeth. When not otherwise specified, the short term cone distance is understood to be outer cone distance.

Mean cone distance in bevel gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch cone to the middle of the face width.

Inner cone distance in bevel gears is the distance from the apex of the pitch cone to the inner ends of the teeth.

==Conjugate gears== '''Conjugate gears''' transmit uniform rotary motion from one shaft to another by means of gear teeth. The normals to the profiles of these teeth, at all points of contact, must pass through a fixed point in the common centerline of the two shafts.<ref name="agma"/> Usually conjugate gear tooth is made to suit the profile of other gear which is not made based on standard practice.

==Crossed helical gear== A '''crossed helical gear''' is a gear that operate on non-intersecting, non-parallel axes.

The term crossed helical gears has superseded the term ''spiral gears''. There is theoretically point contact between the teeth at any instant. They have teeth of the same or different helix angles, of the same or opposite hand. A combination of spur and helical or other types can operate on crossed axes.<ref name="agma"/>

==Crossing point== The '''crossing point''' is the point of intersection of bevel gear axes; also the apparent point of intersection of the axes in hypoid gears, crossed helical gears, worm gears, and offset face gears, when projected to a plane parallel to both axes.<ref name="agma"/>

==Crown circle== The '''crown circle''' in a bevel or hypoid gear is the circle of intersection of the back cone and face cone.<ref name="agma"/>

==Crowned teeth== thumb|Crowned gear

'''Crowned teeth''' have surfaces modified in the lengthwise direction to produce localized contact or to prevent contact at their ends.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

== Diametral Pitch == The Diametral Pitch (DP) is the number of teeth per inch of diameter of the pitch circle. The units of DP are inverse inches (1/in).<ref name="Machinery's Handbook Twenty-Fifth Edition 1996"/>

DP = Diametral Pitch

PD = Pitch Circle Diameter in inches

CP = Circular Pitch in inches

n = Number of Teeth

DP = n / PD

The Diametral Pitch (DP) is equal to π divided by the Circular Pitch (CP).

DP = 3.1416 / CP

==Dedendum angle== '''Dedendum angle''' in a bevel gear, is the angle between elements of the root cone and pitch cone.<ref name="agma"/>

==Equivalent pitch radius== thumb|right|Back cone equivalent

'''Equivalent pitch radius''' is the radius of the pitch circle in a cross section of gear teeth in any plane other than a plane of rotation. It is properly the radius of curvature of the pitch surface in the given cross section. Examples of such sections are the transverse section of bevel gear teeth and the normal section of helical teeth.

==Face (tip) angle== '''Face (tip) angle''' in a bevel or hypoid gear, is the angle between an element of the face cone and its axis.<ref name="agma"/>

==Face cone== The '''face cone''', also known as the '''tip cone''' is the imaginary surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of a bevel or hypoid gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Face gear== thumb|Face worm gear {{main|Crown gear}} A '''face gear''' set typically consists of a disk-shaped gear, grooved on at least one face, in combination with a spur, helical, or conical pinion. A face gear has a planar pitch surface and a planar root surface, both of which are perpendicular to the axis of rotation.<ref name="agma"/> It can also be referred to as a '''face wheel''', '''crown gear''', '''crown wheel''', '''contrate gear''' or '''contrate wheel'''.

==Face width== thumb|Face width

The '''face width''' of a gear is the length of teeth in an axial plane. For double helical, it does not include the gap.<ref name="agma"/>

Total face width is the actual dimension of a gear blank including the portion that exceeds the effective face width, or as in double helical gears where the total face width includes any distance or gap separating right hand and left hand helices.

For a cylindrical gear, effective face width is the portion that contacts the mating teeth. One member of a pair of gears may engage only a portion of its mate.

For a bevel gear, different definitions for effective face width are applicable.

==Form diameter== thumb|150px|Form diameter

'''Form diameter''' is the diameter of a circle at which the trochoid (fillet curve) produced by the tooling intersects, or joins, the involute or specified profile. Although these terms are not preferred, it is also known as the true involute form diameter (TIF), start of involute diameter (SOI), or when undercut exists, as the undercut diameter. This diameter cannot be less than the base circle diameter.<ref name="agma"/>

==Front angle== The '''front angle''', in a bevel gear, denotes the angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation, and usually equals the pitch angle.<ref name="agma"/>

==Front cone== The '''front cone''' of a hypoid or bevel gear is an imaginary cone tangent to the inner ends of the teeth, with its elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. The surface of the gear blank at the inner ends of the teeth is customarily formed to such a front cone, but sometimes may be a plane on a pinion or a cylinder in a nearly flat gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Gear center== A '''gear center''' is the center of the pitch circle.<ref name="agma"/>

==Gear range== The '''gear range''' is difference between the highest and lowest gear ratios and may be expressed as a percentage (e.g., 500%) or as a ratio (e.g., 5:1).

==Heel== thumb|Heel and toe

The '''heel''' of a tooth on a bevel gear or pinion is the portion of the tooth surface near its outer end.

The '''toe''' of a tooth on a bevel gear or pinion is the portion of the tooth surface near its inner end.<ref name="agma"/>

==Helical rack== A '''helical rack''' has a planar pitch surface and teeth that are oblique to the direction of motion.<ref name="agma"/>

==Helix angle== '''Helix angle''' is the angle between the helical tooth face and an equivalent spur tooth face. For the same '''lead''', the ''helix angle'' is greater for larger gear diameters. It is understood to be measured at the standard pitch diameter unless otherwise specified. {{main article|Helix angle}}

==Herringbone gear== {{main article|Herringbone gear}}

==Hobbing== '''Hobbing''' is a machining process for making gears, splines, and sprockets using a cylindrical tool with helical cutting teeth known as a hob.

==Index deviation== The displacement of any tooth flank from its theoretical position, relative to a datum tooth flank.

Distinction is made as to the direction and algebraic sign of this reading. A condition wherein the actual tooth flank position was nearer to the datum tooth flank, in the specified measuring path direction (clockwise or counterclockwise), than the theoretical position would be considered a minus (-) deviation. A condition wherein the actual tooth flank position was farther from the datum tooth flank, in the specified measuring path direction, than the theoretical position would be considered a plus (+) deviation.

The direction of tolerancing for index deviation along the arc of the tolerance diameter circle within the transverse plane.<ref name="agma"/>

Pitch Deviations

==Inside cylinder== thumb|Diameters, Internal Gear

The '''inside cylinder''' is the surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of an internal cylindrical gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Inside diameter== thumb|Internal gear diameters '''Inside diameter''' is the diameter of the addendum circle of an internal gear, this is also known as '''minor diameter'''.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Involute gear== {{main article|Involute gear}}

==Involute polar angle== thumb|150px|Involute polar angle

Expressed as θ, the '''involute polar angle''' is the angle between a radius vector to a point, ''P'', on an involute curve and a radial line to the intersection, ''A'', of the curve with the base circle.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Involute roll angle== thumb|150px|Involute roll angle

Expressed as ε, the '''involute roll angle''' is the angle whose arc on the base circle of radius unity equals the tangent of the pressure angle at a selected point on the involute.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Involute teeth== thumb|150px|Involute teeth

'''Involute teeth''' of spur gears, helical gears, and worms are those in which the profile in a transverse plane (exclusive of the fillet curve) is the involute of a circle.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Lands== thumb|150px|Top and bottom lands

===Bottom land=== {{Redirect|Bottom land|information on the similar term "bottomland"|Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)}}

The '''bottom land''' is the surface at the bottom of a gear tooth space adjoining the fillet.<ref name="agma"/>

===Top land=== '''Top land''' is the (sometimes flat) surface of the top of a gear tooth.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Lead== '''Lead''' is the axial advance of a helix gear tooth during one complete turn (360°), that is, the ''Lead'' is the axial travel (length along the axle) for one single complete helical revolution about the pitch diameter of the gear.

'''Lead angle''' is 90° to the '''helix angle''' between the helical tooth face and an equivalent spur tooth face. For the same '''lead''', the ''lead angle'' is larger for smaller gear diameters. It is understood to be measured at the standard pitch diameter unless otherwise specified.

A spur gear tooth has a ''lead angle'' of 90°, and a ''helix angle'' of 0°.

See: Helix angle

==Line of centers== The '''line of centers''' connects the centers of the pitch circles of two engaging gears; it is also the common perpendicular of the axes in crossed helical gears and worm gears. When one of the gears is a rack, the line of centers is perpendicular to its pitch line.<ref name="agma"/>

== Module == The '''module''' is the measure of gear tooth size which is normally used for metric system gears. It is similar to the Diametral Pitch (DP), which is commonly used for UK system (inch measure) gears but they differ in the units used and in that they bear a reciprocal relationship. Module is the pitch circle diameter divided by the number of teeth. Module may also be applied to UK system gears, using inch units, but this usage is not in common use. Module is commonly expressed in units of millimeters (mm).

MM = Metric Module

PD = Pitch Circle Diameter in mm

n = Number of Teeth

MM = PD / n

UK system (inch measure) gears are more commonly specified with the Diametral Pitch (DP) which is the number of teeth per inch of diameter of the pitch circle. The units of DP are inverse inches (1/in).

DP = Diametral Pitch

PD = Pitch Circle Diameter in inches

n = Number of Teeth

DP = n / PD

When converting between module and DP there is an inverse relationship and normally a conversion between the two units of measure (inches and millimeter). Taking both of these into consideration the formulae for conversion are:

MM = 25.4 / DP

and

DP = 25.4 / MM

==Mounting distance== thumb|Mounting distance

'''Mounting distance''', for assembling bevel gears or hypoid gears, is the distance from the crossing point of the axes to a locating surface of a gear, which may be at either back or front.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Normal module== '''Normal module''' is the value of the module in a normal plane of a helical gear or worm.<ref name="agma"/>

:<math>m_n=m_t \cos \beta \, </math>

==Normal plane== thumb|150px|Planes at a pitch point on a helical tooth

A '''normal plane''' is normal to a tooth surface at a pitch point, and perpendicular to the pitch plane. In a helical rack, a normal plane is normal to all the teeth it intersects. In a helical gear, however, a plane can be normal to only one tooth at a point lying in the plane surface. At such a point, the normal plane contains the line normal to the tooth surface.

Important positions of a normal plane in tooth measurement and tool design of helical teeth and worm threads are:

#the plane normal to the pitch helix at side of tooth; #the plane normal to the pitch helix at center of tooth; #the plane normal to the pitch helix at center of space between two teeth

In a spiral bevel gear, one of the positions of a normal plane is at a mean point and the plane is normal to the tooth trace.<ref name="agma"/>

==Offset== thumb|Offset

'''Offset''' is the perpendicular distance between the axes of hypoid gears or offset face gears.<ref name="agma"/>

In the adjacent diagram, (a) and (b) are referred to as having an offset ''below center'', while those in (c) and (d) have an offset ''above center''. In determining the direction of offset, it is customary to look at the gear with the pinion at the right. For below center offset the pinion has a left hand spiral, and for above center offset the pinion has a right hand spiral.

==Outside cylinder== thumb|Cylindrical surfaces

The '''outside''' (tip or addendum) '''cylinder''' is the surface that coincides with the tops of the teeth of an external cylindrical gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Outside diameter== thumb|Wormgear diameters

The '''outside diameter''' of a gear is the diameter of the addendum (tip) circle. In a bevel gear it is the diameter of the crown circle. In a throated worm gear it is the maximum diameter of the blank. The term applies to external gears, this is can also be known from '''major diameter'''.<ref name="agma"/>

==Pinion== thumb|right|Pinion and annular gear {{main article|Pinion}} A '''pinion''' is a round gear and usually refers to the smaller of two meshed gears. {{clear}}

==Pitch angle== {{multiple image | width = 200 | footer = Pitch Angle examples | image1 = Angle relationships.jpg | alt1 = Angle relationships | caption1 = Angle relationships | image2 = Angles (1).jpg | alt2 = Angles | caption2 = Angles }}

'''Pitch angle''' in bevel gears is the angle between an element of a pitch cone and its axis. In external and internal bevel gears, the pitch angles are respectively less than and greater than 90 degrees.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Pitch circle== A '''pitch circle''' (operating) is the curve of intersection of a pitch surface of revolution and a plane of rotation. It is the imaginary circle that rolls without slipping with a pitch circle of a mating gear.<ref name="agma"/> These are the outlines of mating gears. Many important measurements are taken on and from this circle.<ref name="agma"/>

==Pitch cone== thumb|150px|Pitch cones

A '''pitch cone''' is the imaginary cone in a bevel gear that rolls without slipping on a pitch surface of another gear.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Pitch helix== thumb|Tooth helix

The '''pitch helix''' is the intersection of the tooth surface and the pitch cylinder of a helical gear or cylindrical worm.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

===Base helix=== The '''base helix''' of a helical, involute gear or involute worm lies on its base cylinder.

===Base helix angle=== '''Base helix angle''' is the helix angle on the base cylinder of involute helical teeth or threads.

===Base lead angle=== '''Base lead angle''' is the lead angle on the base cylinder. It is the complement of the base helix angle.

===Outside helix=== The '''outside''' (tip or addendum) '''helix''' is the intersection of the tooth surface and the outside cylinder of a helical gear or cylindrical worm.

===Outside helix angle=== thumb|Normal helix

'''Outside helix angle''' is the helix angle on the outside cylinder. {{clear}}

===Outside lead angle=== '''Outside lead angle''' is the lead angle on the outside cylinder. It is the complement of the outside helix angle.

===Normal helix=== A '''normal helix''' is a helix on the pitch cylinder, normal to the pitch helix. {{clear}}

==Pitch line== The '''pitch line''' corresponds, in the cross section of a rack, to the pitch circle (operating) in the cross section of a gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Pitch point== The '''pitch point''' is the point of tangency of two pitch circles (or of a pitch circle and pitch line) and is on the line of centers.<ref name="agma"/>

==Pitch surfaces== thumb|Pitch surfaces

'''Pitch surfaces''' are the imaginary planes, cylinders, or cones that roll together without slipping. For a constant velocity ratio, the pitch cylinders and pitch cones are circular.<ref name="agma"/>

thumb|Pitch cones {{clear}}

==Planes== ===Pitch plane=== thumb|150px|Pitch planes

The '''pitch plane''' of a pair of gears is the plane perpendicular to the axial plane and tangent to the pitch surfaces. A pitch plane in an individual gear may be any plane tangent to its pitch surface.

The pitch plane of a rack or in a crown gear is the imaginary planar surface that rolls without slipping with a pitch cylinder or pitch cone of another gear. The pitch plane of a rack or crown gear is also the pitch surface.<ref name="agma"/>

===Transverse plane===

The '''transverse plane''' is perpendicular to the axial plane and to the pitch plane. In gears with parallel axes, the transverse and the plane of rotation coincide.<ref name="agma"/>

==Principal directions== thumb|Principal directions

'''Principal directions''' are directions in the pitch plane, and correspond to the principal cross sections of a tooth.

The axial direction is a direction parallel to an axis.

The transverse direction is a direction within a transverse plane.

The normal direction is a direction within a normal plane.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Profile angle== {{main article|Profile angle}}

==Profile radius of curvature== thumb|Fillet radius

'''Profile radius of curvature''' is the radius of curvature of a tooth profile, usually at the pitch point or a point of contact. It varies continuously along the involute profile.<ref name="agma"/>

==Rack and pinion== {{main article|Rack and pinion}}

==Radial composite deviation== thumb|Total composite variation trace

Tooth-to-tooth '''radial composite deviation''' (double flank) is the greatest change in center distance while the gear being tested is rotated through any angle of 360 degree/z during double flank composite action test.

Tooth-to-tooth radial composite tolerance (double flank) is the permissible amount of tooth-to-tooth radial composite deviation.

Total radial composite deviation (double flank) is the total change in center distance while the gear being tested is rotated one complete revolution during a double flank composite action test.

Total radial composite tolerance (double flank) is the permissible amount of total radial composite deviation.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Root angle== '''Root angle''' in a bevel or hypoid gear, is the angle between an element of the root cone and its axis.<ref name="agma"/>

==Root circle== {{multiple image | width = 200 | footer = Root Circles for internal & external gears | image1 = Root circle.JPG | alt1 = External gear root circle | caption1 = External gear | image2 = Internal diameters.JPG | alt2 = Internal gear root circle | caption2 = Internal gear }}

The '''root circle''' coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces.<ref name="agma"/>

==Root cone== thumb|Principal dimensions

The '''root cone''' is the imaginary surface that coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces in a bevel or hypoid gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Root cylinder== The '''root cylinder''' is the imaginary surface that coincides with the bottoms of the tooth spaces in a cylindrical gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Shaft angle== thumb|Shaft angle

A '''shaft angle''' is the angle between the axes of two non-parallel gear shafts. In a pair of crossed helical gears, the shaft angle lies between the oppositely rotating portions of two shafts. This applies also in the case of worm gearing. In bevel gears, the shaft angle is the sum of the two pitch angles. In hypoid gears, the shaft angle is given when starting a design, and it does not have a fixed relation to the pitch angles and spiral angles.<ref name="agma"/> {{clear}}

==Spiral gear== See: Crossed helical gear.

==Spiral bevel gear== {{main article|Spiral bevel gear}}

==Spur gear== thumb|Spur gear

A '''spur gear''' has a cylindrical pitch surface and teeth that are parallel to the axis.<ref name="agma"/>

==Spur rack== A '''spur rack''' has a planar pitch surface and straight teeth that are at right angles to the direction of motion.<ref name="agma"/>

==Standard pitch circle== The '''standard pitch circle''' is the circle which intersects the involute at the point where the pressure angle is equal to the profile angle of the basic rack.<ref name="agma"/>

==Standard pitch diameter== The '''standard reference pitch diameter''' is the diameter of the standard pitch circle. In spur and helical gears, unless otherwise specified, the standard pitch diameter is related to the number of teeth and the standard transverse pitch. Standard reference pitch diameter can be estimated by taking average of gear teeth tips diameter and gear teeth base diameter.<ref name="agma"/>

The pitch diameter is useful in determining the spacing between gear centers because proper spacing of gears implies tangent pitch circles. The pitch diameters of two gears may be used to calculate the gear ratio in the same way the number of teeth is used.

:<math> d = \frac{N}{P_d} = \frac{pN}{\pi} \qquad \text{spur gears}</math> :<math> d = \frac{N}{P_{nd}\cos \psi } \qquad \text{helical gears}</math>

Where <math>N</math> is the total number of teeth, <math>p</math> is the circular pitch, <math>P_d</math> is the diametrical pitch, and <math>\psi</math> is the helix angle for helical gears.

==Standard reference pitch diameter== The '''standard reference pitch diameter''' is the diameter of the standard pitch circle. In spur and helical gears, unless otherwise specified, the standard pitch diameter is related to the number of teeth and the standard transverse pitch. It is obtained as:<ref name="agma"/>

:<math> d = km = \frac{zp}{\pi} = z\frac{m_n}{\cos\beta } </math> :<math> D = \frac{N}{P_d} = \frac{Np}{\pi}= \frac{N}{P_{nd} \cos\psi} </math>

==Test radius== The '''test radius''' ('''R<sub>''r''</sub>''') is a number used as an arithmetic convention established to simplify the determination of the proper test distance between a master and a work gear for a composite action test. It is used as a measure of the effective size of a gear. The test radius of the master, plus the test radius of the work gear is the set up center distance on a composite action test device. Test radius is not the same as the operating pitch radii of two tightly meshing gears unless both are perfect and to basic or standard tooth thickness.<ref name="agma"/>

==Throat diameter== thumb|150px|Worm gear diameters

The '''throat diameter''' is the diameter of the addendum circle at the central plane of a worm gear or of a double-enveloping worm gear.<ref name="agma"/>

==Throat form radius== '''Throat form radius''' is the radius of the throat of an enveloping worm gear or of a double-enveloping worm, in an axial plane.<ref name="agma" />

==Tip radius== thumb|150px|Tip radius

'''Tip radius''' is the radius of the circular arc used to join a side-cutting edge and an end-cutting edge in gear cutting tools. Edge radius is an alternate term.<ref name="agma"/>

==Tip relief== thumb|150px|Tip relief

'''Tip relief''' is a modification of a tooth profile whereby a small amount of material is removed near the tip of the gear tooth.<ref name="agma"/>

The '''tooth surface''' (flank) forms the side of a gear tooth.<ref name="agma"/>

It is convenient to choose one face of the gear as the reference face and to mark it with the letter “I”. The other non-reference face might be termed face “II”.

For an observer looking at the reference face, so that the tooth is seen with its tip uppermost, the right flank is on the right and the left flank is on the left. Right and left flanks are denoted by the letters “R” and “L” respectively. {{clear}}

==Worm drive== {{main article|Worm drive}}

==See also== * Gear ratio * Sprocket

==References== {{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gear Nomenclature}} Nomenclature Category:Technology-related lists Category:Wikipedia glossaries